to which it is applied, as an arc of the meridian, by which the latitude, &c. is measured, an arc of a parallel, circle, &c.-Diurnal arc, that part of a circle parallel to the equator, described by the sun in his course from his rising to his setting, in distinction from his nocturnal arc, which is described from his setting to his rising.-Arc of progression or direction, an arc of the ecliptic, which a planet seems to describe when its motion is direct, or according to the order of the signs.-Arc of retrogradation, an arc of the ecliptic, described by a planet while it is retrograde, or moving contrary to the order of the signs.-Arc between the centres, in eclipses, is an arc passing from the centre of the earth's shadow perpendicular to the moon's orbit, meeting her centre at the middle of an eclipse.-Arc of vision, that which measures the sun's depth below the horizon, when a star, before hid by his rays, begins to appear again. This arc varies for different planets, as, for Mercury 10°, for Venus 5, Mars 11, Jupiter 10, Saturn 11; for a star of the first magnitude 12°, for one of the second, 13, &c. It will sometimes also vary for the same planet. Ptol. Almag. 1. 13, c. 7; Magin. Theor. Planet. 1. 2, c. 15; Kepler. Epit. p 369; Ricciol. 1. 1, c. 32. ARCA (Con.) Ark-Shell; a genus of animals, Class Vermes, Order Testacea. Generic Character. Animal a tethys; shell bivalve equivalve; hinge with numerous sharp teeth, alternately inserted between each other. Species. The species are divided into-Those which have their margin entire, beaks recurved, as Arca tortuosa, &c. -Those which have their beaks inflected, as Arca Noæ, Noah's Ark, &c.-Those which have their margin crenate, beaks recurved, as Arca lactea, &c.-Those which have their margin crenate and beaks inflected, as Arca undata. ARCA arcanorum (Alch.) Mercurius philosophorum. ARCA cyrographica (Archæol) a common chest, with three locks and keys, kept by certain Christians and Jews, wherein all mortgages, &c. belonging to the latter were kept to prevent fraud, by order of Richard I. Hoved. Annal. ARCA'DE (Archit.) an opening in the wall of a building, formed by an arch. ARCA'NNE (Min.) Ochre. ARCA'NUM (Alch.) from arca in qua, quæ clausa sunt, tuta manent; a name for chemical preparations kept secret by the authors. Paracelsus describes it as a principal medium which ought to be investigated by experience.-Arcanum materiale, a specific extract more nearly allied to the matter of the body.-Arcanum specificum, an extract of the interior nature.-Arcanum coralinum, the red precipitate of mercury.-Arcanum duplex, or duplicatum, a sort of salt from the distillation of double Aqua fortis, the Sulphate of Pot-ash in modern chemistry.-Arcanum Jovis, an amalgama of tin and quicksilver digested in nitre.-Arcanum tartari, Acetate of Pot-ash. ARCATA (Mus.) or Arcote, when placed at a particular ARCH (Archit.) that part of a building which derives its name from its curved figure. The parts of an arch are the reins or springing walls by which it is supported.-The drift or push of an arch is that force which the arch exerts in the whole length of the building.-Keystone is the middle of the voussoir immediately over the centre of the arch.-Voussoirs, the archstones, or stones which immediately form the arch.-Pitch, the perpendicular height from the spring or impost to the keystone.-Intrados, the under sides of the voussoir, in distinction from the-Extrados, or upper surface.-Springing lines, the bounding lines of the intrados.-Chord or Span, that line which extends from the springing line on one side of the arch to that on the opposite side.-Vertex or Crown, that part of the intrados most remote from the span.-Section, that vertical plane figure contained by the span and the intrados.-Haunches or Flanks, the curved parts on the top of the section, between the crown and each extremity of the spanning line. [vide Bridge] Arches are variously named, according to the figure of the section, as circular, elliptical, cycloidal, &c.-Circular arches are distinguished into perfect and imperfect.Perfect arches form an exact semicircle: they are called by the French arcs en plein centre.-Imperfect or diminished arches do not form an exact semicircle. They are, moreover, distinguished into-Scheme or Skene arches, which are flat arches.-Pointed arches, otherwise called Gothic, or by the Italians arches di terzo et di quarto acuto, i. e. of the third and fourth point; because they consist of two arcs of a circle meeting in an angle at the top, and drawn from the division of a chord into three or more points at pleasure.-Strait arches, those which have their upper and under edges parallel strait lines instead of a curve.Arch of Equilibrium, is that which is in equilibrium in all its parts, having no tendency to break in one part more than another. [vide Bridge] ARCH (Gram.) in composition, signifies chief, from après, princeps, as Archbishop, Archduke, &c. ARCH (Mus.) a curve formerly placed over a bass note, to signify that it was accompanied with the imperfect fifth. ARCH (Bot.) fornix, a small elongation of the corolla, which commonly covers the stamina, or is situated at the aperture of the corolla, as in Symphytum officinale, or Gomfrey. ARCH (Her.) arches are borne in coat armour, as in the annexed figure. "He beareth gules three single arches, their capitals and pedestals or, by the name of Arches." These are supposed to be arches of a bridge. ARCHEOLOGY, from paios, ancient, and hoyos, doctrine; the science which treats of antiquities in general. The term is now particularly applied to the antiquities of the Middle Ages. ARCHERE'SII (Chron.) the same as Anarchi. xyshes, princeps angelorum, the prince of angels, as Michael is called. ARCHANGEL (Bot.) the Archangelica and Lamium of Linnæus.-Baum-leaved Archangel, the Melittis melissophylum, of Linnæus.-Yellow-leaved Archangel, the Galeopsis galeobdolon. ARCHBI'SHOP (Ecc.) archiepiscopus, pilotos, princeps episcoporum; the chief prelate, having an authority over other bishops. ARCHBUTLER (Polit.) one of the great officers at the court of the German emperor, who presents the cup to him on solemn occasions. ARCHDA'PIFER (Ant.) the chief sewer; one of the principal officers of the Germanic empire belonging to the Count Palatine. ARCHDEA'CON (Ecc.) archdeaconus, axiáxovos, a substitute for the bishop, who has a superintendant power over the clergy within his district.-Archdeacon's Court, an inferior court within the jurisdiction of the archdeacon. ARCHDUKE (Polit.) one having a pre-eminence over other dukes. ARCHDUKE's crown (Her.) closed at the top by a scarlet cap, and encompassed with a circle of gold." A'RCHE (Med.) px, initium, the first attack of a disorder. A'RCHED buttresses (Archit.) or Arch-butments, otherwise || called flying buttresses; props, in the form of an arch, which are employed in sacred edifices, of the pointed style, for sustaining the vaults of the nave. ARCHED legs (Vet.) the defect of a horse who has his knees bent archwise. This relates to the fore quarters, and happens to such horses as are spoiled by travelling. ARCHED (Bot.) the same as Vaulted. ARCHEGO'NOS morbus (Med.) the same as Acutus morbus. ARCHEION (Ant.) pxstor, which is rendered in the Latin summum templum, a particular part of the temple, which || served as a repository or treasury for any thing that was valuable, whether of public or private property; whence also the epithets given to it by Pollux, μεγαλόπλυτον πολίX API. This place, according to Suidas, was likewise employed as a judgment hall. Poll. Onom. 1. 1, c. 23; Suidas; Bud. in Pandect. p. 245. ARCHE'NDA (Med.) a powder prepared from the Alcanna. A'RCHER (Ast.) the constellation named Sagittarius. A'RCHERY (Law) an ancient service of keeping a bow for the use of the lord to defend his castle. Co. Lit. sect. 157. ARCHERY, the art of shooting with the bow. This art was learnt by means of pricking, i. e. shooting at a mark or butt, called a popinmoye or popinjay, because it was made in the shape of a parrot. Bows were called, as to their shape, long-bows or crossbows; as to their quality and materials, steel-bows, yewbows, and livery-bows, a coarse sort of bow.-Crossbows were of two kinds, called latches and prodds.— Those who used the long-bow were called archers, in distinction from the cross-bowmen, who were so denominated from their use of the cross-bow; both of whom were employed in the English army long after the introduction of fire arms. The bow consisted of the stave, or straight wooden part; the arch which was to be bent; the string by which it was bent; and the nook, or nut, in which the string was fixed. Bow-staves were made either of steel or wood; the latter either of yew, ash, or elm, of which the first was reckoned the best. The smaller bows were bent by means of an instrument called a goat's foot, and the long bows either by the help of a stirrup, or a machine called a moulinet. Cross-bow's discharged not only arrows but|| also darts, called quarreaux or quarrels, stones, leadenballs, &c. Arrows were reckoned in garbs, sheaves, or bundles, each sheaf consisting of twenty-four arrows. Their heads were made of the best iron pointed with steel, which were mostly barbed and feathered; some were likewise acerata, that is, sharpened, or non acerata, that is, blunt. The arrows were carried in a quiver or case, and those who used them were obliged to have a bracer or piece of leather, on which the bow-string rested; shooting gloves, to protect the fingers; and sharp-pointed stakes which served as a defence against the cavalry in the day of battle. Those who manufactured the bows were called bowyers; those who made the arrows and quarrels were fletchers; and those who made the arrowheads were termed arrow-head-makers. A'RCHES (Archit.) vide Arch. ARCHES (Her.) a sort of canting or allusive arms; as three arches for a person named Arches. [vide Arch] ARCHES, Court of (Law) the most ancient consistory belonging to the Archbishop of Canterbury, for the determination of ecclesiastical matters. It was so called from the church of St. Mary-le-Bow, i. e. de Arcubus.-Dean of Arches, the chief judge of this court, who has also a peculiar jurisdiction over thirteen parishes in London. 4 Inst. 337, &c. ARCHET (Mus.) the same as Arco. A'RCHETYPE (Paint.) Archetypum, ¿pxéruzov, from άpx, principium, and rúros, figura, a figure; the original of a picture or drawing. ARCHETYPE (Com.) the original standard for the weights kept at the mint. ARCHEUS (Alch.) the power or principle in nature, which, according to Paracelsus, disposes and orders all matter according to its form. This Archæus, or primum mobile, in animal bodies is in the stomach. ARCHEZO'STIS (Bot.) the same as Bryonia alba. ARCHIACO'LUTHUS (Ecc.) the chief of the acolythi or ministers in cathedral churches. ARCHIATER (Med.) apiarpès, from après, chief, and άrpès, physician; a physician to the prince, according to Mercurialis, Casaubon, and Vossius; or the prince of physicians; or, which is more probable, it signifies both. ARCHIEPISCOPAL (Ecc.) belonging to an archbishop. ARCHIGERONTES (Ant.) pxyports, principes seniorum, the overseers of the king's household. Hottom. ARCHIGRAMMATEUS (Ant.) apxypaμmarsús, scribarum præfectus, the principal secretary. ARCHIGUBE'RNUS (Ant.) or Archigubernator, i. e. gubernatorum princeps, sive classis præfectus, the admiral of a squadron. Diodor. 1. 20. A'RCHIL (Com.) a dye made of the Lichen roccella. ARCHILO CHIAN verse (Poet.) Archilochium Carmen, a verse so called from the poet Archilochus, of which there were different kinds, as the Iambic trimeter catalectic, which consists of five feet; the Iambic dimeter hypermeter, i. e. Iambic dimeter, with an additional syllable at the end, &c. A'RCHIMAGIA (Alch.) Chemistry; or the art of making gold and silver. A'RCHIMAGIRUS (Ant.) head cook. ARCHIMANDRITE (Ecc.) another name for Abbot. ARCHIMIA (Alch.) the art of changing imperfect metals into those that are perfect. ARCHISTRATE'GUS (Ant.) from après, chief, and spayos, a leader; the chief leader or generalissimo of an army. A'RCHITECT (Ant.) pxTEXTv, from pxos, the chief, and TEXTW, a workman, Architect; a master builder, or a person skilled in architecture. ARCHITECTONICE, vide Architecture. ARCHITECTONIC nature (Nat.) the same as Palastic Nature. A'RCHITECTURE, Architectura, axiTexterin, from pxos, the chief, and TEXToría, building; the art of building any edifice. It is divided into civil, military, and naval architecture. Civil architecture is applied to the erection of buildings for the purposes of civil life. Military architecture is the art of erecting places for the purposes of security against the attacks of an enemy. Naval architecture is the art of constructing ships. The two last branches of architecture are treated of under the heads of Fortification and Ship-building. Civil Architecture is again divided into theoretical and practical architecture. Theoretical architecture comprehends those rules of science, the application of which gives stability and beauty to every edifice. It is therefore mostly employed about the exterior and decorative parts of buildings. Practical architecture is mostly concerned with the operative part of erecting an edifice; and is consequently more employed about the interior economy. The theory of architecture is properly architecture so called: the practical part is mostly called Building, and may be found treated of under that head. Architecture, according to Vitruvius, comprehends, ordinatio, in Greek, váži, Order; dispositio, diabo; eurithymia, Proportion; symmetria, Symmetry; decor, Propriety; distributio, Distribution; which four are com prehended under the Greek name dxoropia.-Ordination is the modification of all the members, or parts, to the whole work.-Disposition is the adaptation, or apt collocation, of things for producing a suitable composition or combination. The different kinds of disposition are ichnography, or the drawing of geometrical plans; orthography, or the taking of elevations; and scenography, or the drawing of those plans in perspective.-Eurithmy is the harmonious correspondence of the parts with one another, in length, breadth, and thickness.-Symmetry is the proportion of one member to another, or to the whole.-Propriety is the suitableness of the building to purpose for which it is intended, and all other relative circumstances.-Distribution is the arrangement of the work according to the nature of the situation, the materials, and the like. the The principal parts of a building on which the skill of an architect is displayed, are beginning from the foundation upwards, as follows: namely, the pedestal, column, architrave, arches, pediments, mouldings, and orna ments. Pedestal. The pedestal, called by Vitruvius, stylobates, serves as a foot to the column which rests upon it. The principal parts of the pedestal are three, namely-Basis, the Base, which is the foot of the pedestal.-Die, a square trunk, which forms the body.-Corona, the cornice, which serves for the head. The different sorts of pedestals are as follow: namely, the-Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composite pedestals, which belong to the five orders. [vide Plate 9 and 10.]-Square pedestal, one whose height and width are equal.-Double pedestal, that which supports two columns.--Continued pedestal, that which supports a row of columns. Columns. The Column, columna, in Greek, suas, the cylindrical body, which serves as the chief support and ornament of a building. The column consists of three principal parts, namely, the-Basis, which is the lowest part.Frustum, the Fust or Shaft, which is the body; and— Capitula, the Capital. Columns are of different kinds, according to their proportions, as the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite columns, of which more may be seen under the head of Orders.-According to their materials, as moulded, fusible, transparent, scagliola, and masonic columns. According to their construction or formation, as columns in bands, or tambours; columns in trencheons, or banded columns; attic, conical, conoidal, cylindridal, cylindroidal, polygonal columns.-According to the decoration of their shafts, as bark-formed, cabled, carolytic, fluted, twisted columns.-According to their disposition, as angular, cantoned, coupled, doubled, &c. [vide Column] A pillar is an irregular kind of column, which deviates from the just proportions of the latter.-A pilaster is a small kind of column which is square instead of being round: otherwise it consists of the same parts and proportions. Pilasters are mostly employed in interior decorations, because they occupy less space.-Attics are a sort of pilasters with their cornices, which are ememployed at the upper extremity of a building. They derive their name from the Athenians, by whom they were first used for the purpose of concealing the roofs of their houses. Columns are either insulated, i. e. stand singly, at a distance from any wall; or else they are engaged and stand near a wall. When several columns stand together in one building, their distance from each other is called the intercolumniation, which is of different kinds, as it was distinguished among the ancients into pycnostyle, when the columns stood thickly together; areostyle, when they were at a considerable distance; diastyle, when three diameters distant; eustyle, when two diameters and a quarter, which was reckoned a happy medium between the picnostyle and the areostyle; systyle, when the columns stood thick, but not so thick as the pycnostyle. When a range of columns support an entablature, this is termed a colonnade; which is distinguished according to the number of its columns, into tetrastyle, hexastyle, octostyle, &c. Entablature. The entablature, otherwise called trabeation, is comprehended by Vitruvius under the general name of ornament. The word is immediately derived from the French, which is formed from the Latin, tabulatum, a stage or story. The entablature is supported by the column, and consists of three principal divisions, namely the Architrave, in Greek, or, in Latin, epistylium, the epistyle or beam, which rests upon the capitals of the columns.-Frize, in Greek, woopos, in Latin, zoophyrus, which is formed by the cross beams that support the roof.-Cornice, in Latin, corona, which is formed by the ends of the timbers of the roof. Arches. An arch is a concave structure, raised on a mould, called the centering, and in a curved form, serving as the inward prop of some superstructure. The supports of an arch are the springing walls or reins; the under surface is the intrados; the upper-surface the extrados; the line extending from one rein to the other is the chord or span; the most remote part from the span is the vertex or crown; the curved parts on each side the vertex are haunches, or flanks. To these parts may be added the-Archivault, or contour of the arch, an assemblage of mouldings on the face of the arch.-Impost, a capital or plinth which sustains the arch.-Piers, the walls which support the arches of a bridge, and from which they spring, as bases to stand upon.-Voussoirs, or arch-stones, the stones which immediately form the arch of a bridge, &c. That which is in the middle is called the Key-stone. Arches are employed in different parts of large buildings, and are of various kinds, according to the figure of the section; as semicircular, elliptical, scheme, pointed, rampant, extradossed, perfect, imperfect, surbassed, diminished, horse shoe, surmounted, &c. When employed as props to buildings, they are called arc-boutants, or flying buttresses; when in the interior of buildings to form the ceiling, they are termed vaults. When several arches stand together, they form a range which is called an arcade. [vide Arch and Building] Pediments. A Pediment is a kind of low pinnacle, called, in French, fronton, and, in Latin, fastigium, which serves as a crowning to porticoes, or to finish a frontispiece. Its area is called the tympan; and its figure is commonly triangular, but sometimes circular; in the former case it is termed a pointed pediment. Mouldings. A moulding is any projection from the naked part of a wall, column, &c. which serves as a decoration, either singly, or when brought together into an assemblage. Mouldings are of different kinds, as follows: namely,-Fillet, a small square moulding that separates the larger mouldings. The fillets in a Doric architrave are each called a regula.-Annulet, a narrow flat moulding in different parts of a column.-Plinth, a flat square member, resembling a brick or tile, which serves as a support to the base of the column or pedestal.-Cavetto, a concave moulding in the pedestal and entablature, which is recta, when in its natural position, and reversa when turned upside down. Ovolo, or quarter round, a convex moulding, the reverse of the cavetto.-Cyma, or ogee, a wavelike moulding, which is either recta or reversa.-Torus, a large round moulding in the bases of the columns.Astragal, a small round moulding, like the torus, encompassing the shaft of a column.-Bead, a small round moulding, like a bead in different parts of the column.— Scotia, a hollow obscure moulding of the base.-Apophyge, or scape, a moulding, partly concave and partly straight, which joins the bottom of the shaft to the base; also the top of the shaft to the fillet under the astragal. -Frize, or hypotrachelion, a flat member on the capital of a column.-Volute, a spiral or scroll of the capital. -Bell of a capital, that part under the abacus which contains the caulicles, leaves, scrolls, &c.-Abacus, a square table on the upper part of the capital of a column. -Facia, or fascia, Face or Platband, a flat member of the architrave.-Guttæ, an ornament in the shape of drops under the triglyphs of the frize.-Tania, a small square fillet above the guttæ.-Triglyphs, ornamental tablets in the frize of the entablature.-Metops, the square interval between the triglyphs.- Consoles, or brackets, with scrolled ends for the support of the cornice. Soffit, or larmier, the eaves or drip of the cornice.-Modillions, or mutules, projecting bodies under the soffits, resembling inverted consoles.-Dentils, ornaments in the cornice shaped like teeth, and placed in a square moulding, called denticle. [vide Plate 9 and 11] The proportions of these several parts to each other are regulated by a given rule or measure, called a module, for which the diameter or semidiameter of the bottom of the column is commonly taken, which is subdivided into sixty parts, called minutes. Ornaments. Ornaments comprehend all the sculpture, or carved work, with which any piece of architecture is decorated, and derive their names from the figure which they are intended to represent, as foliage, roses, egg, egg and anchor, festoons, fretwork, and the like. [vide Plate 11] The disposition of the several members in a column constitutes what is termed an order, which, as far as respects the use of the arch in modern times, has been termed a style of Architecture. Orders and Styles. There are five principal orders among the ancients, three of which are Grecian, and two Roman; namely, the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, Tuscan, and Composite. The Doric Order, the most ancient of all, is said to have been invented by Dorus after the proportions of a man's body, making the thickness of the shaft, at the base of the column, equal to the sixth part of the height, including the capital. This order is now distinguished by the name of Grecian and Roman Doric; the former of which is the original model of that style of architecture drawn from specimens which are extant in different parts of Greece; the latter, which is but an imperfect imitation of the Doric, taken principally from the theatre of Marcellinus, at Rome, is the style which is now most commonly known by that name. [vide Plate 10] The Ionic Order, so called from Ionia, where it had its origin, copied the gracefulness of women, making the 3 thickness of the column, and the volutes to represent the tresses of hair falling to the right and left. [vide Plate 9 and 10] The Corinthian Order, called, by Scamozzi, the Virginal Order, derived its name from a Corinthian maid, whose tomb gave rise to the ornament in the capital of this column, which represents the flower Acanthus. The height of the Corinthian capital is also much greater than that in the Ionic Order, so as to give the whole the appearance of slender delicacy. [vide Plate 10] The Tuscan Order derives its origin and name from Tuscany, in Italy. The shaft of this column is six times the diameter, the base and capital each half a diameter, and, consequently, the whole height seven times the diameter. [vide Plate 9 and 10] The Composite Order, so called because it is composed of the Ionic and Corinthian Orders, is of Roman extraction, and, on that account, called likewise the Roman, or Italian Order. It is more slender than the Corinthian, the column, including its base and capital, being ten diameters in height. [vide Plate 9 and 10] There were other styles among the ancients which have also been distinguished by the name of Orders; namely, the-Allic Order, a name sometimes given to the Attic pilasters which are frequently placed at the top of edifices over the other orders.--Persian, or Persic Order, is applied to the statues of men, which serve to support the entablature in the place of columns. It is so called because the figures of the Persian captives, taken by the Lacedemonians in their war with the Persians, were employed in this manner. The figures themselves were called Persians, or Atlantides, and by the Romans Telamones.-The Cariatic Order differs from the preceding only in as much as the statues represented women instead of men, being the figures of the Caryatides, or Carian women, who were taken captives by the Athenians when they destroyed the city of the Carians after the Persian war. Besides the Caryatides and the Persians, figures were sometimes used by the Romans for the support of entablatures, the upper part of which represented the head and breast of a human body, and the lower the inverted frustum of a square pyramid. They were called Termini, because they were used by the ancients as boundaries, and were made to represent the god Terminus. Persian figures are generally charged with a Doric entablature; the Caryatides with an Ionic, or Corinthian architrave cornice; and the Termini with an entablature of any of the three Grecian orders. Styles of architecture are distinguished by the different forms of the arch, as orders are by that of the column. The two principal styles which are now in use are the Saxon and the Gothic.-The Saxon Style is characterized by its semicircular arches, and massive columns.— The Gothic Style is otherwise called the Pointed Arch, in Italian di terzo and quarto acuto, because the arch which is used in this style meets in a sharp point. The Gothic has been, moreover, divided into the simple and the florid, according as the workmanship was more or less decorated. The florid Gothic, which surpasses the Grecian architecture in grandeur and elegance, is parti cularly chosen for sacred edifices. Principal Authors on Architecture. Vitruvius "De Architectura;" Philandri, Barbari, and Salmasii "Commentarii in Vitruvium;" Sir Henry Wotton's "Elements of Architecture;" Leo Baptista de Albertis "De Re ædificatoriâ libri decem ;” Palladio “De Architectura libri quatuor," and "De Templis Romanis;" Philibertis de Lorme "De Architectura libri novem;" Vignola "Cour d'Architecture," &c.; Scamozzi "Euvres d'Architecture;" Blondel « Cursus Architecturæ ;" Perrault " Architecture generale de Vitruve reduite en Abregé," and "Ordonnance de cinq espèces de Colomnes," &c.; Goldmanni "Tractatus de Stylometris," &c. Explanation of the Plates. Plate No. I. (9)-Members of the Pedestal, Column, and Entablature, in the five Orders. Tuscan Order. Pedestal.-Base. a, Plinth. b, List, or Fillet. c, Cavetto reversa.-Die, or Body.-Cornice. d, Cavetto, i. e. Cavetto recta; Fillet. e, Band. Column. - Base. f, Plinth. g. Torus; Fillet.-Shaft. h, Apophyge, or Cincture, and Body, or Diameter below the break; Apophyge and Body above; Fillet. i, Astragal.-Capital. k, Gorge, Freeze, or Neck of the Capital; Fillet. 7, Ovolo, or Echinus. m, Abacus. Entablature. Architrave. n, First, or small Fascia. o, Second, or large Fascia; List, or Band.-Frize, or Zophyrus.-Cornice. Cavetto; Fillet; Ovolo, p, Corona; Fillet. q, Cima recta, Cymatium, or ogee; Fillet. Doric Order. Pedestal.—Base; Plinth. A, Cima reversa; Cavetto reversa.-Die, or Body-Cornice; Cavetto; Ovolo; Co rona. Column.-Base; lower Torus. B, Scotia; upper Torus.Shaft, Apophyge and Body below the break; Apophyge and Body above; Astragal.-Capital; Frize, or Neck. C, Anulets; Ovolo; Abacus; Cyma recta. Entablature.-Architrave; first Fascia; second Fascia. D, Guttæ. E, Tania.-Frize. F, Metops. G. Triglyphs. H, Cap of Triglyphs; Cavetto; Ovolo. I, Mutule. K, Cap of Mutule; Corona; Cima reversa; Cima recta. Ionic Order. Pedestal.-Base; Plinth; Cima reversa. L, Bead; Cavetto.-Die.-Cornice; Cavetto; Ovolo and Bead; Co rona. Column.-Base; Plinth; lower Torus; Scotia; upper Column.-Base; Plinth; lower Torus; Scotia; upper Composite Order. P, Pedestal.-Base; Plinth; Torus; Cima reversa; Bead.Die.-Cornice; Bead; Cima recta; Corona; Cima re versa. Column-Base; Plinth; lower Torus; Scotia; double Astragal; Scotia; upper Torus; Bead.-Shaft; Body below and above, with Apophyges.- Capital; Bell adorned with the leaves of the Acanthus; Astragal; Ovolo; Volute; Abacus. Entablature.-Architrave; first and second Fascia; Cima || Plate No. II. (10.)—The five Orders in General. These five orders are collected from the foregoing proportions, allowing their several heights to be as follow: namely, Tuscan, 10 modules, 45 minutes. Roman Doric, 12 modules, 20 minutes, the proportions of which may be compared with the Grecian Doric, both being of the same altitude.-Ionic, 13 modules, 31 minutes. -Corinthian, 14 modules, 12 minutes. Composite, 14 modules. The module in this plate is marked by the figures 15, 14, 13, &c. which may be easily reduced to minutes by the scale laid down. Plate No. III. (11.) Ornaments. A, Eggs. B, Channels. C, Foliage. D, Rose. E, Festoon. F, Fretwork.-Mouldings. G, Torus. H, Astragal. I, Cavetto. K, Ovolo. L, Scotia. M, Cima Recta. N, Cima reversa. O, Apophyge.— P, Doric Intercolumniation.- Q, Corinthian Capital. R, Composite Capital. ARCHITECTURE (Perspect.) a sort of building, the members of which are of different measures and modules, and diminish in proportion to their distance so as to make the building appear longer and larger to the view than it really is. ARCHITRAVE (Archit.) a French term, from ά, chief, and trabs, a beam; signifying that division of the entablature, which rests upon the column, and is supposed to represent the principal beam in the building; whence it has the name, in English, of the Reason-Piece, or MasterPiece in porticoes, &c.; the Mantle-Piece in chimneys; It is called in and the Hyperthyron over doors, &c. Greek is, by Vitruvius epistylium, the Epistyle, i. e. izi Tò suλov, upon the column, because it rests upon the column. Vitruv. 1. 3, c. 3; Plut. in Peric.; Bald. Lex. Vitruv.-Architrave Cornice, an architrave crowned with a cornice.-Architrave doors, those which have an architrave on the jaunbs, or over the door windows; on the cappiece if straight; and on the arch if the top be curved. Architrave windows are usually an ogee raised out of the solid timber with a list over it; but sometimes the mouldings are struck and laid on; sometimes cut in brick. ARCHITRICLINUS (Ant.) qui præest triclinio, the major domo, or steward of the household. Stuck. de Ant. Conviv. 1. 2, c. 7. ARCHIVAULT (Arch.) or Archivolt, the contour of an arch or a frame set off with mouldings running upon the faces of the arch-stones, and bearing upon the imposts. ARCHIVES (Archæol.) from arca, a chest, or more probably from axior, the treasury in the Greek temples [vide Archeion]; a place where the records, &c. belonging to the crown and kingdom are kept; the office of the rolls, &c.; also the rolls themselves. A'RCH-LUTE (Mus.) a theorbe, or large lute. [vide Arcileuto] A'RCHON (Hist.) the chief magistrate of Athens; the office was at first perpetual, and afterwards annual. Vel. Pat. 1. 1, c. 2.8; August. de Civ. Dei. 1. 18, c. 20. ARCHO'NTICKS (Ecc.) heretics who held that Archangels created the world, &c. They were a branch of the Valentinians. Epiphan. Hæres. 40; August. Hæres. 20; Baron. Annal. Ann. 195. ARCHOPTOMA (Med.) a bearing down of the rectum. A'RCILEUTO (Mus.) Italian for an archlute, or very long lute used by the Italians for playing a thorough base. A'RCION (Bot.) or Arcium. [vide Arctium] ARCITENENS (Ast.) another name for Sagittarius. Prisc. A'RCO (Mus.) an Italian word signifying the Arc or Bow, with |