Figure 22 illustrates a somewhat unusual form of catlinite pipe found in the Township of Nottawasaga. It has not even a suspicion of the modern in its form. Everything in the workmanship points to a time anterior to the manu

The

facture of "curiosities." A cross section of the end of the stem is shown. only other catlinite specimen from this township is the Beecroft pipe. (See Can. Inst. Report, 1886-87, p. 28.) The extremely beautiful specimen here figured was presented to the Provincial Archæological Museum by Mr. Bend, an officer of the Reformatory at Penetanguishene.

Figure 23 represents an unfinished pipe found in Norfolk County. The workmanship is a somewhat curious combination of Indian and European. The contour of the head in its rough condition is suggestive of the eagle. The material is a brown argillaceous stone, much like that of which figure 16 is formed. Fig. 24 shows a cross section of the stem. Capt. J. G. Spain, Simcoe.

The

A very pretty pipe, apparently made of limestone, is here figured, nearly full size. attempt at ornamentation round the margin is of the rudest. The chief peculiarity of this pipe is the stem, a cross section of which is shown as it would appear close to the head. Each edge of the stem is relieved with a series of notches sharply cut-fourteen on one side. and seventeen on the other. Capt. J. G. Spain, Norfolk County

55 Victoria.

Sessional Papers (No. 17).

A. 1892

This excellent pipe (Fig. 26) was found a few miles south of Penetanguishene, and was procured from Mr. A. C. Osborne, one of our members, who resides in that town. It is of steatite, mainly drab in color, but shading into a dark

gray

at the back, the face hands and breast being
almost black. The maker of this pipe had
some pretensions to anatomical accuracy in
his treatment of the chin, wrists and ankles.
He has even been careful to carve the feet
in-toed, according to a well known Indian
characteristic. But with all this care in these
and some other respects, he has failed to
produce thumbs and great toes.

I am indebted to Prof. W. H. Ellis, M.D.,
for the suggestion that this pipe represents
a man, with a bundle on his back, taking

a rest.

It is worthy of note that the only other hatted pipe (fragmentary) in our possession was found within a short distance of the place where fig. 26 was picked up, (see Can. Inst. Report for 1890-91; fig. 79, p. 34), in which case, however, there is a distinction between the crown and the rim of the head-dress. A hat or cap very similar to that shown on the Penetanguishene pipe appears on a carved stone head from the Dwyer farm in Beverly township, (see Can. Inst. Report for 1887-88 fig. 70, p. 46).

FIG. 26. (Full Size.)

We have pipes of steatite, catlinite," whitestone," common limestone, marble, and even of sandstone, as well as of bone; but the unfinished specimen repre

sented by fig. 27 is the only one of gypsum. It is three and a half inches long; the bowl (nearly an inch and a quarter, outside diameter) has been bored to its full depth, and is three-fourths of an inch in diameter. The stem, in cross section, is mainly round, only the lower side being flattened. At the end it is roughly

squared, as if to form a mouthpiece,, but there is no stem hole-only the merest beginning of one. The specimen in question was found on the St. Clair Flats, and forms part of the Spain collection.

As has been mentioned previously in these reports, it was the practice of the Indians to "block out" the various articles of stone as nearly as possible to the required size before boring any holes that were necessary. The unfinished gypsum pipe (fig. 27) is one example, and the accompanying illustration is another. On more than one account this is a valuable specimen for museum purposes. The size itself is somewhat out of the common, as the base measures 7 inches long and 2 wide; while the bowl portion stands 13 inches above the upper side of the base or stem part. But the pattern is more noteworthy still, for it belongs to a type better known in the region of the mounds, and which is designated by American archæologists as a "monitor" pipe. The stone itself is steatite of a very soft quality, and the surface appears to have been stained black.

The end intended for the stem is five-eighths of an inch thick, the other being only three-eighths of an inch in thickness. That this is an unfinished pipe is undoubted, and we can only conjecture why the work of boring has not even been begun. Perhaps it was procured in its present condition by barter or plunder from some southern source, and was lost before an opportunity presented itself for the boring operations to be performed.

This very interesting specimen was found on lot 36, concession 5, township of Camden, by Mr. Joseph Lucas, the intelligent proprietor of the farm, Mr. and Mrs. Lucas generously presented this, and other specimens elsewhere enumerated, to the museum.

FLAKED IMPLEMENTS.

Popularly, all "flints" are regarded as having been made for shooting purposes, or, if large, to be used as spears only. In reality there must have been many other uses to which flaked "flints" or chert objects were applied, although the shapes correspond largely with the typical arrow-head. It is, for example, quite evident that articles of this kind, from eight inches to a foot in

length, were not intended for either the one purpose or the other, and more especially are we warranted in coming to this conclusion when they are from three to six inches in breadth. In such cases they are usually regarded as spades or hoes. It is equally certain that many "flints" of smaller size were neither arrows nor spears. When serrated they were probably used as saws, and, no doubt, many were employed for cutting purposes just as we use pocket-knives.

At best, when shooting with flaked arrow-tips, the result must have been very uncertain, unless the aim was taken from close quarters, or the object a pretty large one.

Figures 29 to 33 show the curvature possessed by specimens in our cases. Shooting, with such specimens, must have been wide of the mark, unless the intention was to send the shaft round a tree! With a head like the one represented by fig 29 the motion resulting from a shot would resemble that of a boomerang. In savage economy there were many uses to which such curved articles might be applied, in scraping, splitting, carving, cutting and dressing stone, wood, bone or

furs.

A very suggestive use is that of the scalping knife, but it is not at all certain that in pre-European days the natives carried a special weapon to "raise the hair." If they did, perhaps the sewere real scalping knives. Most of the curved "flints" are much flatter, transversely, on the concave than on the convex side,

FIG. 36. (Size).

Figure 35, somewhat reduced, shows a side view of fig. 32, which makes it absolutely certain that the specimen was made for any other purpose but that of shooting.

Fig. 29 is provided with a deeply notched, or semi-barbed neck. Figs. 30 and 31 are leaf-shaped, and fig. 33 has a plain straight-sided neck. Norfolk County, Capt. J. G. Spain.

An unusual form of "flint" is shown at figure 36 in a slightly reduced form. It is not easy to decide whether the pattern is the result of mere whim, or was intended to serve some purpose. The smaller end is quite as carefully worked as the larger one, and it may have been the intention to make the ends reversible.

This specimen is rather thinner in
proportion to its length than we
commonly find, and all the edges
are sharp, without any signs of
usage. Capt. J. G. Spain, Norfolk
County.

FIG. 39. (Full Size).

"Scrapers are not found in Canada in anything like such quantities as in many countries of Europe. In the collection from Norfolk county there are twenty or more, and mostly provided with necks, as if they were "degraded" arrow tips. Most of the European articles of this kind are roughly discoidal or elliptical, flat on one side and convex on the other. This type is also found here, besides another, which has a strong straight neck. The working edge of figure 37 is worn smooth.

Among oddly chipped flints, figure 38 is worthy of a place. It does not appear ever to have been even roughly symmetrical-the dotted lines may indicate the original shape and size of the weapon. From Brant county. Mr. E. C. Waters.