and perfect participle by adding d or ed to the present; as, present, love; past, loved; perfect participle, loved; call, called, called.

Regular verbs terminating in silent e form their past tense and perfect participle by the addition of d only, and those ending in any other letter, by the addition of ed.

The verbs hear, pay, say, and lay, which do not end in e, and which add d only for the past tense and perfect participle, are classed with irregular verbs.

An irregular verb is one, which does not form its past tense and perfect participle by adding d or ed to the present; as, present, see; past, saw; perfect participle, seen; go, went, gone.

ON THE PARTICIPLE.

The participle is a mode of the verb, partaking of the properties of the verb and the adjective; as, seeing, seen, having seen, having been seen,

Participles may be classed under two general divisions:-imperfect * and perfect.

*"The distinguishing characteristic of this participle is, that it denotes an unfinished and progressive state of the being, action, or passion; it is, therefore, properly denominated the IMPERFECT participle."-Brown.

"All, that is peculiar to the participles is, that the one signifies a perfect, and the other an imperfect action."-Pickbourn. "The most unexceptionable distinction, which grammarians make between the participles, is that the one points to the continuation of the action, passion, or state, denoted by the verb, and the other, to the completion of it."-Murray.

An imperfect participle denotes the continuance of an action or state; as, calling, seeing, being seen.

Imperfect participles relate to present, past, or future time, according as they are connected with verbs in the present, past, or future tense.

A perfect participle denotes the completion of an action or state; as, called, seen, having seen.

Participles are also divided into simple and compound.

A simple participle is a participle, that consists of only one word; as, doing, done.

A compound participle is a participle, that is composed of two or more words; as, being seen, having seen, having been seen. Being seen is a compound imperfect participle; having seer and having been seen are compound perfect participles.

Participles, like other modifications of the verb, have a transitive, an intransitive, and a passive use. Thus-seeing and having seen are transitive; being and walking, intransitive; seen and having been seen, passive.

Participles often lose their verbal character, and become adjectives; as, "A moving spectacle;" "A revised edition." They are then called participial adjectives.

Participles are also used to perform the office of nouns; as, “They could not avoid submitting to this influence." When used in this manner, they are called participial nouns.

RULES FOR FORMING PARTICIPLES FROM REGULAR

VERBS.

The Imperfect participle is formed by adding ing tc the verb; as, call, calling.

The Perfect participle is formed by adding d to verbs, that end in silent e; as, love, loved; and ed to verbs, that end in any other letter; as, call, called.

But Verbs ending in silent e, on assuming ing, omit the e; as, Love, loving.

Exception 1. Singeing, swingeing, and dyeing, the imperfect participles of singe, swinge, and dye, retain the e, to distinguish them from singing, swinging, and dying, the participles of sing, swing, and die.

Exception 2. Verbs ending in ie omit the e, and change the i into y before ing; as, Tie, tying.

Verbs of one syllable ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, [or by two vowels, if the first is u,] on assuming ing or ed, double the final consonant; as, Ship, shipping, shipped; Quit, quitting, quitted.

Exceptions. Suit, suiting, suited; Bruit, bruiting, bruited.

Verbs ending in a single consonant, preceded by more than one vowel, [unless the one before the last be u or w,] do not double the final consonant, on assuming ing; as, Load, loading, loaded; Swab, swabbing, swabbed.

Exception. Recruit, recruiting, recruited.

Verbs of more than one syllable ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, [or by two

vowels, if the first is u or w,] and having the accent on the last syllable, double the final consonant, on assuming ing or ed; as, Defer, deferring, deferred; Acquit, acquitting, acquitted.

Verbs of more than one syllable ending in a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, and not accented on the last syllable, do NOT double the final consonant, on assuming ing; as, Recover, recovering; Quiet, quieting.

Note. The affix from quiet seems to contradict or form an exception to the Rule; as the final consonant is preceded by more than one vowel; but the Rule applies only to the last syllable, which contains no more than one vowel.

Verbs ending in y, preceded by a consonant, change the y into i, on assuming ed; as, Study, studied.

Verbs ending in y, preceded by a vowel, on assuming ed, do not change the y; as, Journey, journeyed. Verbs ending in ee omit the latter e, on assuming ed; as, agree, agreed; fee, feed.

Verbs ending in c assume k before ing and ed; as, Frolic, frolicking, frolicked; Mimic, mimicking, mimicked; Traffic, trafficking, trafficked.

Shoe makes shoeing; Hoe, hoeing, hoed; Eye, eyeing, eyed.

The following words ought not to double the final consonant when a terminacion is added:

:

Apparel, barrel, benefit, bias, bigot, billet, buffet, cancel, carol, cavil, channel, counsel, cudgel, dial, drivel, duel, equal, fillet, gallop, gambol, gibbet, gossip, gravel, grovel, handsel, jewel, kennel, kidnap, level, libel, limit, marshal, marvel, model, parallel, parcel, pencil, pommel,

quarrel, revel, rival, rivet, shovel, shrivel, snivel, trammel, travel, wainscot, and worship.

ON "SHALL" AND "WILL."

In affirmative sentences, shall, in the first person, simply foretells; as, "I shall write." In the second and third persons, shall is used potentially, denoting a promise, command, or determination; as, " You shall be rewarded;"-"Thou shalt not kill;"- "He shall be punished." Will, in the first person, is used potentially, denoting promise or determination; as, "I will go at all hazards." In the second and third persons, will simply foretells; as, "You will soon be -"He will expect you."

there;

In interrogative sentences, shall, in the first person, may either be used potentially to inquire the will of the person addressed, as, "Shall I bring you another book?" or, it may simply ask whether a certain event

will occur; as, "Shall I arrive in time for the train ?" When shall is used interrogatively in the second person, it simply denotes futurity; as, "Shall you be in Edinburgh next week?" Shall, employed interrogatively in the third person, has a potential signification, and is used to inquire the will of the person addressed; as, "Shall John order the carriage ?" Will, used interrogatively in the second person, is potential in its signification; as, "Will you go ?" Will may be used interrogatively in the third person, to denote mere futurity, as, "Will the boat leave to-day ?" or, it may have a potential signification,