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With Portraits, National Arms, name of Heir presumptive, British Minister resident at each Court, and Ambassador resident in England.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY.

Empire.-Founded December 21, 1867. Empire of Austria, Kingdom of Hungary, united under one hereditary Sovereign. Common Army, Navy, and Diplomacy, controlled by the Delegations, of 120 members, half representing the legislature of Austria, half that of Hungary. Population (inc. Bosnia and Herzegovina), 43,212,144.

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Kingdom.-Confederated with Germany, 1870. Legislature vested in the Crown and a Parliament of two Chambers, (1) The Upper Chamber of Princes and others nominated by the Crown, (2) The Lower Chamber of 159 Deputies. Population-5,594,982.

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Constitutional and Hereditary Monarchy.-Legislature in the King and two Chambers, (1) The Senate, (2) The Chamber of Representatives elected by universal suffrage and piural voting. Population-6,262,272.

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CHINA.

Empire. The civil and religious laws administered by a Cabinet of 4 members, under which are 7 "Boards of Government. Population-300,000,000, estimated.

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Constitutional and Hereditary Monarchy.-Legislature in the Sovereign and Rigsdag, which consists of (1) The Landsthing, (2) The Folkething. Population-2,185,335.

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Republic, September 4, 1870.-Legislature in (1) Chamber of Deputies, elected by universal suffrage, (2) The Senate. Population-38,228,969.

Soph Williams.

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Empire. Founded January 18, 1871, and composed of an aggregation of 26 States, represented by 58 members in the Bundesrath and 397 in the Reichstag. Population-49,428,470.

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Grimm, Berlin.

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AUGUSTA VICTORIA.

GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.-Constitutional and Hereditary Monarchy.~ The Crown and three Estates of the Realm: The Lords Spiritual, the Lords Temporal, and the House of Commons of 670 members. Population-38,779,031.

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Constitutional and Hereditary Monarchy.-Legislature in the Boulé, elected by universal suffrage. Population-2,215,000.

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HOUSE OF

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HOLSTEIN-GLUCKSBOURG.

Heir Apparent - Prince
Constantinos, Duke

of Sparta, born Aug. 2,
1868; married, Oct. 27,
1889, Princess Sophia,
sister of the German
Emperor, born June
14, 1870.

British Minister - E. H.
Egerton, C.B.

ITALY.

OLGA.

Constitutional and Hereditary Monarchy.-Founded March 17, 1861. Legislature in the Sov ereign and two Chambers, (1) The Senate, (2) The Chamber of Deputies. Population-30,724,037. D'Alessandri, Rome.

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HUMBERT I,

HUMBERT I.

HOUSE OF SAVOY.

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Apparent Victor
Emmanuel, Prince
of Naples, born
November 11, 1869;
married Oct., 1896,
Princess Heléne of
Montenegro.

British Ambassador
-Right Hon. Sir
Clare Ford, G.C.B.,
G.C.M.G.

D'Alessandri, Rome.

THE QUEEN.

JAPAN.

Empire. Legislature in an Assembly of two Houses, (1) of Peers, (2) of Commons. Population -41,388,313.

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NETHERLANDS.

Constitutional and Hereditary Monarchy.-Legislature in Sovereign and States General, which consists of two Chambers, (1) The Upper, of 50 members, (2) The Lower, of 100 deputies elected by universal suffrage. Population-4,732,911.

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Absolute Monarchy.-For administrative purposes the country is divided into Provinces. Popu lation-9,000,000, estimated.

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Constitutional and Hereditary Monarchy.-Legislature in the Cortes Geraes, consisting of (1) The Chamber of Peers, (2) The Chamber of Deputies. Population-4,708,178. Soph Williams.

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CHARLES I.

Born Sept. 28, 1863; succeeded Oct. 19, 1889; married, May 22, 1886, Princess Amélie, d. of the Comte de Paris.

Minister in England
-Senhor F. Arouca.

HOUSE OF BRAGANZA-
SAXE-COBURG-GOTHA.

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CHARLES I.

AMÉLIE.

ROMAN CHURCH.

In 1870 Victor Emmanuel invaded the Pontifical States, and, by a popular vote of October 2, 1870, the absolute monarchy of the Popes was suppressed, the Pontifical States were incorporated in the Kingdom of Italy, and the temporal power of the Popes put an end to.

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LEO XIII.

LEO XIII.
(GIOACCHINO PECCI.)

Born March 2, 1810; succeeded February 20, crowned
March 3, 1878. The 258th Pope, counting from St. Peter,
The Catholic Hierarchy consists of (1) The Sovereign
Pontiff, assisted by the Sacred College of Cardinals and
by about 20 permanent Ecclesiastical Committees,
(2) The Patriarchs, Archbishops, and Bishops, (3) The
Apostolic Delegates, Vicars, and Prefects, (4) Certain
Abbots and Prelates.

Proverb-Example is better than precept.

RUSSIA.

Absolute and Hereditary Empire. Population-126,000,000, estimated.
Soph Williams.

NICOLAS II.

Bern May 18, 1868; succeeded Nov. 1, 1894; married, Nov. 26, 1894, Princess Alix of Hesse (Alexandra Feodorovna); issue, Olga, born Nov. 15, 1895.

Ambassador in Eng'and

HOUSE OF ROMANOVHOLSTEIN-GOTTORP.

Heir Pres.- Grand Duke George (Tsarevitch), born May 9, 1871.

British Ambassador -Rt. Hon. Sir N. R. O'Conor, G.C.M.G., K.C.B.

M. de Staal.

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THE EMPRESS.

SAXONY.

Constitutional and Hereditary Monarchy, confederated with Germany, 1870.-Legislature in the Sovereign and Parliament of two Houses. Population-3,502,684.

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Constitutional and Hereditary Monarchy.-Legislature in the King and Cortes, consisting of (1) The Senate, (2) The Chamber of Deputies. Population-17,650,234.

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Constitutional and Hereditary Monarchy.-Legislature in the Sovereign and the Diet of two Chambers. Population-Sweden, 4,873,183; Norway, 2,001,000.

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