Zanzibar. The rent of £11,000 formerly paid by the Company to the Sultan is now paid by the Crown, and interest at the rate of 3 per cent. is paid to the Sultan on the £200,000. The territory, including the Protectorate of Uganda, extends north of the German sphere of influence, opposite Zanzibar, for a distance of 400 miles up to and including a large part of the Somali Coast; and westwards to the Nile and the eastern boundary of the Congo States to the Lake Albert Nyanza, over an area of about 750,000 sq. ms. By the Anglo-German Agreements of Nov. 1, 1886, and July 1, 1890, the south boundary of British East Africa extends in a north-westerly direction from the north bank of the mouth of the River Umbe, going round by the north of Kilimanjaro to where the 1st parallel of N. lat. reaches Lake Victoria; thence across the lake and westwards on the same parallel to the boundary of the Congo Free State. To the north the British sphere is bounded by the River Juba, which it ascends to 6 N. lat., following that parallel as far as 35° E. long., this meridian forming the boundary between the British and Italian spheres of influence up to the Blue Nile. To the west it is bounded by the Congo Free State. North of 4° N. lat. the British sphere has yet no western delimitation. The River Tana has been explored and the stream has been found navigable for a distance of 300 miles; the Juba has also been successfully navigated for 400 miles. By arrangement with the British Government, the Company retired from UGANDA in March, 1893, and in the summer of 1894 a protectorate was proclaimed over that territory. A railway is to be built from the coast to Uganda. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Cloves, ivory, semsem seed, gum, copra, orchilla weed, &c. CHIEF IMPORTS.Manchester goods, iron, copper wire, beads, &c. The seat of government is Mombasa. ACTING COMMISSIONER-Arthur Hardinge, C.B.

FALKLAND ISLANDS.-CROWN COLONYConsisting of two large islands off the eastern entrance of the Straits of Magellan, East Falkland, 3,000 square miles, and West Falkland, 2,300 square miles, and about 100 islets, 1,200 square miles. GOVERNMENT vested in the Governor and an Executive and Legislative Council of 3 official and 2 unofficial members, both appointed by the Crown. The Islands were annexed to Great Britain in 1771, and occupied by a settlement in 1833, as a protection to the whale fisheries prosecuted in the neighbouring ocean. EDUCATION.-The number of children on the rolls of the Government schools in 1895 was, at the senior school, 73, at the infant school, 86, making a total of 159. CHIEF EXPORTS.--Wool, hides, tallow, sealskins, and frozen meat. CHIEF IMPORTS.--Provisions, clothes, machinery. SOUTH GEORGIA, an island of 1,000 square miles, situated 800 miles towards the south-east, is appended to the government of the Falkland Islands. Transit, about 33 days. TOTAL AREA-8,070 square miles. POPULATION-1,869. GOVERNOR-Sir R. T. Goldsworthy, K.C.M.G., £1,200, and fees. COLONIAL SECRETARY-F. Craigie Halkett, £450 and quarters.

FIJI. Ceded to the Crown, October 10, 1874. GOVERNMENT.-A GOVERNOR appointed by the Crown. EXECUTIVE.- COUNCIL Consisting of the Colonial Secretary, Attorney-General, and Receiver-General. LEGISLATURE.-A Council of 12, 6 official and 5 unofficial members, anpointed by the Crown, presided over by the Governor. Colony divided into 16 provinces

On

Prempeh submitted peacefully to Sir F. Scott. On January 20 Prince Henry of Battenberg died while on his way to the coast. February 4 King Prempeh reached Cape Coast Castle under the escort of the West Yorkshire Battalion. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Gold, ivory, gum copal, monkey skins, palm oil, rubber, timber, palm kernels, guinea grains, dye stuffs, raw cotton, and kola nuts. CHIEF IMPORIS.-Cotton goods, provisions, spirits, powder, guns. Seat of Government, Accra (population 16,276). Transit, 21 to 29 days. AREA-39,060 square miles. POPULATION-1,473,882. GOVERNOR-Sir W. E. Maxwell, K.C.M.G., £4,000.

HONGKONG.-This island, formerly part of China, is situated at the mouth of the Canton River. It was ceded to England in 1841. GOVERNMENT.-EXECUTIVE in a Governor and a Council of 6. LEGISLATURE in the Governor and a Legislative Council, over which he presides, consisting of 5 of the members of the Executive Council, I official member not in the Executive Council, and of 5 unofficial members; 3 nominated by the Crown, 1 by the justices of the peace, one by the chamber of commerce. JusTICE. There is a supreme court, and a chief justice and puisne judge, and I police magistrate. The English common law modified by colonial ordinances is adopted. EDUCATION.-There are 97 grant-in-aid schools, and 16 government schools. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Tea, copper, silk. CHIEF IMPORTS.-Woollens, cotton goods, iron. The island forms an important naval and military station. CAPITAL Victoria. Transit, about 31 days. AREA-29 square miles. LATION (1895)-253,514. GOVERNOR Sir William Robinson, K.C.M.G., 32,000 dols.

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INDIA. By the "Act for the Better Government of India," 21 and 22 Vic., c. 106 (1858), the territories of the Indian Empire were transferred from the East Indian Company to the British Crown; the GOVERNMENT of the country was settled by the Act 32 and 33 Vict., c. 97. The EXECUTIVE is vested in a Governor-General, appointed by the Crown, who, acting under the orders of the Secretary of State, has power to make law for all subjects of the Crown in the dominions of Indian princes as well as for all persons in British India. He is assisted by a Council of 7, including the Commander-inChief; the 6 ordinary members being appointed by the Crown. Government is carried on by the Secretary of State and Council of 15, as created by 21 and 22 Vic., c. 106, amended by 32 and 33 Vic., c. 97 (under Act 52 and 53 Vic., c. 65, 1889, the strength of the Council may be reduced, by leaving vacancies unfilled, to not less than 10). The Members of Council who are appointed for a term of 10 years by the Secretary of State and may be re-appointed for another term of 5 years, cannot sit in Parliament, and are removable on an address from both Houses. There are 6 Administrative Departments-Finance and Commerce, Foreign, Home, Military, Public Works, Revenue and Agriculture. There is also a Legislative Department. LEGISLATURE is vested in a Legislative Council, consisting of the members of the "Council of the Governor-General," and from 10 to 16 additional members appointed by the Viceroy. The Lieutenant-Governors of Bengal and of the North-West Provinces and Oudh have separate Legislative Councils, and the Governors of Madras and Bombay each have an Executive Council and a Council for making Laws and Regulations. For administrative purposes the whole country is divided

Of the Christians 1,315,263 are returned as Roman Catholics; 295,016 Church of England; 14,503 Methodist Episcopalians; 60,713 Protestants; 65,376 Lutherans; 191,746 Baptists; 200,467 Syrians; and 100,889 various sects; 40,407 Church of Scotland; 2,036,590 are returned as natives; 79,790 Eurasians; 168,000 Europeans. EDUCATION. 2,997,558 males are returned as under instruction, and 197,662 females as able to read and write; 11,554,035 males and 543,495 females not under instruction; but latterly education has made good progress, that of the female population being due in no small degree to missionary efforts. Including the 5 universities at Bombay, Calcutta, Madras, Lahore, and Allahabad, there are 147,590 educational institutions, the majority of which receive some measure of pecuniary aid. AGRICULTURE.-In the autumn of 1895 a serious famine was threatened throughout India owing to the failure of the crops from want of rain. Prices rose considerably in October, and exports of wheat almost ceased. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Cotton, opium, jute, rice, wheat, seeds, tea, cotton, twist, hides, indigo,

At

coffee, cotton goods, wool, teak, spices, silk. CHIEF IMPORTS.-Cotton manufactures, twist, yarn, metals, oils, hardware, silk, sugar, woollen goods, railway plant, machinery, coal, liquors, salt. There are 69 railways, 34 of which are government lines, and four guaranteed, and 42,700 miles of telegraph line. the beginning of 1895 there were 18,841 miles of railway open, the net earnings of which amounted to 13,473,492 tens of rupees. Transit to Bombay, 18 days; to Madras, 20; Calcutta, 21. Incorporated with India are the Andamans, Burma, and the Nicobar Islands, while Aden, Perim, and the Somali Coast are Dependencies of the Bombay Presidency.

The Andaman Islands, which are in the eastern part of the Bay of Bengal, have been

used since 1858 as a penal settlement.

AREA

2,50 square miles. POPULATION--15,000. Burma is divided into Upper and Lower Burma; the latter was annexed in 18 6. The chief towns of the two provinces are respectively Rangoon and Mandalay. The country, which is now being rapidly opened up by new roads, is fertile; the chief productions are precious stones, gold, silver, iron, rice, sugar-cane, tobacco, cotton. Transit to Rangoon, about 25 days. AREA-Upper, 83,473 square miles; Lower, 7,975 square miles. POPULATION (1891) -Upper, 3,000,oco; Lower, 4,750,000.

of

The Nicobar Islands, north-west Sumatra, and almost due south of the Andamans, consist of 19 islands, 7 of which are uninhabited. They were occupied by Great

1855 1862

1858

GOVERNORS-GENERAL OF INDIA. Warren Hastings 1772) Ld. Ellenborough 1842 Sir J. M'Pherson. 1785 Sir H. Hardinge. 1844 Earl Cornwallis.. 1786 Earl Dalhousie... 1847 Sir J. Shore (Lord Lord Canning Teignmouth)... 1793 Lord Elgin El. of Mornington 1798 Sir John Lawrence 1853 Marq. Cornwallis 1805 Earl of Mayo Sir G. Barlow. 1805 Lord Northbrook. 172 Earl of Minto 1807 Lord Lytton 1876 Earl Moira, 1813 Marquis of Ripon 1880 Earl Amherst 1823 Earl Dufferin 1884 Lord W. Bentinck 1828 Mq. of Lansdowne 1888 Lord Auckland... 1835 Earl of Elgin...... 1893 The Earl of Elgin is still GOVERNOR-GENERAL, and receives £25,000 per ann. and allowances.

JAMAICA, in the Caribbean Sea, 90 miles south of Cuba, is the largest of the British Islands in the West Indies. GOVERNMENT. EXECUTIVE in a Governor and a Privy Council. LEGISLATURE in an assembly of nominated and elected members. EDUCATION.-There are 836 elementary schools. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Sugar, rum, fruit, coffee, dye-woods, pimento, ginger. CHIEF IMPORTS.-Food products, cotton goods. JUSTICE. There is a High Court of Justice, and a Resident Magistrate in each parish. The island was discovered by Columbus in 1494; occupied by Spain in 1509, and ceded to England in 1670. Chief town, Kingston. Transit about 17 days. The Turks and Caicos Islands were annexed to Jamaica in 1874. AREA 224 square miles. POPULATION (1891)4,744. AREA OF JAMAICA-4,200 square miles, POPULATION (1891)-639,491. GOVERNOR Sir H. A. Blake, K.C.M.G., £6,000.

LABUAN. An island in the Malayan Archipelago, about 6 miles off the north-west coast of Borneo, ceded to England in 1847 by the Sultan of Borneo. GOVERNMENT vested in a Governor, who is also Governor of the British North Borneo Company's territory. Chief tradé consists in exchanging with Borneo cloth, ironware, crockery, and rice for sagó, indiarubber, gutta-percha, and wax. The total number of ships entered during 1894 amounted to 121, with a tonnage of 56,879. Coal, to the amount of 13,682 tons, was exported during the year. EDUCATION is not compulsory, and apparently not in a flourishing condition. Only 470, or 8:03 of the population, which consists chiefly of Malays (4,314) and Chinese (1,357), are returned as able to read and write. Capital, Victoria. Transit, about 35 days. A railway of about 9 miles connects Victoria with the mines. AREA-30 square miles. POPULATION (1891)-5,853. GOVERNOR-Leicester P. Beaufort.

a

LAGOS.-An island on the Slave Coast of Africa; became British territory in 1861. GOVERNMENT is vested in a Governor and a Legislative Council of 5 official and 4 unofficial members. Till 1886 Lagos and the Gold Coast formed one colony. JUSTICE.-There are chief justice, a police magistrate, and 6 district commissioners, who administer local ordinances. EDUCATION. There are 34 schools in receipt of government grants. CHIEF EXPORTS. -Palm oil, rubber, and palm kernels. CHIEF IMPORTS.-Cotton goods, hardware, gin, rum. Transit, about 28 days. AREA 1,071 square miles. POPULATION (1891)-85,607. GOVERNOR AND COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF Sir Gilbert T. Carter, K.C.M.G., £3,500.

LEEWARD ISLANDS consisting of Anguilla, Antigua (with Barbuda and Redonda), Dominica, Montserrat, Nevis, St. Christopher, and the Virgin Islands, were, till 1871, separate colonies. The most important is Antigua. GOVERNMENT.-EXECUTIVE in a Governor and Executive Councils. LEGISLATURE in a Federal council and in local councils, on local subjects, in each presidency. EDUCATION.-There are 131 elementary schools, and 10 secondary schools. JUSTICE. The Supreme Court is presided over by a chief justice and 2 puisne judges. CHIEF EXPORTS. Sugar, molasses, lime juice, cocoa, coffee, arrowroot, rum. CHIEF IMPORTS.--Breadstuff, textiles. Dominica and St. Christopher Nevis are now under the local supervision of Administrators subject to the control of the Governor of the Colony. AREA 479 square miles. POPULATION (1891)—131,333. GOVERNOR -Sir Francis Fleming, K.C.M.G., £2,600.

MALTA. An island in the Mediterranean, 58 miles from Sicily, is chiefly used as a naval arsenal and a fortiued post to protect our route to India. It was first taken in 1800, and formally annexed by the Treaty of Paris in 1814. GOVERNMENT (1887).-EXECUTIVE in a Governor and Council. LEGISLATURE in a Council of Government of 14 elected members, and six nominated by the Crown, presided over by the Governor. ÉDUCATION. There are 87 elementary day schools, 25 night schools, 2 secondary schools, a technical school, a training school, and a University and Lyceum at Valletta. The government schools for primary education are free. JUSTICE. The judicial establishment includes a chief justice and president of the court of appeal, 2 judges of the civil court, I of the second hall, a judge of the commercial court, and a judge of the criminal court, 4 magistrates of judicial police for Malta, and 2 for Gozo. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Grain, pulse, lace, CHIEF IMPORTS.-Grain, wine, cattle, liquors. Chief Town Valletta. 3,959 vessels entered and 3,983 cleared during 1895. Transit 4 days. AREA 95 square miles (Gozo, 20 square miles). POPULATION (1895)-172,537- GOVERNORGen. Sir A. J. Lyon Fremantle, K.C.M.G., C.B., £5,000.

MAURITIUS.-The Colony consists of the island of Mauritius in the Indian Ocean, 500 miles east of Madagascar, Rodrigues, Diego Garcia, and the Seychelles Islands, and 25 other groups of islands. The Portuguese dis covered Mauritius in 1507; but the island received its name from the Dutch, who settled there in the 16th century, abandoning the island in 1712; three years later the French seized it, and in 1810 it became a British possession. GOVERNMENT.-EXECUTIVE is vested in a Governor and Executive Council of 7 members, 2 elected members, nominated by the Secretary of State. LEGISLATURE is vested in the Governor and a COUNCIL OF GOVERNMENT, consisting of 27 members, 9 of whom are nominated by the Governor, 8 are ex-officio, 10 are elected by 9 districts, Port Louis returning 2 members. JUSTICE. There is a Supreme Court, with 3 puisne judges in addition to the chief justice. There are also I district magistrates, I police magistrate, and 3 stipendiary magistrates. RELIGION. State aid is granted both to Roman Catholics, who form the principal sect, and Protestants. EDUCATION. There is a Royal College, and in 1895 there were 179 primary schools, either state aided or under government supervision. CHIEF EXPORTS. Sugar, rum, vanilla, cocoanut oil, aloe-fibre. CHIEF IM

PORTS.-Cotton gcods, coal, iron, machinery, clothing. Annexed to the Mauritius are numerous islands; the chief of which are the AMIRANTES group of coral islands, the OIL group, the ST. BRANDON group, which are mere sandbanks, and the SEYCHELLES, the largest of which is Mahé. Capital-Port Louis. Transit, about 24 days. AREA-708 square miles, and Dependencies, 172 square miles. POPULATION (1895)-378,041. GOVERNOR-Sir Hubert E. H. Jerningham, K.C.M.G., Rs. 50,000. ADMINISTRATOR OF THE SEYCHELLES-H. Cockburn

Stewart, Rs. 11,000.

NATAL.-The Colony of Natal on the southeast coast of Africa is separated from Cape Colony by the Drakensberg Mountains. It was discovered by the Portuguese in 1497; and proclaimed a British colony in 1843, forming part of the Cape of Good Hope settlement, from which it was separated in 1845. GOVERNMENT. EXECUTIVE is vested in a Governor and Ministers. LEGISLATURE is vested in a LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL of 11 members, holding their seats for 10 years, and possessing immovable property within the colony to the nett value of £500, and a LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY, which is an elective body, consisting of 37 members. JUSTICE.-There is a Supreme Court presided over by the chief justice, with 3 puisne judges, and Division Courts presided over by resident magistrates. EDUCATION. There is a college at Pietermaritzburg, and a high school at Durban, there are 4 government model schools, 2 government art schools, 13 government primary schools, 46 government aided schools, 227 government aided farmhouse centres, and a considerable number of private schools. There are

133

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Daru, Samarah, and Pannietti, respectively.
Tonnage of shipping, 4,405 tons. Chief Town
-Port Moresby. AREA-86,457 sq. ms.
LATION About 350,000. LIEUT.-GOVERNOR-
Sir William MacGregor, K.C.M.G., £1,5co.

NEW SOUTH WALES.-The oldest of the Australasian colonies. GOVERNMENT.-A Governor appointed by the Crown. EXECUTIVE. -The Governor and a Cabinet of 10 ministers. LEGISLATURE. A Parliament of two Houses, the LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL and the LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. The former consists of not less than 21 members nominated by the Crown, the latter of 125 paid members, representing 125 electorates. "One man, one vote." Electors must be of age, natural born subjects, who have resided in N.S.W. for a continuous period of one year, or naturalised subjects who have resided in the colony continuously for one year after naturalisation. In either case an

The

elector must have resided at least three months in the electoral district for which he claims to vote. JUSTICE. -The judicial establishment consists of a chief justice, 6 puisne judges, and 7 district court judges. New South Wales, so called by Captain Cook, in the first instance comprised the whole of the eastern side of Australia. Its first settlement consisted of the penal station formed at Port Jackson, by Captain Arthur Phillip, in 1788. The colony was reduced to its present dimensions by the separation from it of Victoria and Queensland. country is rich in its agricultural capacities, and produces gold, silver, coal, iron, copper, tin, kerosine, shale, antimony, and other metals; the gold fields were discovered in 1851. RELIGION is free; by far the greatest number of people are Protestants. EDUCATION is under control of the State. The chief town, SYDNEY, possesses a university, a technical college, a mint, a free public library, an art gallery, a museum, and an astronomical observatory; in addition to which there are fine public buildings and three splendid metropolitan hospitals. It is the most ancient town in Australia, being over 100 years old, and contains 115 miles of streets; the tonnage of vessels which entered New South Wales during 1894 was 2,929,758 and those cleared totalled 2,930,280 tons. NEWCASTLE is the great port for the shipment of COAL, the other chief towns being BATHURST, BROKEN HILL, GOULBURN, PARRAMATTA, MAITLAND, and GRAFTON. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Woo!, coal, silver, tin, copper, gold, leather, skins and hides, tallow, live stock, preserved meat, butter, fruit. CHIEF IMPORTS.Clothing, linens, boots and shoes, iron and steel, oils, paper, books, &c., stationery, tea, hardware, sugar, machinery. Capital-Sydney. POPULATION--408,500. Transit, 32 to 44 days. The colony has a NAVAL DEFENCE FORCE, numbering 544 men and officers, and a MILITARY establishment, composed of a PERMANENT PAID FORCE of 635, and a VOLUNTEER FORCE of 4,279. Total, 5,458, exclusive of 650 men who are members of Rifle Clubs. The naturalisation of Chinese is no longer allowed. The number of them to be brought to the colony by a vessel is in the proportion of one Chinaman to every 300 tons. No Chinese, unless exempted by the Chinese Restriction and Regulation Act of 1888, can enter New South Wales except upon payment of a tax of £100 each. Chinese are not allowed to engage in mining without the authority of the Minister. AREA-310,700 sq. ms. POPULA TION (31st December, 1895, est.)-1,277,870. GOVERNOR-The Viscount Hampden, £7,000. AGENT-GENERAL IN LONDON-Hon. Sir Saul