schoo's in the Colony receiving no Government aid. There are two secondary aided schools. The islands were first discovered by the Spaniards in 1515. They were annexed to Great Britain in 1609. The Bermudas contain an important fortified naval station... The islands are a favourite winter resort for the Americans. The chief products are vegetables. Mean temperature (1895) 705. Rainfall (1895) 63 10. Climate equable and temperate. Capital, Hamilton. Transit, about 14 days. AREA-18 square miles. POPULATION (1895)-15,794. GOVERNOR-Lt.Gen. George Digby Barker, C.B., £2,946.

BORNEO (North). This dependency cons'sts of the northern part of the island, administered by the British North Borneo Company, held under a grant from the Sultan of Brunei confirmed by a Royal Charter granted in 1881. In July, 1888, it was announced that the Company had been created a protectorate under the British Crown. GOVERNMENT.-There is a Governor whose appointment must be approved by the Secretary of State, and a court of directors in

London. The country is divided into nine provinces for administrative purposes. JUSTICE.-The law administered is based on the Indian procedure and penal codes. CHIEF EXPORTS.Jungle produce, cocoa-nuts, sago, gutta-percha, tobacco, timber, pepper. CHIEF IMPORTS.Brassware, cloths, earthenware, kerosine, provisions. Sandakan is the seat of government, and has an excellent port. In 1889 hostilities broke out between the Company and a chief who had made his river a port for smuggling, and had refused to surrender some criminals; in March the Company's flag was hoisted over the chief's territory, Padas Damit. The State of Brunei is now also a British Protectorate. The whole area of the island is 290,000 square miles, and the population is 1,840,000. Capital, Sandakan. Transit, about 35 days. Offices in AREALondon: 15, Leadenhall Street, É.C.

30,000 square miles. POPULATION-175,000. GOVERNOR Leicester Paul Beaufort. HIGH COMMISSIONER-Sir Charles B. H. Mitchell,

G.C.M.G.

BRITISH SOUTH AFRICA includes the region lying between the north and west of the South African Republic and the 22nd degree of S. lat. and the southern boundaries of the Congo Free State, and has as its east and west boundaries the Portuguese and German spheres. It is divided into two portions by the River Zambesi. The most important part of its territories con

sists of MATABELELAND AND MASHONALAND, lying between the northern boundary of the Transvaal on the south, the Zambesi on the north, with the Portuguese provinces of Manica and Sofala as the eastern boundary. This territory is within the sphere of the British South Africa Company. The conflict in 1893 between the forces of the Matabele and the

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Company resulted in the capture of Buluwayo and the subjugation of the Matabele. wards the end of March, 1896, the Matabele revolted, and several whites were murdered. The revolt rapidly spread till it taxed the powers of the Chartered Company to the utmost. During the months of April and May there were numerous sharp engagements in the neighbourhood of Buluwayo and the Matoppo Hills. Sir Frederick Carrington was sent out to take command of the forces and reached Buluwayo on June 2, and on the 6th the Matabele suffered a heavy reverse near Buluwayo; but the rising continued to increase, and on the 23rd hard fighting took place near Salisbury. On July 3, Nyamanda, son of Lobengula, was proclaimed King of the Matabele; on the 20th Sir Frederick Carrington's force began the attack on the Matoppo Hills. On August 2 and 5 successful attacks were made by Colonel Plumer's column on the rebels, and on the 10th Colonel Baden-Powell reported the Matoppo rebel impis to be completely broken up. On August 19 a cessation of hostilities, pending the surrender of the rebels, in the Matoppos was ordered by Sir Frederick Carrington, and on the 22nd the Matoppo Indunas surrendered to Mr. Rhodes. Throughout September numerous chiefs surrendered, and on October 13 a conference between the Matabele chiefs and Earl Grey and Mr. Rhodes was satisfactorily concluded. The Indunas declared that peace was firmly established, and several native heads of districts were appointed. The GOVERNMENT is conducted by the Company under an administrator and a Council of four members, composed of a judge and three others. JUSTICE. The judge has jurisdiction over all cases, civil and criminal, the procedure being the same as in the Supreme Court of Cape Colony, The territories are divided into magisterial districts, and appeal lies from the magistrate to the judge. There is a magistrate at Umtali, and an assistant magistrate, with three justices of the peace, at Buluwayo. Civil cases between native and native are tried in accordance with native

law, with certain restrictions. OFFICES IN LONDON-19, St. Swithin's Lane, E.C. RES.COMMISSIONER (for the territories of Ikaning and Montsioa)-F. J. Newton. ASSIST. COMMISSIONER J. W. Surmon. ADMINISTRATOR--Earl Grey.

BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA. The sphere of British influence north of the Zambesi, formerly known as Nyasaland, is thus defined by the Anglo-Portuguese Agreement. On the west by a line following the centre of the channel of the Upper Zambesi, starting from the Katima Rapids up to the point where it reaches the Barotse territory (which remains within the British sphere). On the east by a line starting from the eastern shore of Lake Nyasa at the point of the parallel of the confluence of the rivers Rovuma and M'Sinje, following the shore southwards as far as the parallel of latitude 13 30 S.; from thence running in a southeasterly direction to the eastern shore of the Lake Chiuta or Shirwa, which it follows. Thence it runs in a direct line to the eastern shore of Lake Shirwa, which it follows to the most south-easterly point, thence in a direct line to the most easterly affluent of the River Ruo, which it follows to its confluence with the River Shiré. The boundary then follows the centre of the channel of the Shire to a point just below Chiwanga, thence running due west

till it reaches the watershed between the Zambesi and the Shiré, and following this watershed and afterwards that between the Zambesi and Lake Nyasa till it reaches parallel 14° S. latitude. Thence it runs in a southwesterly direction to the point where S. latitude 15° meets the river Loangwa, and follows the mid-channel of that river to its junction with the Zambesi. In May, 1891, a Protectorate was declared over this country, which is administered by H.M. Commissioner. The chief trade on Lake Nyasa is in ivory. Rice and wheat are grown, and coffee planting is being widely extended. Among the exports are india-rubber, oil seeds, rhinoceros horns, &c. Goods for British Central Africa are landed at Chinde. The chief town is Blantyre, and the seat of administration is Zomba. TOTAL AREA-500,000 square miles. POPULATION-Natives, 4,000,000; Europeans, 237. H.M. COMMISSIONER-Sir H. H. Johnston, K.C.B.

BRITISH GUIANA.-Composing Demerara, Essequibo, and Berbice, on the South American mainland, has been a British Possession since the peace of 1814. In the year 1580 the country was partially settled by the Dutch West India Company, and was subsequently held in turn by the Dutch, French, and English till its final transfer to the latter. GOVERNMENT (Representative).-Vested in a COURT OF POLICY of sixteen members, and a combined court of six additional financial representatives. JUSTICE.-The Roman Dutch law has been adopted for civil cases, and the English for criminal cases. EDUCATION. There is a government college at Georgetown, and since 1876 state aid has been granted to elementary education, there being, in 1894-95, 204 schools thus aided. Sugar is the chief production of the Colony. Capital, Georgetown. 779 vessels entered and 740 cleared during year 1893-94. Transit, about 13 days. AREA-109,000 sq. ms. POPULATION (1894)-280,869. GOVERNOR-Sir A. W. L. Hemming, K.C.M.G., £5,000, and £1,000 contingencies.

BRITISH HONDURAS.-CROWN COLONY, in Central America. The land is covered with primeval forests, interspersed with savannahs; sugar-canes, and coffee and cocoa trees thrive; mahogany and logwood are exported. The settlement was not declared a Colony till 1862, from when it was subordinate to the Government of Jamaica till 1884, in which year it became an independent Colony, with a government of its own. JUSTICE.-There are a chief justice and 6 district commissioners, who administer English common law modified by Colonial ordinances. EDUCATION.-Over 40 schools are in receipt of grants to the amount of about 9,000 dols. from the Government. Capital, Belize. Transit, about 17 days. AREA7,502 sq. ms. POPULATION-31,471. GOVERNORSir A. Moloney, K.C.M.G. (8,748 dols.), assisted by an Executive Council of 4 official and 3 unofficial members, and a Legislative Council of 3 official and 5 unofficial members with the Governor as President of both Councils.

CANADA.--The Dominion of Canada includes the whole of British North America, except Newfoundland. The population in 1891 numbered 4,829,111. The country was discovered by Sebastian Cabot in 1497; the first settlements were made in 1604 and 1608, at Annopolis and Quebec, by the French, who had taken possession of the country in 1535. Quebec

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was taken by England in 1759, and four years afterwards the whole of Canada was handed over to Great Britain by the Treaty of Paris, Nova Scotia having been ceded in 1713. 1858 British Columbia became a Crown Colony. By the British North America Act, 1867, provision was made for the admission of all territories of British North America into the Dominion of Canada. Under this Act Manitoba was admitted in 1870, British Columbia in 1871, Prince Edward Island in 1873. GOVERNMENT. EXECUTIVE is vested in the Crown, exercised through a Governor-General and a Privy Council. LEGISLATURE is vested in a Parliament of two Houses. The SENATE consists of 80 members (24 from the province of Ontario, 24 from Quebec, 10 from Nova Scotia, 10 from New Brunswick, 4 from Prince Edward Island, 3 from Manitoba, 3 from British Columbia, and 2 from the N. West Territories), nominated for life by the Ministry, 30 years of age or older, natural born or naturalised subjects, and possessing property, real or personal, of the value of $4,000. The HOUSE OF COMMONS consists of one representative for every 20,276 inhabitants (at present 215 members: 92 for Ontario, 65 for Quebec, 21 for Nova Scotia, 16 for New Brunswick, 6 for Prince Edward Island, 6 for British Columbia, 5 for Manitoba, and 4 for N. West Territories), elected by the people by ballot for a term of five years. Members require no property qualification, but must be natural born or naturalised subjects. The seven provinces of the Dominion are divided for electoral purposes into districts, each of which returns a member. Every male aged 21 or upwards can vote who is owner, tenant, or occupier of real property, of the value of $300 in the cities, $200 in towns, and $150 elsewhere, or is the tenant of any real property within the electoral district of the yearly value of not less than $2 per month, $6 per quarter, $12 per halfyear, or $20 per year, or who resides in an electoral district and has an income of not less than $300 or whose father owns real property of sufficient value to qualify both father and son, or who is a fisherman who owns real property of the value of $150. Each province has a separate local Parliament and administration under a Lieutenant-Governor. JUSTICE.-The judges are appointed by the Governor-General for life. The Supreme Court, consisting of a chief justice and five puisne judges, holds three sessions a year at Ottawa. The Exchequer Court presided over by the same judges can hold sessions at any town. There are also Provincial Courts. EDUCATION. There are over 17,167 public schools, and 966 other high schools in the Dominion, the Government expenditure on these schools being a trifle over £2,200,000. Each province, except British Columbia, where the schools are wholly supported by the Government, has one or more universities and colleges. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Grain, timber, cheese, living animals, furs, butter, fish. CHIEF IMPORTS.Iron, woollen manufactures, cotton goods, sugar, tea, tinplate, wine. About 16,000 miles of railway are in operation, AREA OF CANADA3,519,002 square miles. POPULATION (1894)5,021,046. GOVERNOR-GENERAL-The Earl of Aberdeen, G.C.M.G., £10,000. HIGH COMMISSIONER IN LONDON-Hon. Sir Donald A. Smith, G.C.M.G., 17, Victoria Street, S.W.

vested in a Lieutenant-Governor, an Executive Council of 5, and an Assembly of 27 members. The seat of government is Victoria. JUSTICE.— There are a chief justice and four puisne judges. EDUCATION between the ages of 7 and 12 is free and compulsory; there are about 100 primary schools. Trade is developing greatly. Chief exports are gold, coal, salmon, timber, furs. The province sends 3 members to the Dominion Senate, and 6 to the House of Commons. AREA -341,308 sq. ms. POPULATION (1894)-130,000.

Manitoba (formerly known as the Red River Settlement) received a representative government in 1870. GOVERNMENT is vested in a Lieut.-Governor and an Assembly of 38 members, and an Executive Council of 5. The seat of government is Winnipeg. EDUCATION is controlled by a board of Protestant and Catholic members; it is free and compulsory between the ages of 5 and 16. There are also normal and high schools. There are four colleges affiliated to the University of Manitoba. The province sends 3 members to the Dominion Senate, and 5 to the House of Commons. AREA -60,520 sq. ms. POPULATION (1894)-200,000.

New Brunswick, which is connected with Nova Scotia by a low isthmus, has an Executive Council of 7, a Legislative Assembly of 41 members, and a Legislative Council of 15 members. The seat of government is Fredericton. JUSTICE.-There are a chief justice, an equity judge, five puisne judges, and five county court judges. EDUCATION.-Elementary education as established in 1871 is controlled by a board, and is free between the ages of 5 and 20. There are over 1,500 schools. There are extensive fisheries, and very large timber industries in the province. The province sends 10 members to the Dominion Senate, and 16 to the House of Commons. AREA-27,174 sq. ms. POPULATION (1891)-321,294.

North-West Territories (formerly known as Rupert's Land). Out of this vast territory, in 1882, the Dominion Government formed four districts: Alberta, 100,000 square miles; Assiniboia, 95,000 square miles; Athabasca, 122,000 square miles; and Saskatchewan, 114,000 square miles. GOVERNMENT is vested in the LieutenantGovernor and an Executive Council, consisting of 7 appointed members and 22 elected members. The seat of government is Regina. JUSTICE.-There are five judges., EDUCATION.The province is divided into school districts which are administered by trustees elected by the residents of the districts; elementary education being controlled by a board. A system of high schools has recently been introduced. The territories send 3 members to the Dominion Senate, and 4 to the Dominion House of ComPOPULATION AREA 1,713,000 sq. m's. of the 4 districts (1894)-100,000.

mons.

PROVINCES OF CANADA. British Columbia. This province on the N.W. coast of North America was united to Vancouver Island in 1866. GOVERNMENT is

Ontario.-The GOVERNMENT is vested in a Lieutenant-Governor and an Executive Council of 7 members. The Legislature consists of one Assembly of 90 members elected for 4 years. Toronto is the seat of government, but Ottawa is the capital of the whole Dominion. JUSTICE. -There is a Supreme Court of Judicature, composed of a chief justice of Ontario, and 3 justices of appeal, and a high court, consisting of a queen's bench division, common pleas division, and chancery division: each of the first 2 divisions is presided over by a chief justice and 2 puisne judges, and the last by a chancellor and 3 judges. EDUCATION is advanced. There are nearly 5,400 elementary schools and over 105 high schools, in both of which only certificated teachers can be employed. They are managed by local boards of trustees subject to the control of the Minister of Education for the Dominion. There are 4 Universities. The province sends 24 members to the Dominion Senate, and 92 to the House of Commons. AREA-223,000 square miles. POPULATION (1891)-2,112,989.

Prince Edward Island.-The GOVERNMENT is vested in a Lieutenant-Governor and a Ministry of 9 members (6 without office). The Legislature consists of a Council of 13 members, and a House of Assembly of 30 members, both elected by the people. Charlottetown is the seat of government. JUSTICE.-The judicial

estab ishment consists of the chief justice of the Supreme Court, 2 assistant judges, and county court judges. EDUCATION is free, and compulsory between the ages of 8 and 13. There are over 450 elementary schools. The province sends 4 members to the Dominion Senate, and 7 to the House of Commons. AREA 2,133 square miles. POPULATION (1891) -109,098.

Quebec. This province occupies both banks of the St. Lawrence: The GOVERNMENT is vested in a Lieutenant-Governor and respon sible Ministry. There is a Legislative Council of 24 members, and a Legislative Assembly of 63 members. Quebec is the seat of government. JUSTICE. The judicial establishment consists of the chief justice of queen's bench and 5 puisne judges, the chief justice of the superior court and 26 puisne judges, a judge of the vice-admiralty court, and a judge of sessions of the peace at Montreal. EDUCATION is advanced. Primary education is compulsory. There are over 4,000 schools under the control of local boards subject to the central control of the Superintendent of Public Instruction, who is assisted by a Council. There are 3 universities. Quebec sends 24 members to the Dominion Senate, and 65 to the House of Commons. Transit to Quebec, about 10 days. AREA-193,000 square miles. POPULATION (1891)-1,488,586.

CAPE COLONY.-At the southerly extremity of Africa. GOVERNMENT is responsible. EXECUTIVE vested in a Governor and Council appointed by the Crown. LEGISLATURE in 2 Chambers. The LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL consisting of 2; members elected for 7 years, and presided over by the chief justice (ex officio); members must possess movable property of the value of £4,000 or immovable property worth £2,000. The HOUSE OF ASSEMBLY consisting of 79 members e'ected for 5 years. Voters for both Houses must occupy house property worth £75, or receive a sa ary of £50, and must be able to write their names, &c. The Constitution was framed in 1853, amended in 1865 on the incorporation of British Kaffraria, and further amended in 1872, in 1880 on annexation of Griqualand West, in 1887 when the "Transkeian Territories" were granted

representation in the Legislature, in 1992, and in 1895 when British Bechuanaland was incorporated. JUSTICE.-The Supreme Court consists of a chief justice and 8 puisne judges. Sessions are held in Cape Town, Grahamstown, and Kimberley, and circuit courts in the country districts. There are also courts of resident magistrates, and of special justices of the peace. The Roman-Dutch law modified by Colonial statute law is chiefly used. RELIGION.

The majority belong to the Dutch Reformed Church; all creeds are tolerated. EDUCATION is not compulsory; there are 2,459 state-aided schools, five colleges receiving government aid,. and a university which is an examining but not a teaching body. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Wool, salt fish, copper ore, mohair, ostrich feathers, hides, skins, gold, diamonds, wine. CHIEF IMPORTS.-Textile fabrics, dress, provisions,

building materials, machinery, railway plant, &c. There is a defensive force of volunteers and mounted riflemen besides the Cape Police Force, which is liable to perform defence service; every able-bodied man, with few exceptions, in the colony between the ages of 18 and 50 is liable to military service. In 1895, 2,253 miles of railway (Government and private) were open. The export of wool was valued at £1,695,920, and of diamonds at £4,775,016. The following territories are included in the government of Cape Colony, in addition to

those already mentioned:-Twelve islands on the coast of Damaraland, the port of Walfish Bay, St. John's River Territory, the Xesibe country, and Pondoland. Transit to Cape Town, about 20 days. AREA-225,328 square miles. POPULATION (1891)-1,527,224. GOVERNOR AND HIGH COMMISSIONER-Rt. Hon. Lord Rosmead, G.C.M.G., £8,000. AGENT-GENERAL, LONDON-Hon. Sir David Tennant, K.C.M.G., Victoria Street, S.W. SECRETARY-Spencer Todd, C.M.G.

CEYLON. The island of Ceylon is in the Indian Ocean. The Portuguese formed settlements on the west and south of the island in 1505; it was taken by the Dutch 150 years afterwards. In 1795 it was annexed by England to the Madras Presidency, and created a separate Crown colony in 1801. GOVERNMENT.-EXECUTIVE is vested in a Governor and a Council of five. LEGISLATURE in a Legislative Council of 17 members, inclusive of the five members of the Executive Council. JUSTICE.-There is appeal from the inferior courts in civil and criminal cases to the Supreme Court, which has also an original criminal jurisdiction; there are district courts for the exercise of civil jurisdiction, and for criminal matters too important for the police courts; there are also village councils for dealing with petty offences. EDUCATION has been organised under a separate government department; there are a Royal college, a school of agriculture, a technical school, and 465 government schools; 1,042 schools receive grants in aid, and there are 2,408 unaided schools. Examinations of London University and Cambridge local examinations are held in the island. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Tea, coffee, cinchona, plumbago, cinnamon, areca nuts. CHIEF IMPORTS.Cotton goods, rice, coals. Capital, Colombo. Transit, about 17 days. AREA-25,365 sq. ms. POPULATION (1891)-3,008,466. GOVERNOR Rt. Hon. Sir J. West Ridgeway, K.C.B., K.C.S.I., Rs. 80,000.

CHANNEL ISLANDS.-This group consists of five islands: Jersey, capital St. Heliers; Guernsey, capital St. Pierre; and Alderney, Herm, and Sark. The Lieutenant-Governors of Jersey and Guernsey are appointed by the Crown, and are the chief civil, as well as military officers in their respective Islands. In Jersey the Legislative Assembly, which is called "the States," consists of 50 members, in addition to the Lieut.-Governor, the Bailiff, and the officers of the Crown, viz., the Attorney-General, Viscount, and Solicitor-General, none of whom have votes. The Bailiff, who is appointed by the Crown, presides over the States, and also

over the Royal Court, which consists of 12 jurats, chosen by the people (in addition to the said Bailiff). This court is divided into two tribunals, Le Nombre Inférieur, and Le Nombre Supérieur or Court of Appeal. AREA-75 sq. ms. POPULATION 92,272..

CYPRUS.-An island about 60 miles from the coast of Asia Minor, and 41 from the Syrian coast, is still nominally part of the Ottoman Empire, for which it is administered by England, who aids, if the local surplus of revenue is not sufficient,in paying an annual subsidy of £92,800 to Turkey. GOVERNMENT. A High Commissioner, assisted by an Executive Council of 4 and a Legislative Council of 6 members appointed by the Crown, and 9 elected by non-Mahomedan, and 3 by the Mahomedan residents. For administrative purposes the island is divided into 6 districts. JUSTICE.-There are a Supreme Court of Appeal, 6 district courts with civil jurisdiction and limited criminal jurisdiction, 6 assize courts with criminal jurisdiction, 6 magistrates' courts and 10 village courts EDUCATION. There are 316 schools, the majority of which are in receipt of state aid. CHIEF EXPORTS.-Corn, carobs, cotton, wine. CHIEF IMPORTS.-Cotton and woollen goods, timber, groceries, petroleum, and iron and copper manufactures. Capital, Nikosia. Transit, about POPULATION 14 days. AREA-3,584 sq. ms. (1891) 209,286. HIGH COMMISSIONER Sir Walter Sendall, K.C.M.G., £3,000.

EAST AFRICA.-The control of the territory formerly administered by the Imperial British East Africa Company is now assumed by the Crown. The late Company's concession of the coastal strip has been re-purchased by the Sultan of Zanzibar for £200,000, and the Crown has paid £50,000 to the Company for making over their rights in the territory beyond the ten mile strip of coast. The administration of this coastal strip and the territory intervening between Uganda and the coast, is included in a British Protectorate administered by officials under the Commissioner and Consul-General at