Philipson

members of the commission made heads of the various civil departments.

Phillips

came Professor of Homiletics in the Hebrew Union College, and president of the Hebrew Sabbath School Union of America. He is author of "The Jew in English Fiction,' "Old European Jewries," "The Oldest Jewish Congregation in the West," etc.

Philistines, an ancient people, of Shemitic origin. They lived on the coast of the Mediterranean, to the south-west of Judea. Nothing is known of their first appearance in Palestine. They were there in the time of Abraham as is evident from Gen. 21:34. That they had a king is mentioned Gen. 26:8. In the time of Joshua, they were subject to five princes. Joshua was never able to expel them and in the times of the Judges they became strong enough to bring Israel into subjection. Saul perished in a pitched battle with them, David conquered them, but they revolted and continued enemies of Israel.

On Dec. 18, 1901, the Taft Commission submitted its annual report. It stated that the insurrection was confined to five provinces, and that the bulk of the population was law abiding. The commission outlined a project which in brief contemplated the continuance for two years of the existing powers of the commission. Then it advocated a representative government to be formed composed of a civ. il governor, a legislative council, and a popular assembly, the powers of the latter being closely limited so as to prevent it from choking the government in making the budget during fits of passion or through inexperience. The President of the United States would, of course, reserve absolute veto power. The Filipinos should also have the right to be represented before Congress and the executive government at Washington by two delegates. A full account was given by the commission of the organization of the system of education which had been going on vigorously under Dr. F. W. Atkinson, the general superintendent. The English language was She made her debut Sept. 25. the basis of all public instruction, and nearly one thousand trained teachers 1813, at the Boston Museum, as Litfrom the United States already had tle Pickle. In 1850, on the advice of been put to work in the towns and Jenny Lind, she went to Paris and cities of the pacified provinces. On studied with Garcia. She sang in July 3, 1902, the President proclaimed amnesty to all political prisoners in the Philippines, and on July 6, Aguinaldo was given his liberty.

By 1902 the United States had established supreme and lower courts; raised the police force to 6,000 men; enrolled 150,000 children in public schools with 1,000 American and 4,000 native teachers; spent millions on improving roads and harbors; and had $7,000,000 in the treasury.

Governor Taft left Manila in Dec. 1903, to accept a position in President Roosevelt's cabinet, and was succeeded by Gen. Wright. To Gov. Taft belongs the credit of gaining the confidence of the Philippine people, and of establishing civil government. Philipson, David, an American rabbi; born in Wabash, Ind., Aug. 9, 1862; was graduated at the University of Cincinnati and at the Hebrew Union College there in 1883, and be

Phillips, Adelaide, an American singer; born in Stratford-on-Avon, England, in 1833. When seven years old she was taken to Boston, Mass., which was her residence the remainder of her life. Her voice was a fine contralto.

opera in Milan in 1854, and in 1856 in New York, in "Il Trovatore." She appeared later in Paris in the same She died in Carlsbad, Oct. 2, 1882. Her sister Mathilde was also a contralto singer.

role.

Phillips, John, English geologist; He was inborn 1800; died 1874. structed in geology by his uncle, William Smith, "the father of English geology" became professor of geology in Dublin (1844), and in Oxford (1856). Among his chief works are "Guide to Geology (1834), and a "Life on the Earth (1861).

Phillips, Stephen, English poet; b. Somerton, near Oxford, July 28, 1868. Educated at grammar schools, he became an actor, an army tutor, then turned to literature, producing "Paolo and Francesca,' "Herod,' "The Sin of David," etc.

Phillips, Wendell, an American orator and abolitionist; born in Bos

Philology

Phoenicia

ture, the latter those regulating the human mind. The term philosophy is now generally restricted to the second of these.

ton, Mass., Nov. 29, 1811. He was graduated at Harvard in 1831, studied law there, and was called to the bar in 1834. But before clients came he had been drawn away from his pro- Phips, or Phipps, Sir William, fession to the real work of his life. governor of Massachusetts; born in A timely speech in Faneuil Hall in Pemmaquid (Bristol), Me., Feb. 2, 1837 made him at once the principal 1651. He was successively a sheporator of the anti-slavery party; and herd, a carpenter, and a trader, and henceforth, till the President's procla- in 1687 recovered from a wrecked mation of Jan. 1, 1863, he was Gar- Spanish ship off the Bahamas bullion rison's loyal and valued ally, his lec-plate, and treasure valued at $1.500,tures and addresses doing more for 000; this gained him a knighthood their cause than can well be estimat- and the appointment of sheriff of New ed. He also championed the cause England. In 1690 he captured Port of temperance, and that of women, Royal (now Annapolis) in Nova Scoand advocated the rights of the In- tia, but failed in the following year in dians. In 1870 he was nominated gov- a naval attack on Quebec. In 1692, ernor by the Prohibitionists and the through the influence of Increase MathLabor Party. His speeches and let-er, he was appointed governor of ters were collected in 1863 (new ed. Massachusetts. He tolerated the witch 1884). He died in Boston, Mass., Feb. delusion and its accompanying trage2, 1884. dies until his own wife was menaced by the witch hunters. He died Feb. 18, 1694, in London, England, whither he had been summoned to answer certain charges of arbitrary conduct.

Philology, in a popular sense: (1) Etymology, or the science of the origin of words. (2) Grammar, or the science of the construction of language in general and of individual Phlebotomy, or Venesection, the languages. (3) Literary criticism, or act of letting blood by opening a vein; the investigation of merits and de-a method of treatment formerly apmerits in style and diction.

Philopoemen, called the last of the Greeks, really their last great commander. He was born in Arcadia, 253 B. C., became in 210, generalissimo of the Achaian League, and conquered the Spartans-at which time he abolished the laws of Lycurgus. The greatest of his victories in this long struggle was the battle of Mantinea. He was put to death by poison when a prisoner of the Messenians, 183 B. C., the same year that proved fatal to Hannibal and Scipio.

plied to almost all diseases, but now chiefly confined to cases of general or local plethora. Another mode of letting blood is by cupping or by the application of leeches. It has been one of the processes of the medical profession from the earliest times.

Phoebus ("the Bright "), an epithet, and subsequently a name, of Apollo. It had reference both to the youthful beauty of the god and to the radiance of the sun, when, latterly, Apollo became identified with Helios, the sun god.

Philosopher's Stone, an imagi- Phoenicia, in ancient geography, in nary stone sought for by the alche- the largest sense, a narrow strip of mists, which should transmute every-country extending nearly the whole thing it touched into gold. length of the E. coast of the MediterPhilosophy, a term said by Diog- ranean Sea, from Antioch to the borenes Laertius to have been suggest-ders of Egypt. But Phoenicia proper ed by Pythagoras, who, on being com- was included between the cities of 1 aoplimented on his wisdom, said that he dicea, in Syria, and Tyre, comprehendwas not wise but a lover of wisdom ing mainly the territories of Tyre and (philos sophia), the Deity, alone being Sidon, and forming then only a part wise. Philosophy, while earnest in of the country of Canaan. Some auamassing knowledge, aimed chiefly at thorities state that Agenor was the penetrating to the principles of things, first king of Phoenicia, 1497 B. c.; but Popularly, it is divided into natural all agree that the country itself was and mental philosophy, the former in- the seat of a great nation, and revestigating the physical laws of na-nowned for its naval enterprise at a

Phoenix

A colony of much earlier period. Phoenicians, led by Elissa or Dido, settled in Africa 878 B. C., and founded Carthage.

Phoenix, or Phenix, in astronomy, one of the constellations of the Southern Hemisphere, N. of the bright star Achernar in Eridanus.

Phonetic, or Phonetical, representing sound; pertaining to the representation of sounds; a term applied to alphabetic or literal characters which represent sounds, as a, b, c; as opposed to ideographic, which represent objects or symbolize abstract ideas, as in Egyptian hieroglyphics. Phonetic spelling, a system of spelling in which the words are spelled exactly as they are pronounced, the sounds being represented by characters each of which represents a single sound. Phonetic printing was first suggested by Isaac Pitman, of Bath, England, and reduced to a system by him in conjunction with A. J. Ellis, in the years 1843-1846. Since that time many schemes of phonetic spelling have been proposed and several are now in daily use by stenographers in the United States.

Phonograph, a character used in phonography; a type or character Also used for expressing a sound. an instrument for recording and reproducing sounds, invented by Thomas A. Edison.

CUTTING STYLE

PAPER CYLINDER

PHONOGRAPHIC RECORD.

Phosphorus

to the system in which the representa
tion is by ideas, symbols, or cipher.

Phosgene, the luminous impression produced by pressure on the eyeball. It usually appears as a luminous centre, surrounded by colored or dark rings. Sometimes it seems to consist of bright scintillations of various forms. Similar appearances may be observed at the moments of opening or closing a strong electric current transmitted through the eyeball.

Phosgene Gas, or Carbonyl Chloride, colorless, pungent, suffocating gas, formed by exposing equal volumes of carbonic monoxide and chlorine to the action of the sun, when they combine and become condensed to one-half their joint volume. Water decomposes it into carbonic and hydrochloric acids.

Phonography, a description of the Bounds uttered by the organs of speech. Also the representation of sounds by certain characters, each of which represents one sound, and always the same sound. Its special application is to alphabetical writing, in which sounds or articulations sented by signs or letters, as opposed

are

repre

Phosphate, in chemistry, the ge neric term for the salts formed by the union of phosphoric anhydride with bases or water or both. They hold a leading part in the chemistry of animal and plant life, the most important in this connection being the phosphate of soda, phosphate of lime, and the basic phosphate of magnesia. In agriculture the adequate supply of phosphates to plants in the form of manures becomes a matter of necessity in all deplenished soils.

Phosphorescence, the property which many substances and organic beings possess of emitting light under certain conditions; also a phosphoric light. The phosphorescence of tropical, and to a large extent also of temperate seas is attributed to a small infusorial animalcule, aided by Medu sæ, Tunicata, Annelids, etc. On land, of insects, some inilipedes, the female glow-worm, and the fireflies, emit light. In the glow-worm the light is from the under side of the final segThe phos ments of the abdomen. phorescence of fish in a cupboard is well known; also of decaying animals in marshes.

Phosphoric Acid, a tribasic acid formed by the action of nitric acid upon phosphorus, or by the hydration of phosphoric anhydride. It is very deliquescent, has an intensely sour taste, and reddens litmus paper. It is not poisonous.

Phosphorus, a non-metallic pentad element; found in a state of combina

Photo-engraving

tion in the unstratified rocks, the soil, the organism of plants, and the bodies of animals. Discovered by Brandt in 1669. Used on a very large scale in the preparation of safety matches.

prepara

Photo-engraving, the tion of printing blocks or plates by photography.

Phylloxera

tempts hitherto, are those of Cros and Charpentier of Paris, Prof. Joly of Dublin, and McDonough of Chicago. The general method is to make three negatives through red, blue, and green glass, on specially sensitized and developed plates, and print by superimposition.

Photogravure, a term applied to methods of producing, by photography, plates for printing in a copperplate

press.

Photoheliograph, an instrument for photographing the sun.

Photography, the process of obtaining the representation of objects, through the aperture, with or without lenses, of a camera obscura (q. v.), on salts of silver contained in a gelatine film spread on glass or celluloid, the subsequent development and fixing of Phrenology, the science or docthe image, and the printing of copies, trine which teaches that a relation excompleting the process. Its practical ists between the several faculties of invention dates from the successes of the human mind and particular porDaguerre (q. v.), Niepce, and Talbot, tions of the brain, the latter being the between 1814 and 1839; its great organs through which the former act. modern development after the nitrate The localization of the several facof silver and wet collodion process per-ulties was first attempted by Dr. Franz fected in 1850, had given way about Joseph Gall, who gained, in 1804, a 1880, to the bromide of silver and dry valuable coadjutor in Dr. Spurzheim. gelatine emulsion on glass or cellu- When Spurzheim visited Edinburgh, loid, discovered by Dr. L. Maddox in he met Mr. George Combe, who adopt1871. When the light strikes the ed his views, and in 1819 published sensitized film in a camera, a chemical Essays on Phrenology," ultimately change takes place in the salts, pro- developed into his "System of Phreducing a negative in which the lights nology," which became very popular. and shades are reversed to what they Gall enumerated nearly 30, Spurzheim are naturally. The image is latent or 35, mental faculties which he considinvisible until developed, i. e., placed ered as primitive. These, Spurzheim in a liquid such as hydrokinine com- divides into moral, or affective, and bined with an alkali, which forms an intellectual. The affective faculties opaque compound with the part of the are subdivided into propensities prosalt affected by the light; the develop- ducing desires or inclination, and sened image is then fixed or made perma- timents, which along with this excite nent in a solution of hyposulphite of some higher emotion. The intellectual soda, which dissolves the salt from faculties are similarly divided into perparts unaffected by light, and leaves ceptive and reflective. They are then virtually a light or sun-engraved silver localized on the brain, or rather on plate from which positive copies are the skull. See BRAIN; SKULL. printed by contact with sensitized paper, and exposure to light.

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It

Phrygia, in ancient geography, an inland province of Asia Minor. was called Phrygia Pacatiana, and from Phrygia Minor, which was a also Phrygia Major, in distinction small district of Mysia near the Helafter the Trojan War. This region was lespont, occupied by some Phrygians a high table-land, fruitful in corn and wine and celebrated for its fine breed of cattle and sheep.

The many forms of cameras, lenses, shutters, films, plates, printing papers, etc., and the applied uses of photography are too numerous to be detailed. One of its notable commercial develop ments is AMATEUR PHOTOGRAPHY, which has had phenomenal and in creasing popularity since the advent of the dry-plate." COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY, or the reproduction by photogPhylloxera, in entomology, a genus raphy of objects in their natural of insects allied to the Aphis and Coccolors, is a branch that has received cus families. The Phylloxeridæ atmuch scientific investigation and ex- tach themselves to various plants, on periment. The most successful at- the juice of which they feed, and

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