Phidias Philadelphia principal colleges and universities of tennial Exposition was held here. the Union. The Phi Beta Kappa is Memorial Hall, erected at a cost of now simply an agreeable bond of $1,500,000, which was used for the meeting among graduates"; since art gallery of the Exposition, now 1831 its innocent mysteries have been contains a permanent industrial and open secrets. art collection. Here also is the Hor a colossal Phidias, the great Greek sculptor; born in Athens, probably between 490-480 B. C. He was one of the most intimate friends of Pericles, under whose rule he was appointed director of all the great temples and monuments which were to be erected in the city. Of these the most important were the Parthenon, or temple of Athena, on the Acropolis, and the Propylæa. He executed statue of the goddess for the interior of the temple with his own hand. The well-known Elgin Marbles of the British Museum were the sculptured decorations of that unrivaled temple. Phidias spent some years at Olympia, and there he executed the most mag nificent of all his works the statue of the Olympian Zeus. The prevailing characteristic of the works of Phidias appears to have been an ideal sublimity of form which has never since been equaled. According to the generally received account, he was thrown into prison, and died there 432 B. C. Philadelphia, a city coextensive with Philadelphia co., Pa.; on the Delaware and Schuylkill rivers, 85 miles S. W. of New York. It is the largest city of Pennsylvania and the third largest in the United States; area, 132 square miles: pop. (1900) 1,293,697; (1910) 1,549,008. The city is built chiefly on a low peninsula between the two rivers. It extends N. and S. about 22 miles, and is from 5 to 10 miles in width. There is a water frontage on the Delaware river of over 16 miles, of which more than 5 miles have docks. The harbor has been greatly improved by the removal of the islands in the middle of the river, and in front of the wharves there is an average depth of 50 feet. Among the attractions of the city is Fairmount park, one of the largest public parks in the world. It extends more than 7 miles on both banks of the Schuylkill river, and more than 6 miles on both banks of Wissahickon creek, giving it an area of over 3,000 acres, traversed by 32%2 miles of driveways. In 1876 the Cen ticultural Building filled with tropical and other plants and surrounded by 35 acres of ground devoted to horticulture. In the heart of the city, at the intersection of Market and Broad streets, stands the City Hall, on a piece of ground which was formerly Penn Square. This great structure, usually called the Public Building, is said to be the largest building in the United States. It is built of white marble and granite; is 486% feet long by 470 wide; contains 520 rooms, and including a court yard 200 feet square in the center, covers an area of nearly 42 acres. The central tower rises to a height of 547 feet, 3 inches, and is William Penn, 37 feet in height. The surrounded by a colossal statue of total cost of the building was over $20,000,000. In its manufacturing products Phil There are upward of 20,000 manufacto New York. adelphia ranks next turing establishments, with a combined capital of about $100,000,000, and nearly 300,000 employes. The combined output amounts to more than $600,000,000. The chief products are locomotives, sugar and molasses, men's clothing, foundry and machine shop products, carpets and rugs, hosiery and knit goods, woolen and cotton goods, malt liquors, morocco, chemicals, packed meat, refined petroleum, silk, and silk goods. The great Cramp shipbuilding yards are on the Delaware, just W. of the heart of the city. According to recent educational statistics, the children of school age aggregated 250,630; the enrollment in the public day schools was 179,156, and in the private and parochial schools (estimated) 78,210. There were 3,317 teachers; 325 buildings used for school purposes; and public school property valued at $12,087,516. The institutions for higher education include the William Penn Charter School, founded in 1689; the University of Pennsylvania, and many others. In September, 1681, a small party of settlers, sent out by William Penn, Philadelphia Philip arrived at the site of the present city, Amynthas II.; born 359 B. c. He beand in the following summer the place gan to reign after the death of his was laid out and named Philadelphia, brother, Perdiccas III., in 359. With the "city of brotherly love." The city great ability, energy, and success, he was active in resisting British_aggres- first secured the internal peace and sion in 1763-1764. On Sept. 5, 1774, order of his kingdom, improved the the 1st Continental Congress met here, discipline of his army, and created the and on May 10, 1775, the 2d. Col. famous phalanx, which contributed to George Washington was appointed so many Macedonian victories. He General and Commander-in-Chief of cherished vast schemes of conquest; the American army in the State House aspired first to make himself master on June 15, 1775 Here also the Dec- of all the states of Greece, and then laration of Independence was adopted, to invade and conquer Persia. The July 4, and proclaimed July 8, 1776. former was accomplished after a severe The city was occupied by the British and protracted struggle culminating in from September, 1777, to June, 1778. the victory of Charonea, over the In the summer of 1787 delegates from allied Athenians and Thebans, 338. the various States met in the State He soon after assembled a congress House, and framed the Constitution. at Corinth, and was named general of The great Centennial Exposition was the Confederate Greeks in the war to held here in 1876. be undertaken against Persia. But in Philadelphia, The, a steel, twin-336 he was assassinated at Egea, and screw protected cruiser of the United that war was reserved for his son. States navy. dam. It is a Philæ, an island in the Nile, near Assouan and S. of Syene, in Nubia. largely submerged by the great Assouan small granite rock, fringed with rich verdure, about 1,200 feet long and 450 broad, almost covered with ancient buildings of great architectural beauty and interest, dating from about B. C. 350. Philemon, a member of the Colossian church. The Epistle of Paul to Philemon: An epistle of Paul, in conjunction with Timothy, to Philemon, whose runaway slave, Onesimus, had come to Rome, and been converted by the apostles, while the latter was a prisoner, and advanced in years. Its genuineness is generally admitted. Philip, one of the 12 apostles, according to John's Gospel, "of Bethsaida, the city of Andrew and Peter," and who was called to follow Jesus at Bethany. After the resurrection he was present at the election of Matthias to the apostleship, but is not again mentioned. Philip the Evangelist, often confounded with the above, is first mentioned in Acts vi: 5. He preached at Samaria, where Simon Magus was one of his converts; baptized the Ethiopian eunuch; and entertained Paul and his companion on their way to Jerusalem. Philip II. of Macedonia, father of Alexander the Great, and son of Philip II. of France, surnamed Augustus, son of Louis VII. and of Alix, daughter of Thibault, Count of Champagne; born in 1165, succeeded his father, 1180, accompanied Richard Cœur de Lion to the Holy Land, 1190, invaded Normandy during Richard's captivity, 1193, confiscated the possessions of King John in France, after the supposed murder of Arthur, 1203, prepared to invade England at the instance of the Pope, 1213, turned his arms against Flanders, and gained the celebrated battle of Bouvines, 1214, and died in 1223. Philip Augus tus was one of the ablest princes that ever reigned in France, both as a commander and an administrator. Philip III., called the Hardy, the son of Louis IX. and Margaret of Provence. He was born in 1245, and succeeded his father in 1270. The invasion of Sicily by Peter of Aragon, and the massacre of the French, known as the Sicilian Vespers," caused him to make war against that prince, in the course of which he died in 1285. Philip II. of Spain, son of the emperor Charles V. and Elizabeth of Portugal; born in Valladolid, in 1527. He married, in 1543, his cousin Mary of Portugal, who became the mother of Don Carlos, and died in 1545. In. 1554 he received from his father the kingdom of Naples, and the same year, after troublesome negotiations, mar Philip ried Mary, Queen of England. He was disliked in England, and soon departed. His father gave up to him the Netherlands in October, 1555, and the kingdom of Spain early in the following year. He declared war on France, and induced Queen Mary to join him; won, by his troops under the Duke of Savoy, the memorable victory of St. Quentin over the French, in 1557, and was present in person at the capture of the town, which followed. He vowed never to witness another battle, and he never did. He vowed also to show his gratitude for his success by building a monastery, which he more than fulfilled in the magnificent Escurial. A second victory over the French at Gravelines, in 1558, was followed by the peace of Cateau-Cambresis. Immediately on his return to Spain, he began a terrible persecution of "heretics," and was the pitiless spectator at an auto-da-fe at which 40 persons perished at the stake. Philippian fruit of his debaucheries, Sept. 13, 1598. Philip, sachem of the Wampanoag tribe of Indians, was the second son of Massasoit, who for nearly 40 years had been the first and staunchest ally of the Pilgrim settlers of Plymouth, and had obtained English names for his two sons. In 1661 Philip succeed ed his brother, and formally renewed the treaties of his father, which he kept for some years. By 1671, however, goaded by the encroachments of the whites he had formed a confederation of tribes aggregating nearly 10,000 warriors; and in 1675 what is known as King Philip's War broke out. Aug. 12, 1676, at midnight, Philip and his followers Benjamin Church. Philip was slain were surprised by Capt. and his head cut off. Afterward his body was drawn and quartered, and the head was exposed on a gibbet at I'lymouth. took an active part in the capture of Philip, John Woodward, an The most momentous event of his reign was the revolt of the Nether-American naval officer; born in New lands, first excited by his edict against the naval academy in 1856, was made York city, Aug. 26, 1840. He entered heretics, and his attempt to establish midshipman in 1861, and served dur the Inquisition there in 1565, and re-ing the Civil War on the "Chippewa," sulting, after long years of war and the monitor "Montauk" and other vesdesolation, in the establishment of the sels. He was commissioned captain in Dutch Republic. In 1565, he persecut 1899, and was the inspector of the ed the Christian Moors of Granada, "New York" during construction. and provoked a revolt, which began During the war with Spain he com in 1569; and after the greatest atroc-manded the battleship "Texas," which ities on both sides, ended by the flight or submission of the Moors in 1571. On the death of Henry, King of Portugal, in 1580, Philip conquered that country and annexed it to Spain. He made immense preparations for an invasion of England; and in 1588, the year after Drake's attack on Cadiz, his great fleet, which he named "the Invincible Armada," sailed from Lisbon; but a great storm and contrary winds damaged and threw it into disorder, and it was defeated by the English. Philip carried on intrigues in France against Henry II. and Henry IV.; but his aim was defeated by the conversion of the latter to the Roman faith. He lived to see the failure of his designs on the Netherlands, on France, and on England. It was Philip II. who removed the seat of government from Toledo, and made Madrid the capital of Spain. He died at the Escurial, after severe suffering, the Philipena or See Philippi, a city of Macedonia; named after Philip II. of Macedon, who enlarged it because of the gold mines in its neighborhood. It is fa mous on account of the two battles fought in 42 B. C. between Antony and Octavianus on the one side and the republicans under Brutus and Cassius on the other, in the second of which the republic finally perished. The a Christian apostle Paul founded church here, to which one of his epis tles is addressed. Philippian, of or pertaining to Philippi or its inhabitants; also a na Philippine Islands Philippine Islands tive or inhabitant of Philippi. The the women. Their skin is coppery Epistle of Paul the apostle to the Philippians, an epistle addressed by St. Paul, in conjunction with Timothy, "to all the saints in Christ Jesus which are at Philippi, with the bishop and deacons." brown, somewhat darker than that of a mulatto. They seem to be industrious and hard-working, though less so than the Chinese. The bulk of the population is engaged in agriculture. The climate is one of the best Philippine Islands, an archipel- known in the tropics. The thermomago in the Pacific Ocean; extending eter during July and August rarely almost due N. and S. from Formosa went below 79° or above 85°. The to Borneo and the Moluccas, compris- extreme ranges in a year are said to ing more than 1,700 islands, of which the two largest are Luzon and Mindanao; area, about 122,000 square miles; pop. (1903) 7,635,426. The archipelago was ceded by Spain to the United States as a result of the war of 1898, the United States government making a payment of $20,000,000 to Spain, and subsequently $100,000 for the cession of the islands of Cagayan and Sibutu which were omitted in the treaty of peace. The following, taken from the official report by Maj. Gen. Francis V. Greene, U. S. V., sets forth the conditions and interests of the islands at the time of the American occupation: These islands, including the Ladrones, Carolines, and Palaos, which are all under the government of Manila, are variously estimated at from 1,200 to 1,800 in number. The greater portion are small and are of no value. The important islands are less than a dozen in number. The total population is somewhere between 7,000,000 and 9,000,000. This includes the wild tribes of the mountains of Luzon and of the islands in the extreme South. In 1899 a census was taken by the United States authorities, chiefly for educational purposes, which showed a total of 6,709,810. The "Official Guide" gives a list of more than 30 different races, each speaking a different dialect, but five-sixths of the Christian population are either Tagalos or Visayas. The races are mostly of the Malay type. Around Manila there has been some mixture of Chinese and Spanish blood with that of the natives, resulting in the Mestizos, or half-breeds, but the number of these is not very great. As seen in the provinces of Cavite and Manila, the natives (Tagalos) are of small stature, averaging probably 5 feet 4 inches in height and 120 pounds in weight for be 61° and 97°. There are three wellmarked seasons- - temperate and dry from November to February, hot and dry from March to May, and tem perate and wet from June to October. The total rainfall has been as high as 114 inches in one year. Yellow fever appears to be unknown. The diseases most fatal among the natives are cholera and smallpox, both of which are brought from China. It is now generally known that the Philippines have such minerals as iron, gold, silver, copper, lead, granite, that it is only a matter of time when petroleum, limestone, and quartz, and these minerals will be mined and put into the commercial markets of the world. Gold is reported on Luzon, coal and petroleum_on Cebu and Iloilo and sulphur on Leyte. The imports of coal in 1894 (the latest year for which 91,511 tons, and it came principally statistics have been printed) were from Australia and Japan. In the same year the imports of iron of all kinds were 9,632 tons. If the Cebu coal proves to be of good quality, there is a large market for it in com petition with coal from Japan and Australia. Though agriculture is the chief oc cupation of the Philippines, yet only one-ninth of the surface is under cultivation. The soil is very fertile, and even after deducting the mountainous areas it is probable that the area of cultivation can be very largely ex tended and that the islands can sup port a population equal to that of Japan (42,000,000). Lack of irriga tion prevents the development of ex tensive tracts that could by a little enterprise be made very productive. The chief products are rice, corn. hemp, sugar, tobacco, cocoanuts, and cacao. Coffee and cotton were for merly produced in large quantities Philippine Islands Philippine Islands the former for export and the latter extension could be given to commerce, for home consumption; but the coffee nearly all of which would come to the plant has been almost exterminated by United States. Manila cigars of the insects, and the home-made cotton best quality are unknown in America. cloths have been driven out by the They are but little inferior to the best competition of those imported from of Cuba and cost only one-third as England. The rice and corn are prin- much. The coffee industry can be recipally produced in Luzon and Min-vived and the sugar industry extended, doro and are consumed in the islands. The rice crop is about 765,000 tons. It is insufficient for the demand and 45,000 tons of rice were imported in 1894; also 8,669 tons (say 60,000 barrels) of flour, of which more than two-thirds came from China and less than one-third from the United States. The cacao raised in the S. islands amounts only to 150 tons, and is all made into chocolate and consumed in the islands. mainly for consumption in the far East. The mineral resources can be explored with American energy, and there is every reason to believe that when this is done the deposits of coal, iron, gold, and lead will be found very valuable. On the other hand, we ought to be able to secure the greater part of the trade which now goes to Spain in textile fabrics, and a considerable portion of that with England in the same goods and in iron. The sugar cane is raised in the On Jan. 17, 1899, President McVisayas. The crop yielded in 1894 Kinley appointed a commission conabout 235,000 tons of raw sugar, of sisting of Jacob G. Schurman, Adwhich one-tenth was consumed in the miral George Dewey, Maj.-Gen. Élwell islands, and the balance, or 210,000 S. Otis, Col. Charles Denby, and Dean tons, valued at $11,000,000, was ex- S. Worcester, to report on the affairs ported, the greater part to China, of the Philippine islands. The report Great Britain, and Australia. The of this commission was sent to Conhemp is produced in S. Luzon, Min-gress in February, 1900. It stated the doro, the Visayas, and Mindanao. It is nearly all exported in bales. In 1894 the amount was 96.000 tons, valued at $12,000,000. Tobacco is raised in all the islands, but the best quality and greatest amount in Luzon. A large amount is consumed in the islands, smoking being universal among women as well as the men, but the best quality is exported. The amount in 1894 was 7,000 tons of leaf tobacco, valued at $1,750,000. Spain took 80 per cent. and Egypt 10 per cent. of the leaf tobacco. Of the manufactured tobacco 70 per cent. goes to China and Singapore, 10 per cent to England, and 5 per cent. to Spain. Cattle, goats, and sheep have been introduced from Spain, but they are not numerous. Domestic pigs and chickens are seen everywhere in the farming districts. The principal beast of burden is the carabao, or water buffalo, which is used for plowing rice fields as well as drawing heavy loads on sledges or on carts. Large horses are almost unknown, but there are great numbers of native ponies from 9 to 12 hands high, possessing strength and endurance far beyond their size. With the construction of railways in the interior of Luzon an enormous impossibility of withdrawing the protection and government of the United States from the islands; and recommended the establishment of public schools; and, as far as possible, a civil government to replace the military. It also assured Congress of the willingness of the representative body of the population to accept the protection, guidance, and authority of the United McKinley appointed a second commisStates. On April 17, 1900, President sion, comprising William H. Taft, Dean S. Worcester, Luke E. Wright, Henry C. Ide, and Bernard Moses and in a message to the Secretary of War defined the duties of the new commission. On Jan. 31, 1901, the second (known as the Taft) commission enacted into law a code of civil government for the islands. It established a fair system of taxes, laid the basis for a primary school system, introduced a more exact method for collecting revenues, and created certain civil and judicial officers. On July 4, 1901, civil government was inaugurated in the Philippines. Judge Taft had been appointed civil governor; Gen. Adna R. Chaffee military governor; and the other four |