Scrivener's Palsv services in connection with biblical criticism. Dr. Scrivener held high rank in the philological criticism of the New Testament. Scurvy 1862; was assistant to Prof. Louis Agassiz at the Cambridge Museum of Comparative Zoology in 1862-1864; secretary of the Boston Society of NatScrivener's Palsy. See WRIT-ural History in 1862-1870; and its ERS' CRAMP. president in 1880-1887. He was paleontologist of the United States Geological Survey in 1886-1892. Scrofula, a tedious and multiform disease, hereditary in its nature, and one of the most characteristic marks of which is a tendency to swelling of the glandular parts, which sometimes, suppurate, and discharge a curdy 1 mixed matter, and are very difficult to heal. See KING'S EVIL. as a Scudery, Madeleine de, a French romancist; born at Harve in 1607. She became one of the conspicuous figures in the literary circle of Paris, acquiring great fame by her romances Artameme ou le Grand Cyrus:" Ilrahinx;" "Clelie," etc. She died in 1701. Her brother, GEORGES DE SCUDERY, was a writer of tragedies, etc., and an enemy of Corneille. Born in 1601; he died in 1667. 66 Scroggs, Sir William, a British judge, whose is name used synonym for an unjust, venial, and brutal judge. He became chief-justice of the King's Bench in 1678, and was specially notorious for cruelty and Sculpture, the art of cutting or partiality during the trial of the un-carving any material so as to reprefortunates accused of complicity in the sent form. Sculpture may be broadly alleged Popish Plot. In 1680 he was divided into relievo and round. In impeached by the Commons, but re- the former, single figures or groups moved from office by the king on a are represented as more or less raised, pension. He died in 1683. but without being entirely detached from a background. According to the latter method, insulated figures, such as statues, or collections, or groups, are made, so as to be entirely independent of a background. period, many of them being mere unhewn stones, with sculpturings of rude inscriptions, or symbols, or ornamental designs, corresponding in style and patterns to the illuminated decorations of Celtic manuscripts of the Gospels. Scrub Bird, in ornithology, the genus Atrichia. The English name has reference to its habitat, the dense scrubs of Western Australia. There is but one species, the noisy scrub bird, about eight inches long. Sculptured Stones, a general Scruggs, William L., an Amer-name given in Great Britain to a class ican diplomatist; born near Knoxville, of monuments of the early Christian Tenn., Sept. 14, 1834; was educated at Strawberry Plains College, East Tennessee, and admitted to the bar in 1860. He was engaged in newspaper work in 1862-1871; was United States minister to Colombia in 1871-1877 and 1881-1887; United States electrical engineer to Venezuela in 18891893; and legal adviser and special agent of the Venezuelan government during the determination of the AngloVenezuelan boundary in 1893-1898, in which capacity he aided in bringing the dispute to a pacific settlement by arbitration. Scudder, Horace Elisha, an American author; born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 16, 1838. From 18901898 he was editor of the "Atlantic Monthly." Died 1902. Scudder, Samuel Hubbard, an American naturalist; born in Boston, Mass., April 13, 1837; was graduated at Williams College in 1857 and at the Lawrence Scientific School in E. 135. Scuncheon, in architecture, the stones or arches thrown across the angles of a square tower to support the alternate sides of the octagonal spire; also the cross-pieces of timber across the angles to give strength and firmness to a frame. Scuppers, channels cut through the sides of a ship at the edges of the deck to carry water off the deck into the sea. Scurvy, or Scorbutus, a disease characterized by a depraved condition of the blood. In consequence of this morbid state of the blood there is great debility of the system at large, with a tendency to congestion, hemorrhage, etc., in various parts of the body, and especially in the gums. Scurvy Grass Scurvy Grass, Cochlearia officinalis, a cruciferous plant, growing in Great Britain and elsewhere on the seashore and on the mountains. Scylla, in classical mythology, a daughter of Nisus, King of Megara. When Minos came from Crete to take vengeance for the death of his son, Androgeos, his efforts to take the city were fruitless as long as the purple lock on the head of Nisus remained unshorn. Urged by her love for Minos, Scylla cut off the fatal lock, and with it destroyed the life of her father and the safety of the city. According to one version Minos tied Scylla to the stern of his ship and drowned her; but another tale says that she was changed into a fish, which Nisus transformed into an eagle, constantly pur sued. The myth was localized in the names of the port of Nisæa and the promontory Scyllæum. The Odyssey speaks of another Scylla, a daughter of Cratæis, as a monster with 12 feet, six necks, and six mouths, each containing three rows of teeth. This being haunted a rock on the Italian coast; a neighboring rock being tenanted by Charybdis, who thrice every day swallowed the waters of the sea, and thrice threw them up again. Like Medusa Scylla is represented in some legends as having been beautiful, and as having been changed into a monster through the jealousy of Circe or Amphitrite. 66 Sea Scythians, a name very vaguely used by ancient writers. It was sometimes applied to all the nomadic tribes which wandered over the regions to the north of the Black and the Caspian Seas, and to the east of the latter. In the 7th century B. C., they invaded Media and were driven off only after a 10 years' struggle. In the time of the Roman Empire the name Scythia extended over Asia from the Volga to the frontiers of India and China. The waters of the sea cover about Sea, a general name for the great body of salt water which covers the greater part of the earth's surface; In a more limited sense the ocean. the term is applied to a part of the ocean which from its position or configuration is looked upon as distinct and deserving of a special name, as the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea, etc. The term is also occasionally ap plied to inland lakes, as the Caspian Sea, the Sea of Galilee, etc. 143,259,300 square miles, or about fivesevenths of the surface of the earth. The solid globe or lithosphere, viewed as to its superficial aspect, may be regarded as divided into two great planes; one of these corresponds to the dry land or upper surface of the continental masses, and occupies about two-sevenths of the earth's surface; the other, corresponding to the abysmal regions of the ocean, is depressed over 21⁄2 miles below the general level of the continental plane, and occupies Scylla, and Charybdis, the former about four-sevenths of the earth's sur a famous promontory and town of face. The transitional area, uniting Southern Italy at the entrance these two planes, forms the sides or of the narrow strait separating Italy walls of the ocean basins, and occupies from Sicily. The promontory is about one-seventh of the earth's sur 200 feet high, projecting into the face. Were the solid crust of the earth sea, and at its base is the town. to be reduced to one uniform level by Charybdis (q. v.) is a celebrated whirl- removing the elevated continental pool in the Straits of Messina, nearly masses into the depressed abysmal opposite the entrance to the harbor areas, the surface of the earth would of Messina in Sicily, and in ancient then be covered by a universal ocean writings always mentioned in conjunc or hydrosphere with a depth of about tion with Scylla. The navigation of 2 miles. The bulk of water in the this whirlpool is considered to be very whole ocean is estimated at 323,800,dangerous, and must have been exceed-000 cubic miles. See OCEAN. ingly so to the ancients. Scymnidæ, a family of sharks, distinguished by the absence of an anal fin, and by dorsals unfurnished with spines. The head is furnished with a pair of small spiracles. The Greenland shark is the best-known species. The temperature of the surface waters of the ocean varies from 28° F. in the polar regions to 85° or 86° in equatorial regions. The temperature of the water at the bottom of the ocean over the abysmal areas ranges from 32.7° F. to 36.8° F. In the open ocean Sea Anemone the temperature usually decreases as the depth increases, the coldest water being found at the bottom. In enclosed or partially enclosed seas, cut off by barriers from the great ocean basins, the temperature remains uniform from the height of the barrier down to the bottom. In regions where there are heavy rains, or where rivers pour fresh water into the sea, alternating layers of colder and warmer water have been observed within a hundred fathoms from the surface. Seabury attraction. All sea anemones, however varied in coloration or form, present the essential structure and appearance of a fleshy cylinder, attached by its base to a rock or stone, and presenting at its free extremity the mouth, surrounded by a circlet of arms or tentacles. With these tentacles, in some cases exceeding 200 in number, they seize and secure their food which they paralyze by means of the thread cells, common to them with all Cœlenterata. The sea anemones resemble The circulation of oceanic waters is the Hydra in their marvelous powers maintained by the motion of the pre-of resisting injuries and mutilation. vailing winds on the surface layers. In Thus if a sea anemone be divided the oceanic areas the prevailing winds longitudinally, a new animal will in are governed by the large anticyclonic due time be formed out of each half. areas situated toward the centers of They appear singularly insusceptible the North and South Atlantic and also to the action of hot or cold North and South Pacific. The winds water, and seem to be wonderfully blow out from and around these anti-long-lived. cyclonic areas. In the Southern Hem- Sea Bear, a name sometimes given isphere the warm salt water of the tropical regions is driven to the S. along the E. coasts of South America, Africa, and Australia, till on reaching a latitude of between 50° and 55° S. it sinks on being cooled and spreads slowly over the floor of the ocean to the N. and S. A similar circulation takes place in the Northern Hemisphere, though much modified by the peculiar configuration of the land masses; the cold salt water at 30° F. which occupies the deeper parts of the Arctic basin is largely made up of the dense Gulf Stream water, which sinks to the bottom on being cooled in the Norwegian Sea. The water evaporated from the sea surface is borne to the land masses and condensed on the mountain slopes. It is estimated that over 6,500 cubic miles of this water is returned to the sea by rivers annually, bearing along with it a burden of soluble salts and earthy matters in suspension; in this way the ocean has in all probability become salt in the course of ages. The saltest waters are found in the regions of greatest evaporation; for instance, in the Red Sea, Mediterranean, and in the trade-wind regions of the great ocean basins. Sea Anemone, the popular name given to a number of animals of the sub-kingdom Colenterata and class Actinozoa. They are among the most interesting organisms met with on the sea beach, and in aquaria form a great to the polar bear; also to a kind of seal, on account of its appearance. Thorn, large shrubs or trees with Sea Buckthorn, or Sallow gray silky foliage and entire leaves. There is but one known species, sometimes called the sea buckthorn, a large thorny shrub or low tree, a native of parts of the sandy sea coasts of England and the continent of Europe, and found also throughout a great part of Tartary. It is sometimes planted to form hedges near the sea, growing luxuriantly where few shrubs will succeed. The berries are orange colored and are gratefully acid. Seabury, Samuel, an American clergyman; born in Groton, Conn., Nov. 30, 1729; was graduated at Yale in 1748; studied medicine at Edinburgh; and received deacon's and priest's orders in England in 1753; in of Jamaica, Long Island, and 10 years 1757 he was promoted to the "living later to that of Westchester, N. Y. He removed to New York, where he made his medical knowledge contribute to his support, acted as chaplain of the King's American Regiment, and wrote a series of pamphlets which earned for him the special hostility of the patriots. On March 25, 1783, the clergy of Connecticut met at Woodbury and elected Seabury bishop; and for 16 months he waited vainly for consecration. On Nov. 14, 1784, he was corr secrated at Aberdeen. Bishop Sea Sea Dragon bury's jurisdiction embraced Rhode Island as well as Connecticut, and he acted also as rector of St. James's Church, New London. In 1792 he joined with three bishops of the English succession in consecrating a fifth, Bishop Claggett, through whom every American bishop derives from Seabury and the Scotch Church. He died Feb. 26, 1796. Sea Dragon, in ichthyology, Pegasus draconis, common in the Indian Ocean. The popular name has reference to the resemblance of this fish to the mythical dragon. Sea Eagle, a name applied to one or two members of the eagle family; but probably with most distinctive value to the white-tailed eagle or erne, found in all parts of Europe. The American bald-headed eagle from its frequenting the seacoasts is also named the sea eagle. Sea Elephant, a large seal, called also bottle-nosed seal and seal elephant. It is the largest of the seal family, being larger than an elephant. The average length of the male is 12 to 14 feet, but some of 20 and 25 feet are mentioned. The female is generally about 10 feet long. It gets its name from its size and from its proboscis, which stretches out a foot or more, somewhat like the trunk of an elephant. The sea elephant was once found in abundance at Heard's Island in the Southern Indian Ocean, and at the Falkland and South Shetland Islands and other islands in the South Atlantic, and thousands of barrels of oil were brought from there every year, but the elephants were hunted so persistently that few are now left. It was once common on the coast of California, but is now seldom seen. Sea Hare, the popular name of a genus of gasteropodous mollusca. These animals are slug-like in appearance, and derive their popular name from the prominent character of the front pair of tentacles, which somewhat resemble the ears of a hare. Sea Horse, a popular name for the hippopotamus and the walrus. Also a small pipe-fish constituting the genus Hippocampus, and so named from its head resembling that of a horse. It has a prehensile tail by which it clings to weeds and other supports. Seal Sea Kale, a species of colewort, called also sea cabbage. It is a native of the seacoasts of Europe, and is much cultivated in gardens as a table vegetable. Seal, an impression made on paper, clay, wax, or other substance, by means of a die of metal, stone, or other hard material. The stamp which yields the impression is frequently itself called the seal. Seal, in zoology, the family Phocidæ, or seal tribe, are, of all fourlimbed mammiferous animals, those which display the most complete adaptation to residence in the water. The seal has considerable resemblance to a quadruped in some respects, and to a fish in others. The head is round, and the nose, which is broad, resembles that of a dog, with the same look of intelligence and mild and expressive physiognomy. It has large whiskers, oblong nostrils, and great black sparkling eyes. It has no external ears, but a valve exists in the orifices, which can be closed at will, so as to keep out the water; the nostrils have a similar valve; and the clothing of the body consists of stiff glossy hairs, very closely set against the skin. The body is elongated and conical, gradually tapering from the shoulders to the tail. The spine is provided with strong muscles, which bend it with considerable force; and this movement is of great assistance to the propulsion of the body. There are many species of these animals; some are found in almost every quarter of the globe, but chiefly in the frigid or temperate regions. Sealed Orders The common seal, abundant in the cool and frigid regions, is three to five feet long, and is much hunted for its skins, and for its oil and flesh. The skins though their covering is hair, not fur, are much valued. The sea lion is found on both coasts of the Pacific from California and Japan N., and there is an Antarctic species. The S. fur seals have been nearly exterminated. The celebrated N. species which yields the valuable sealskins of commerce, is confined to the North Pacific, breeding only on two of the Pribilof Islands, in Bering Sea, and two of the Commander Islands. Sears and the Asiatic coast to the Kurile islands, and there is a colony of them at San Francisco protected by the National government. Sea Mat, or Hornwrack, Flustra, a genus of Molluscoida. The sea mat, which presents the appearance of a piece of pale brown seaweed, is a compound organism, produced by a process of continuous gemmation or budding from a single primitive polypide, which latter was in turn developed from a true egg. Sea Mouse, Aphrodite, a genus of dorsibranchiate Annelids or marine worms. The most notable feature in Sealed Orders, written instruc- connection with the sea mouse consists tions, generally to naval officers. The in the beautiful iridescent hues excustom of having warships sail "un-hibited by the hairs or bristles which der sealed orders" has arisen from the fringe the sides of the body. The sea desire of maritime powers to prevent mouse inhabits deep water, and may their plans from becoming known to be obtained by dredging, though it is the enemy. In the American navy frequently cast up on shores after such orders come from the President storms. and are delivered to a commander of a ship or squadron by a confidential messenger who knows nothing of their contents. Sailing under sealed or ders is now the common naval practice in time of war. Sea Lemon, Doris, a genus of gasteropodous mollusca. It is destitute of a shell, and moves by means of a broad ventral foot. The gills exist in the form of a circle of plumes in the middle of the back, at the posterior extremity of the body, and can be retracted at will within the body. The name sea lemon has been applied to these mollusks from their usually yellow color and somewhat lemon-like shape. Sea Letter, a document issued from the custom house, carried by every neutral ship on a foreign voyage in time of war. It specifies the nature and quantity of the cargo, the place whence it comes, and its destination. Sealing Wax, a composition of colored shellac or resin, for sealing or securely fastening letters or packets. Sea Lion, a popular name for the genus Otaria; specifically, the hair seal of the Pribilofs, or Steller's sea lion. It is destitute of fur, and its skin is of little value, but the hide, fat, flesh, sinews, and intestines are all useful to the Aleutian islanders. Sea lions are found round Kamchatka Sea Mussel, a family of mollusks, comprising acalepha which have the shell equivalved, oval or elongated, and the epidermis thick and dark. They seek concealment, and spin a nest of sand, or burrow in mud banks. There are more than 100 living, and 250 fossil species. Search Light, an electric arc light the rays of which are collected into a parallel beam that may be projected to a great distance and turned in any direction. Search, Right of, in international law, the right of belligerents, during war, to visit and search the vessels of neutrals for contraband of war. The government of the United States has always firmly refused to ratify the right. This question was one of the chief causes of the War of 1812. Search Warrant, in law, a warrant granted by a justice of the peace to enter the premises of a person suspected of secreting stolen goods, in order to discover and seize the goods if found. an Sears, Lorenzo, |