The Exports from the United Kingdom to Australia are also noticeable. Apparel, slops, and haberdashery were sent in 1853 to the value of 3,569,423/.; in 1855 the amount was only 822,316. Of beer and ale the value sent was 624,170/. in 1853; in 1855 it was 387,7617. Of cotton manufactures the value sent in 1853 was 1,015,9367.; in 1855 it was 266,878/. Of outlery the value in 1853 was 623,8177., in 1855 it was 287,584l. Leather and leather manufactures decrease from 1,028,5077. in 1853 to 502,3137. in 1855. Linen from 8,250,983 yards in 1853 to 2,144,487 yards in 1855. Woollen manufactures from a value of 1,321,8947. in 1853, decrease to 259,3897. in 1855. On the other side, iron, mill-work, and machinery increase; iron from 32,911 tons in 1853 to 37,985 tons in 1855; and machinery from a value of 114,094/. in 1853 to 167,4417. in 1855. Soap and candles also increase from 5,778,026 lbs. in 1853 to 7,013,388 lbs. in 1855. In lead and shot the amount in 1853 was 1,243 tons, and 1,456 tons in 1855; but in 1854 the quantity sent was 3,328 tons. The total exports from the United Kingdom of its produce and manufactures to Australia in 1853, was 14,272,9917.; and in 1855 it was 6,030,4971. Of foreign and colonial merchandise the chief articles are spirits, wine, tea, and tobacco. Of foreign spirits there were sent 1,750,871 gallons in 1853, and 1,107,723 gallons in 1855; of wine 1,315,737 gallons in 1853, and 519,761 gallons in 1855; of tea, 99,222 lbs. in 1853, and 61,637 lbs. in 1855; of tobacco, 1,455,842 lbs. in 1853, and 1,534,888 lbs. in 1855.

IV. Police, Crime, and Law.

METROPOLITAN POLICE. In the year 1855 the total cost of the Metropolitan Police was 405,566l. 12s. 3d. The amount paid by the various parishes was 263,6717. 178.; of which 222,4791. 18s. was paid by the original district, rated at 6d. in the pound on a rental of 8,899,1667.; and 41,191/. 19s. by the extended district, rated at 2d. in the pound on a rental of 1,647,6781. The Treasury pay 100,4737. 13s. 4d.; and 35,744/. 19s. 7d. are derived from various special sources, such as attending at public offices, at theatres, and on private individuals, conveyance of prisoners, &c. The balance, 5,6867. 2s. 4d., is drawn from the balance left at the end of 1854. The balance in hand at the end of 1855 was 58,105/. 7s. 3d. The number of persons employed in the force was 5,783.

REFORMATORY SCHOOLS.-Thirty-seven of these schools, either under the provisions of the Act 17 and 18 Vict. cap. 86, or that of 17 and 18 Vict. cap. 74, have been established and certified. Nineteen are in | England, capable of containing from 60 to 20 each. The eighteen in Scotland are on a much larger scale: that for Aberdeen can receive 300 boys and 100 girls; at Glasgow one school receives 318 boys, and a separate school 200 girls; at Edinburgh two schools receive one 380, the other 286. In England the schools can receive 630 inmates, besides three of which the capabilities are not stated. In Scotland provision is made for 2,669 inmates. The number of children under fifteen years of age in various prison schools in England at various dates of March and April, 1856, was 685, of whom 584 were boys, and 101 girls. In Wales there were two prison schools, with one pupil in each. The Industrial, Ragged, and Reformatory Schools in England and Scotland receiving Government assistance were 57 in number; the amount distributed among them was 1,9367. 15s.; and the number of children recovered was 2,033 boys, and 813 girls.

LETTERS OF LICENSE.-On March 11, 1856, the number of Convicts who had received, under the Act 16 and 17 Vict. cap. 99,"orders of license" was 5,512. Of this number, 447 had been convicted of, or charged with, subsequent offences; and 179 had their licenses revoked.

CONVICTS.-The number of convicts who have received orders of license, from the passing of the Act 16 and 17 Vict. cap. 99 (1854) to March 1856, was 5,152. Of this number 447 had been convicted of, or charged with, subsequent offences; 179 had had their orders of license revoked, and 554 licenses had been refused or withheld for misconduct.

CONVICTS, IRELAND.-The number of convicts in confinement in the various convict prisons of Ireland on January 1, 1856, was,-in

CONSTABULARY FORCE, IRELAND.-On January 1, 1856, the total effective force was as follows:-Inspector-general, deputy and assistant inspectors, paymaster, &c., 9; county inspectors, 35; sub-inspectors, 251; head constables 318; constables, 2,075; sub-constables, 9,110; total, 11,798, of which number 189 formed a reserve force at Phoenix Park. The vacancies were 662. The number of horses belonging to the force was 348. The total expenditure for the year was 644,4907, of which 21,6871. were contributed by counties and towns, and the remainder charged on the Consolidated Fund. The stipendiary magistrates number 71, as last year.

JUVENILE OFFENDERS, IRELAND.-On February 1, 1856, there were 253 children under 15 years of age in the various prisons of Ireland, of whom 9 were under 10 years of age, 8 between 10 and 11, 13 between 11 and 12, 58 between 12 and 13, 62 between 13 and 14, and 103 between 14 and 15. Of the total number 193 were boys, and 60 girls. Their offences were almost entirely felony, larceny, and vagrancy.

HOUSEBREAKING IN SCOTLAND.-In the twelve months from June 30, 1854, to July 1, 1855, 6,254 cases of housebreaking, of which 5,104 were in various towns, and 1,150 in the country. The total estimated value of the property stolen was only 9,734l. 6s.; less than 27. in each case. Aberdeen and Edinburgh seem the greatest sufferers; Aberdeen furnishing 1,244 cases, with an amount of loss of 1,050. 13s.; and Edinburgh having 2,911 cases, with a loss of 3,701. 19s. Glasgow gives only 75 cases, and a loss of 299/. 3s. ; but it, with Lanark, Airdrie, and Hamilton, are returned among the country districts, and not with the

towns.

RURAL POLICE, SCOTLAND.-In 1855 the rural police in Scotland amounted in number to 468. Lanarkshire, the island of Bute, and the Orkney and Shetland Isles had none. The expense for the year was 24,123/.; but in some cases clothing is supplied in addition.

COUNTY COURTS.-In 1855 the number of plaints was 538,168; amount claimed under the plaints 1,495,6057.; the total number of causes tried, for which judgment was entered, 285,178; amount for which judgment was obtained, and exclusive of costs, 736,0777.; paid into court before judgment, 111,127.; the total amount of fees was 268,731. The number of causes tried by jury was 685, in 338 of which the party requiring a jury gained a verdict. 74,081 executions were issued against the goods of defendants; 14,967 warrants of commitment were issued; and 6,480 persons were actually taken to prison under such

warrants.

INSOLVENT DEBTORS' COURT.-From July 28, 1853, to June 10, 1856, the number of petitions presented in prison cases was 2,301; of these there were 169 in which no schedule was filed, and on the remaining 2,132 the commissioners adjudicated. There were 1,643 ordered to be discharged forth with, 347 after limited periods of imprisonment, and the remainder either did not appear, the petitions were dismissed, or the cases adjourned. Of protection cases there had been 2,688 petitioners; of these 2,275 were heard and adjudicated upon, and in 2,025 the petitioners were discharged forthwith, or protection granted upon periodical payments being made.

V.-Population, Emigration, Poor Laws, &c.

EMIGRATION.-The emigration from the United Kingdom to Australia, including Van Diemen's Land and New Zealand, was 83,237 in 1854, and 52,309 in 1855: in the first of these years 41,065 were assisted in procuring a passage, and in the latter year 28,016: the remainder were unassisted. Of the unassisted in 1855 there were 14,733 males, and 9,550 females; of the assisted there were 8,542 adult males, and 13,574 adult females; 2,457 male, and 2,791 female children; and 314 male, and 338 female infants.

In 1854, in New South Wales, 83,396 acres of land were sold at an average of 31. 5s. per acre. The total amount of purchase money was 272,0781.; while leases, licenses, and quit-rents produced 52,913/.; the population was 251,315; the value of exports 4,050,1267.; the value of imports 5,981,0037., of which 3,699,6237. was the produce or manufacture of Great Britain; the land in cultivation was 130,944 acres; the value of exports of wool 1,181,9567.; and that of tallow 164,256l. The number of horses in the colony was 148,851, of horned cattle 1,576,750, of pigs 62,255, and of sheep 8,144, 119. The value of the gold exported was 773,2097. The convictions for offences amounted to 637, of which 477 were for felonies, and 160 for misdemeanors.

In Victoria the territorial revenue, arising from land-sales, licenses, rents, &c., in 1854, was 1,426,4481. The total population was estimated at 273,792 persons, of whom 100,000 were at the gold fields. During the year 317,168 acres of land had been bought at public auction at an The value of the gold exported was 8,770,79€1. average of 41. per acre. In South Australia, in 1854, there were sold 213.925 acres, of which 173,974 acres were sold by auction at an average of 17. 18s. per acre, and 39,951 acres by private contract at an average of 11. 2s. per acre. The extent of land now disposed of is 1,217,323 acres; about 196 millions of acres are undisposed of. The 'runs' occupied under 14 years' leases extend over 10 millions of acres, and maintain a million and a-half of sheep, beside other cattle. Of the occupied lands 89,944 acres were

under wheat. The imports of 1854 amounted to 2,054,4537.; the exports to 1,322,822., of which 499,7187. was in bullion. The total revenue receipts were 449,429., the total expenditure 393,288/. A sum of 64,000l. had been expended on the Adelaide City and Port Railway, 92,000l. on the main roads, and 12,648/. on the district roads of the colony.

Western Australia progresses slowly, but satisfactorily. In 1854 there were 2,232 acres of land bought, at an average of 11. 10s. per acre; and leases and licenses produced 2,9847., making a total of 6,4337. The stock and crops have been largely increased, and are sufficient to meet the wants of the anticipated immigrants, military pensioners, and convicts. In this colony are scattered 3,000 convicts, who are engaged in repairing roads or executing public works of utility, and are said to be productive of good to themselves and the colony.

In Van Diemen's Land-now Tasmania-the land revenue amounted to 112,225. There were sold 34,433 acres of country allotments at an average of 11. 1s. per acre; 2,245 acres of town and suburban lots at an average of 187. 13s. per acre, and 29,1527. were recorded for 2,284,214 acres held under depasturing licenses. The value of the imports was 2,604,689., of which 1,776,6947. was from Great Britain; the exports, the chief of which are wool, oil, timber, cattle, flour, and grain, amounted to 1,433,0217. The extent of land under cultivation was 127,732 acres, of which 49,920 were under wheat, and 35,320 under oats. The number of sheep was 1,631,308; of horned cattle, 103,752; of horses, 17,384; and of pigs, 22,598.

TOTAL POPULATION, and BIRTHS, DEATHS, and MARRIAGES, in ENGLAND and WALES, and SCOTLAND.

Estimated for the middle of the year, and including army, navy, and merchant seamen at home.

Note.-The Registration Act for Scotland came into operation on 1st of January, 1855.

VACCINE REPORT.-The annual report for 1856 states that in the past year 220,639 charges of lymph had been sent out; part of which had gone to Scutari, the Black Sea and the Baltic fleets, and had been found very useful. The number of vaccinations had been 128,495, of which 8,637 had been performed by stationary agents in the metropolis. The report also states that the practice of vaccinating is somewhat decreasing in the Orkneys, "as small-pox is almost forgotten," no case having occurred for 20 years; and also in Ireland, where the supply of lymph has been somewhat deficient.

BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES.-In the year 1854 there were registered in England 634,405 Births, of which 324,069 were males, and 310,336 females; of these 20,976 males, and 19,759 females, nearly 1 in 16, were illegitimate. There were registered in the same period 159,727 Marriages, a decrease of upwards of 5,000 from the preceding year; of these marriages 134,109 were solemnised according to the rites of the established church, 7,813 in Roman Catholic registered chapels, 9,873 at registered chapels of other Christian denominations, 52 at Quaker meetings, 287 at Jewish chapels, and 7,593 at the superintending registrar's office; 9,220 of the men, and 28,697 of the women, were not of full age; and 47,843 men, and 68,175 women signed the marriage register with marks; in 35,255 cases the register was so signed by both parties. Of Deaths in 1854 there were 437,916, an increase of more than 16,000 over the previous year; of these deaths 222,422 were males, and 215,494 females.

BIRTHS, DEATHS, AND MARRIAGES, SCOTLAND.-In the year 1855, the first in which the registration has been in operation, there were 93,498 births, of which 47,872 were males, and 45,626 females. Of deaths there were 62,154; of these there were 30,759 males, and 31,395 females. The total number of marriages in the year was 19,639. The return is not nearly so full as that for England, probably through the machinery not being yet complete.