present admirable copies of the original, being TAS. • [44623.]—Bronzing Plaster Casts.-Size first, then coat with varnish or gold size, and, when tacky, dust on the bronze-powder. When dry, apply a brush. Or paint at once with some of Bessemer's paints-SAUL RYMEA. I query refers to Croll's "Climate and Time," which the attention of the driver of the second engine; [44645.]-Grinding-Stone.-Your stone being a natural grit one, has hard and soft places in it, [44626.-Staining White Pine Floors.-If and nothing you can do will alter it; and it is from I read aright between the lines, "E. M." is wish-its origin quite useless to expect otherwise. The ing to be economical and clean, to save his cash for only stone that is likely to suit you is a Ransom's carpets, and add to the beauty of his rooms. artificial grindstone. This will wear quite equal. [44649.]-Faulty Common Well-Pump.am presuming he wishes to stain a margin round If fairly used never gets into grooves. Steps in it I remember curing a pump of the same fault, which some room, generally lft. 2in. or 3in. Get from a never occur if the stone does not run in water, as a plumber had given up. I found that by jerking painter's "a couple of pen'orths" glue size; melt the material is perfectly homogeneous throughout. the handle up quickly it would always miss, and in a bottle. Next get a piece of rag, roll into a I have invariably found they will grind a tool in that made me think it was the fault of the bucket. ball so that it will fit the hand nicely, cover this half the time that the ordinary natural stone On examination, I found the valve caught against with a bit of old calico to make a smooth face; dip would require, and they are, if anything, a little the side of its gangway whenever it rose a little this into the size, and rub in a bit of brown umber, cheaper in first cost.—SUNLIGHT. higher than usual. I pared away the wood where then go ahead with your floors, working the staff [44646.]-Collapse of Flues.-This formula ist rubbed, and fixed a stout wire across to prevent light or dark as required. Keep the motion with not correctly printed. It should bet rising more than a certain height.-E. F. C. the grain of wood; when dry, stiff with polisher's P = 806,300 [44649.]-Faulty Common Well-Pumpglaze, and you have a very pretty, clean, and endurable margin for your room.-FURNISHING In the case before us this becomesThere are two respects in which the fault may lie, or in one of them. The suction-pipe may be too SALESMAN, Liverpool. ∙11671 P = 806,300 small in diameter, for the diameter is not stated in the question, or the fault may be that the waterway of the valves is insufficient. Two valves are unnecessary. To proceed with the remedy 30x31 84.19 LD 92-25815. per sq. inch. [44646.] Collapse of Flues.-Formula given tentatively, first remove one of the valves, and see T.2.19 .30ft. .2ft. 10 in... gin. Log. 0-03125 [44639)-Boiler Query.-Certainly a most unusual thing, that which you describe. There is-GLATTON. not, however, in my mind, a doubt but that it is caused by air in the boiler to some extent, and in addition, the steam-pipe, which very possibly is a 805000 long one, is also full of air. The raising steam in the boiler would not in any way remove the air L equal to from the piping, so that as soon as the stop-valve D equal to is opened the pressure of steam drives out the air | T equal to .. before it, which, of course, is not condensable, like the exhaust steam; hence you get no vacuum. Not only this, but the steam itself in the boiler must be to some extent charged with air also. Further still, I do not think that the boiler-pressures are ever actually the same, although, by the gauge, they appear so and this fact influences the case to some extent. Your only remedy is to place a stopcock on the steam-pipe, just behind the stop-valve, and, before opening the stop-valve, open this cock, and let the steam thoroughly expel the air in the steam-pipe connections. I think you would then find this somewhat unusual occurrence disappear.-SUNLIGHT. Log. 30 ..equal to 30ft. 2:4948500 0-3404441 2-8352941 Brought down........... 1-4771213 4.9058751 Log. 806000 Result Equal to 648-9485 2-8122101 I must add that I do not understand the theory of that the remaining one has a full waterway. If after this the pump does not work well the fault will almost certainly be that the suction-pipe is too small in diameter. If you follow the advice report the result in the E. M.-C. S. [44649.]-Faulty Common Well-Pump-li everything else is in good order, and " Working Tom" removes the retaining-valve, the pump will work all right. This, after 20 years' experience, and at present constantly working many sets of pumps. WORKING BILL, Southampton. [41649.]-Faulty Common Well-Pump.-I think that the reason that the pump will not work is that the length of the pipe from the bottom of the well to the pump is too great. At every stroke of the pump-handle you have to set in motion a column of water 60ft. in length, and the inertia of such a column is considerable. There are also several bends in the pipe, and although we are not told what is the size of the pipe, yet whatever it is the friction must be taken into account. In a force-pump the air-chamber regulates the inertia and momentum of the column of water; but this cannot be applied to a suction-pump, and we must therefore have as short a column as possible. M.I.C.E. [44635.)-Boiler.-The class of boiler to take up the least room is a vertical. For your size engine you should have a boiler 3ft. 6in. high, and Isin. diameter: internal firebcx, 24in. high and 14in. inside diameter. Next comes the tube question. I am strongly adverse to the use of fire-tubes if water-tutes are at all practicable. Therefore, I should advise you to fix to the firebox crown 15 water-tubes, either Field or ordinary pendent tubes. [44648.]—New L. and Y. Express Engine. the pump in question, and made a personal ex[44649.]-Faulty Well-Pump.-Unless I saw These should be lin. diameter and 15in. long. The Lancashire and Yorkshire Company's engine, amination, I should not like to positively say the The best way would be to either screw the ends and No. 627, is one of the class which has been confix the tubes with a pair of thin lock-nuts; the fire- structed by Sharp, Stewart, and Co., Manchester, cause, there are either air-leakages at the joint cause of the defect. Looking at the most probabie box crown being dished up a little will tend to 1881, from the designs of Mr. Barton-Wright. where the pipe joins the pump-barrel, or else that bring the tube-ends together and in addi- The engine is a four-wheels coupled express the 40ft. of horizontal pipe is not laid, as it should tion a freelay defector should be used. These engine, having a leading four-wheeled bogie, dimensions would apply to either a copper or iron inside cylinders, a single frame, and inside bearbe, with a slight inclination towards the well; and baler. Unfortunately, you do not say the pressure ings. The cylinders are 17 in. diameter, and the that, consequently, there is a lodgment of air, as I fron would be sufficient for any pressure up to 50lb. The tractive force exerted for each pound of small matters, so that it is very probable that the you want to carry; but either in. copper or 5-16in. stroke 23in.; the coupled wheels are 6ft. diameter. found on a former occasion, with a case something similar. Ordinary mechanics frequently overlock You ask the rule for designing the boller: therefore effective pressure per square inch in the cylinders long pipe slopes towards the pump slightly, instead alow 1 square foot of grate for each 9 circular 171 × 28 inches on the piston, which is the equivalent to 1 is, thus, = 110-5lb. It is stated that, of to the well. If the pipes were right, the first horse nominal. Your piston has 11-044 square in practice, these engines can maintain an effective have got in by leakage, and then a continuous stroke would be water, then any air that might inches, which I set down at, say, 12 square inches, pressure of about 9sib., and it will therefore be stream of water; therefore, the case you have in As it is always well to have plenty of surface, seen that they possess considerable power. No. hand looks very much like a faulty level in the therefore let us allow 1 square feet of grate: 617 is fitted with the Westinghouse automatic long pipe, as I have mentioned. Anything I could 10% will allow us 1554, therefore will reject odd brake, applied to the four coupled wheels of the do to help you I would do but the details are sizes, and use 14in. diameter of grate, which gives engine, and to all six wheels of the tender. The necessarily meagre, as you have, I see, not seen us 1-0775, or say square feet. Heating surface arrangement of brake-blocks upon the engine has the pump yourself since fixed.-SUNLIGHT. allow 9 square feet of surface for each nominal received some attention, from the fact that eight horse, and this the area of firebox sides and tube- cast-iron blocks are applied to the four coupled surface allows us in excess, as it yields 13; square wheels; that is, one block to each side of each feet, so that in each case the area is in excess. Any-wheel.' The main brake-pipe is extended to the thing more you want to know I will at any time tell you -SUNLIGHT. leading end of this engine, and provided with a hose-pipe and coupling, which not only enables the brake upon the train to be worked when running tender first, but is of the greatest advantage when two engines are employed to draw a train, as it places the whole of the brake-power under the control of both drivers, as well as the guards. In my letter, page 602, Vol. XXVII, and in other back numbers, I have pointed out the necessity which exists for thus placing the brake-, power. The driver of the leading-engine is the man who has the first view of any danger in front of › him, and he ought, in my opinion, to have the power THE VILLAGE PHILOSLI HER. to apply the continuous brake to the whole train, and not, as is sometimes the case, be obliged [44639.)-Aphelion-The "Table IV." in this to lose very valuable moments in whistling to call As an example, suppose we require the earth's attraction at ise moon, then from the formula we = 9x = -0.53. — 1 [44650.]-Faulty Castings. Several causes will produce the effects" Working Tom" describes, viz.: sand too weak, so that the metal when poured causes it to "wash "; metal not hot enough, ceres not thoroughly dry, and blacking too thick 02 them, too much "facing sand" on top part of mould, and excess of blacking put on moulders generally use more than is required. I should say the principal causes of the defects you mention are weak sand and metal not hot enough. The limestone in a cupola unites with the impurities in the iron and cose, and renders them more fusible: consequently, the melte i iron is able to pass through the slag better than it otherwise would—ako a fluid cinder causes the furnace to "draw cut" much easier.-J. N. O. [44650-Faulty Castings-I should recom mead Working Ton" first, to introduce a greater percentage of soft iron into his misture, say, 15cwt. of No. 2 pig to 6cwt. of good scrap. I should discontinue making the cupola-spout of black sand, and use red in the same manner as he does for the ladles. I am inclined to think that the cores of the pipes are somewhat at fault. See that the loam is properly mixed, and that it has plenty of horsedung in it. Mix the blackening for the cores with good clay-wash, and let everything be well dried before using. There should be a large vent-hole for the air to get well away from the end. Be very careful, and see that the core is by no means larger than the core-print; if it is so it will cause a crush," " and so introduce particles of sand into the mould, which will distribute themselves when the metal is poured in. Blow well underneath when you have lowered the core into its place. As to the sleeking, see that you have good blackening, and do not use too much, as it washes off and produces a porous casting. I must add a few words as to the melting of the iron. Do not be afraid of melting it thoroughly. Use plenty of coke, and a strong blast; this cleans the iron from silica and other impurities, which, if they do not come out of the slag-hole, will rise in the ladle and can be skimmed off. Sooner let the metal come out too hot, and purge itself of remaining impurities in cooling down to the proper temperature for casting, than let it run from the cupola too stiff, and so have to run it the instant it comes out. -NICHTS. [44659.]-Steam-Gauge. It is a good plan to fill the siphon of the gauge at starting with cold water, as it prevents the possibility of the steam reaching the working parts. But in a few minutes the steam would be sufficiently condensed by the cold tubing to fill the bottom of the bend with water at a temperature too low to do any damage, even supposing that the air which must be imprisoned above it could find an outlet.-SUNLIGHT. 144661.]-Hair-Spring of Geneva Watch."Milo's" experience with hair-springs is evidently rather small, as what he inquires about is a very frequent occurrence with the general watch-jobber; however, presuming "Milo" knows when the watch is in beat, let him pin up the spring; then, should the hair-spring cock up, take a pair of fine flat-pointed tweezers, and take hold of the spring close up to the stud, and bend it down gently until flat. This operation is a very delicate one, and ought only to be performed by some one used to such work, as good timekeeping depends largely on the adjustment of the hair-spring. If "Milo" would like to know the cause of what he inquires about, I shall be pleased to inform him. There are many reasons, which would take up considerable space, and unless really necessary, I do not wish to encroach upon our Editor's leniency.-S. B. MCCLELLAN. 144665.]-Telegraph Wire.-To go into this 44651.]-Foundry Limestone in Furnace. subject fully would occupy too much space; but if -Limestone is used as a flux, that is, it is a good the querist has Culley's Telegraphy" he will find vehicle for the impurities of the iron. It forms a much information in detail upon pp. 225, 226, and slag with the silica or sand, and helps to dissolve 303; or in Prescott's "Electricity," p. 299, he will minor impurities as phosphorus, sulphur, &c. If find the various mechanical and chemical tests. I used in excess it is very injurious to the cupola have somewhere read in Culley that copper from lining, as gannister is nearly pure silica. The best Lake Superior is the best for telegraphic purposes. way to use it is to scatter about half a shovelful Anyway, the purest obtainable should always be over the charge of coke at intervals, regulated ac-used, as its conductivity is so much higher than cording to the work the cupola is doing.-NIGHTS. the commoner qualities. M.M.I.SO.S. AND A.S.T.E. [44653.]-Gas Purification.-I use an albocarbon burner with another ordinary one. The two combined have an excellent effect. The albocarbon alone is very good, but throws rather a dark shadow for some purposes.-J. D. [44667.] Concertina Reeds. It is possible that something might be done by twisting the reeds of an English concertina to soften and round the tone: but I don't think I should like to attempt of English pattern, scarcely deserves the name of it. A really good English instrument, not merely screamer"; but the construction of the instrument is not adapted for much display of the art of voicing.-SAUL RYMEA. [44654.]-Air-Vessel.-The air-vessel on the delivery of a pump acts as an elastic spring reservoir to take off the shock for one thing, and for another it causes the water to be delivered in a continuous stream, instead of intermittent flow; therefore, if the column of water on the delivery is [44669.]-Astronomical.-"An Inexperienced of considerable height, the air in the air-vessel Astronomer" has good reason to complain of the would be considerably compressed, and hence a performance of his telescope. From what he says, glass-gauge would show the vessel apparently it seems to me his prism must be in fault. The nearly full of water. On the other hand, on a low deterioration of the silver film would merely cause delivery, the air would be less compressed, and the a loss of light, and would not cause the glares and air-vessel would show apparently nearly full of rays on stars of which he complains. The comair. When an air-vessel is placed on the suction-panion of Vega is always conspicuous in a mirror pipe, it appears full of air, as the contained air is of this size, and I never failed, unless the moon was always in a state of some little tenuity. There is very bright, to see the faint pair between and no need of the air being let in or out if the vessel Lyra, with the addition on fine dark nights of is tight. As to books, there are many that treat the three faint stars preceding, as shown in the on pumps. You would find much rudimentary diagram on page 595 of last week's E.M. As to the information in Tomlinson's "Pneumatics."-SUN- Pole-star, the belts of Jupiter, and the division in the ring of Saturn, they would all be plain enough if his telescope were in anything like good advertise his address in the "MECHANIC," I will try and call on him if he is anywhere near me, and do my best to put him right. He and his friends must have come across some very bad specimens of reflectors, or they would soon be convinced of their power, and that a 6in. reflector is not to be compared to a 2in. achromatic, as I could soon show him by an inspection of my observing-books for more than 20 years past.-CHARLES GROVER. LIGHT. QUERIES. (44670.1-Tricycle.- I am about to construct a tricycle for two riders: the one to sit behind the other. Diameter of driving-wheels to be 50in., to be driven by two separate cranks, one to be about 18in. behind the other, connected by a pitch-chain; the driving-wheels to be driven from each end of the rear shaft by pitch-chain also. Would it be practicable to speed the above wheels to 60in.? What diameter of tube would I construct a frame to be of sufficient strength? And, what size of wire would I require to build the wheels of ?-ANXIOUS INQUIRER. [44671.]-Punching-Machine.- Will any correspondent of the ENGLISH MECHANIC inform me how the disengaging motion of slide in punching-machine is designed so that you may stop the punch without stopping the gear-V. R. R. [44672.] Condensation of Steam. - Will answer the following-I want a 24 horse-power high"Sunlight," or any other of our valued readers, pressure engine to work at a distance of 600ft. from the boilers. Which is the best size of steam-pipe for the above? whether a 12in. pipe in diameter or less-with regard to the least condensation of steam!-C. M. [44673.]-Child with Perpetual Cold.-TO DE. EDMUNDS.-I have a child about four years of age, who is nearly always suffering from a cold both in the head and looking, and, in other respects, a strong child. Has once from cough. The child is quite stout and healthyhad an attack of spasmodic croup. Will any reader kindly oblige me with the best course to pursue in such a case? One older and less healthy-looking child under exactly same conditions is much more free from attack. -B. D. shine on the following-I am thinking of having a (41674.Small Boiler.-May I ask "Sunlight" to boiler made for a 2 h.p. engine. How would a cylindrical one do with two cross tubes set vertically in brickwork? Would you recommend a welded or a riveted boiler? What would be about the dimensions and thickness of plates, &c.? A ray of light on the subject would oblige-ONE WHO 18 TIRED OF TURNING A CRANK. [44675.]-New Pivot to Verge Watch.-Will any kind reader of the ENGLISH MECHANIC tell me the best way to fit a new pivot to a verge watch escape-wheel? Is it necessary to remove the wheel off the pinion? Also, the best way to centre the hole on the pinion's end to receive the pivot.-D. L. J. scriber explain how to make black japan-the genuine 144676.]-Japan and Japanaing.-Will any subarticle? how to japan lathe-heads? how many coats? at what heat to bake, &c. ?-E. C. R. [44677.]-Drawing Maps to Scale. I have drawn a map of a town, showing the forms of the streets and roads, on sheets 11 by 8), so that I visited each street Now I have completed the map, which is on twenty-eight and road to get as near as possible the correct form. sheets, I should be glad if some correspondent would tell me the simplest way of drawing the map to the scale of 5ft. to the mile, or 6in. to a mile. I have shown main roads in. wide, and other streets, &c., of an inch.-E. J. BEDELLS. [44678.]-Crank-Shaft.-Will any of your readers inform me how to line off and proceed with a crank-shaft with five centres in disc? It is only the lining off and setting disc that beats me; the turning I can do easily. W. T. [44679.] Non-Economical Compound Engine.-I now send diagrams taken off high-and low-pressure cylinders, also, steamchests. Fig 1. H.P. [44655.]-Condenser.-A condenser will not order. As he appears to live in London, if he will cylinder, 581b. pressure; a a a a, show variations. Fig. 2 lift water as high as an ordinary pump, because there is always vapour of steam and air present, which prevents a more than partial vacuum being formed. Still, you should be able to lift the condensing water, say, 12ft., if the joints were all truly air-tight, both of condensers and the pipes leading to it. Your best way would be to place a small lift-pump driven by the engine, which would deliver into a small tank (which might be of wood for cheapness) of such capacity that it would hold little more than the maximum quantity of water required by the engine. And if this tank was illed to surround the condenser, if practicable, all the better. The excess of water supplied by the pump could be carried off by an overflow-pipe. If cu can get the condenser into the tank, the acuum would be a little improved by the cooling action of the water on the outside of the condenser. -SUNLIGHT. UNANSWERED QUERIES. neered for five weeks are inserted in this list, and if still The numbers and titles of queries which remain unanunanswered are repeated four weeks afterwards. We trust our readers will look over the list, and send what information they can for the benefit of their fellow contributors. 44093. 44083. 44100. [14657.]-Fossils.-A similar query to this was nswered on page 600. The fossils are not "tusks" t all, as their very nature will show, but the inerval "sheaths" of an extinct molluscous animal 44118. lied to the existing sepia. The conical cavity 44119. ontained a chambered shell, and the whole was 44129. veloped in the body of the animal. It captured 44136. te prey by means of claws fixed to the head, and 44137. y darting upwards from the bottom of the sea, nd as rapidly darting down again. These fossils 44296. are the so-called "thunderbolts " of many parts of 44298. agland, and they are sometimes found 18in. in ength.-T. G. F. 44139. 44301. Indigo Blue, Woollen Vats, 509. 44305. Smelting Furnace, 509. 44311. Small Self-Acting Piano, 509. L.P. cylinder. I would like to know if there is any improvement in the cylinder diagrams. The variations in the high-pressure cylinder and steamchest seem very great. Is this a bad sign? Does it only show wiredrawing? Is there too much compression in either of the cylinders? How can those diagrams be improved? I am much obliged for all the trouble you have taken.YOUNG ENGINEER. [44680.]-Swelling.-To DR. EDMUNDS.-For the last eight months I have been bothered with a slight swelling of the right cheek. During that time it has kept the same way, getting neither larger nor smaller, and, as yet, shows no signs of going away. Many were the causes given for its presence: some said it was gumboil, others said the cheek-bone was bad, and a doctor thought it was caused by a bad tooth which I had, so I got it removed, but to no purpose, for the swelling is the same. -J. GROVEDELLS. [44681.] Honey-Slinger. - Will any of your readers, or Messrs. Abbott, give a drawing of the honey slinger as mentioned in Vol. XXVIII., p. 389 1-A CONSTANT SUBSCRIBER. [44682.1-Enlargements of Photographs to be Finished in Oil Colours.-Will Mr. Lancaster, or "Sunlight," kindly inform me how to construct the instrument for throwing a life-sized fac-simile of a cartede-visite (not a glass negative) on to the canvas on which a painting is to be executed ?-J. [44683.-M. R. Engines.-Can any reader give me the class and date of M. R. engines ?-200, 203, 210, 212, 218A, 214A, 299. If rebuilt, please state where and when. An answer would greatly oblige-METEOR. [44684.1-Aneurism.-Would Dr. Edmunds inform me what medicine is generally taken in cases of aneurism? -Nux. [44685.]-Turner.-Would any reader kindly inform [44686.]-Even Temperature.-Will one of my brother-readers help me out of my difficulty? I want to keep pitch to an even temperature by steam after being heated by fire to almost boiling-point. I have tried iron) steam-coil in a furnace with steam all round, but that is not hot enough, as it goes thick. What is meant by "super" heated steam? How is it done! Would it be of service to me?-COUSIN JACK. [44687.)-Pannikins.-Will any of our readers inform me the best way to go to work to make pannikins in large numbers (pints and half-pints)? What is the best machine for putting the wire in the edges? also for turning the edges over for jointing the bottom and sides. Any information respecting the manufacture of the above will oblige.-ENGINEER. [44688.1-The Waste of Soap and Soda.-I am connected with a large laundry using about half a ton of soap and soda per week. The dirty water, when done with, runs into the drains. Could I in any profitable manner, by running it into a tank, extract any of the washing properties from the dirty water? Shall be grateful to any who can assist me with any information or suggestion.-ENGINEER. [44689.-Ligure.-What is the "Ligure" spoken of in the Bible as being one of the stones in Aaron's breast plate! Is it known nowadays, and, if so, under what name?-FONERRES. 144700.]-Cement for Pearl Sleeve - LinkClock Cleaning.-I wish to thank "Alfojoe" for his excellent articles on hard and soft soldering, and I hope other amateurs have found it as useful as I have. Since they appeared in columns of the E. M. I have been able to repair many small articles that had been cast aside as useless. Will "Alfojoe" kindly say what cement is used, or how the metal eyes are fastened in the back of having a self-acting blowpipe to purchase one of Mr. Cohen (who advertises in this paper), and, by following "Alfojoe's" instructions, they will meet with more making correspondents kindly say what are the most successes than failures. Would our obliging clocknecessary tools for amateur clock cleaners? And, is there any cheap work with the different parts of clocks and watches named and illustrated 1-HOPEFUL. [44701.] Strength of Tubes. Can "Boiler Inspector," or some other correspondent, say why the strains on a tube, when subjected to external pressure, should be so different from those when the tube is subjected to internal pressure! The formule quoted by him show that in the former case the resistance varies as the square of the thickness, whereas, in the latter case, or with a bursting pressure, the resistance varies directly as the thickness of the tube. I notice that the third formula, quoted by your correspondent, gives twelve times greater value for P than does the first. Which is correct? The formula given for strength of corrugated iron is for transverse strains. There are no such strains in a circular firebox; the strains are always in the direction of the tangent to the curve at any point.M.I.C.E. [44702.]-Burning China - Painting.-Will any of ours" tell me how to burn china after I paint it? I cannot get it done here, and I have been a month waiting for a piece sent away. Now, I am a fortnight without another that I want most particularly, and do not know when I shall get it. Also, is any preparation passed over the painting to bring the glaze ! ANNETTE. [44690.]-Bookbinding.-I have a light green calf. [44692.]-Substitute for Glass.-Is there any jelly or other substance with which I can try the optical properties of certain curves which cannot be cut or ground, but must be moulded or pressed! I want to obviate the expense of metal moulds for the glass for experiments.-A. TROTTER. [44693.]-Moulding Glass.-I hear that cast iron and copper are used for moulds for pressed glass. Is the former chipped and polished, and may the latter be thin and backed up ?-A. TROTTER. 144694.]-Perspective.-Would any of your correspondents oblige me with a practicable method of placing architectural objects in perspective on a large scale, in cases where the vanishing and measuring points are at a considerable distance outside of the sheet of paper!J. D. [44703.] Charcoal Siftings. Can anyone charcoal sittings which have come through a siftingscreen, the wires of which are in. apart? I have about 50 tons annually, and am at a loss as to how I can bring it to some practical use. The charcoal is from pine, spruce, and birch, but only a small proportion of the last mentioned. Any information will greatly oblige BRUKSEGARE. [44704.]-A Process for Rendering Chalk Non- Effervescent.-Can any of the E. M. readers inform me of a process to render ordinary powdered chalk non-effervescent when placed in contact with an acid? An answer will greatly oblige-E. P. H. [44705.] Bending Wood.-Can anyone kindly instruct me as to the easiest way of bending a piece of wood for making a tennis racket with? Can any kind of wood be bent to such a curve ?-ALADDIN. 144706.]-Saturn's Satellites.-In using the valuable tables furnished by Professor Marth, and printed in "ours" during the past thirteen months, I detected a singular recurring period or relation subsisting between the five inner satellites occupying about 383 days to complete a cycle, viz : Mimas Tethys Dione ds. hrs. revs. 1 21 3 4 12.4 X 85 = 383 22:0 in which the first column of figures gives the sidereal [44695.1-Cement for Glass and Brass to (44707.)-Seals-Seal-engravers make very sharp impressions in wax. It is easy enough to apply the vermiliondust, but not at all easy to make a beautiful impression. Perhaps some one of your correspondents will kindly put ue in the way of doing this properly. I have a few fine camcoe, and would like to take thoroughly good impres one, so as to make them acceptable to friends in the shape of seals.-ONEGA. [44708.]-Plumbing.-Will Mr. Davies kindly say how a small tap may be put into a lead pipe always full of water? I thought of making a boss into which tap could be screwed, then solder the boss on the lead pipe and bore hole through latter. Is there any better method! CONSTANT SUPPLY. [44709.]-Analysis of Ores by the Electric Method.-Will any practical chemist give me instructions for making a battery suitable for the precipitation and estimation of copper! Also, explain whether the method may be considered accurate. What metals present in solution at the time would be precipitated before, after, or with the copper? Also, whether the same battery can be utilised for three or four assays or one singly. Any hints as regards preparing solutions, &c., will be thankfully received. Ore, copper pyrites 12 to 16 per cent.-AMERICAN. [44710.]-Violin-making.-Can anyone kindly tell me how to get the true intonation of the back and belly (separately) of a violin! And, also, how to get it when the two are fastened together? Also, how to obtain the intonation of the mass of air in a violin? I have heard (4480)-Novelty-Will "Sunlight," or any other that there is an instrument made for the latter purpose. competent correspondent, tell me if it is possible to con- Is it so! In selecting wood for a violin, how should it struct on a small scale a kind of-shall I say musical!-be tested so as to give the correct sound when worked up instrument, conting of a series of steam-whistles into back and belly? Any information will obligearranged in chromatic order, and actuated by a kind of A. E. T. CHESS. ALL Communications for this department must be addressed Chess Editor, 22, Chancery-lane, W.C. PROBLEM DCXCIII.-By J. PIERCE, M.A. Black. White. NOTICES TO CORRESPONDENTS. CORRECT SOLUTIONS to 689 by W. J. Jubb, S. L., W. W. W. A. B. (Pontypridd). - Yours to hand. Will write you, NOTE.-Problem 693 was composed in accordance with the stipulations and conditions that were given for the Huddersfield College Magazime, third Problem Tourney, viz., that certain given pieces were to be employed for both White and Black. It will be remembered the author took the third prize with another ingenious problem. Every Workman connected with the Building Trades requiring a situation should advertise in "THE BUILD ING NEWS," published every FRIDAY, price Fourpence at 31, Tavistock-street, Covent-garden, London, W.C. "THE BUILDING NEWS" is the Principal Journal, repre senting Arcaitects and Builders, and has the largest circulation of any Professional Journal in the kingdom. Every Workman should insist on seeing "THE BUILDING NEWS" every week at his Club or Coffee House. He will find more" Lists of Tenders" for new work in it every week than in any similar paper, and can thus judge where work is likely to be had. He is also specially invited to make use of Intercomwrite to the Editor if he has any suggestions to make and to munication" if he wants to know anything about his trade, to advertise in the paper when he wants work. The charge for Advertisements for Situations is One Shilling for Twenty Words, and Sixpence for every Eight Words after. The English Mechanic AND WORLD OF SCIENCE AND ART. FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 16, 1881. ORNAMENTAL TURNING. I AM induced to make this my next subject, Clarke, who gave me the idea, arranged it arbor and intermediate one, to reverse the in a most satisfactory way to work at the direction; and 16 change-wheels and rear end of the headstock. There are pinions; this is really all that the apparatus very many points in favour of this latter consists of. I have lately introduced a very arrangement-one in particular, and that is convenient joint, by which the sliderest is the facility of being enabled to use the oval attached, and as it admits of the rest being chuck in conjunction with the spiral appa- put to almost any angle, it has been very ratus; as far as simply cutting a screw on an much appreciated by a number of amateur ellipse is concerned, there is no advantage turners who have tried it. I have said mechanically speaking, although one of my sufficient about the apparatus for this paper, clients did argue that he could screw an as I say it will be more fully illustrated and oval box together, and was some little time treated shortly. I will now proceed to exbefore he could see the obstacle to it. For plain how the box, our present illustration, ornamental purposes it is most useful, as I was made. The material is ivory, and the have altered the arrangement, viz., from body of course made from a hollow. I front to back, and the latter is preferred need scarcely say it was a fine piece, seeing by most turners; it is that which I will that it is now, when finished, nearly 44in. briefly explain. The radial arm then ex- diameter. Such ivory, and so near a circle, tends to the front, being fitted to the is not always to be obtained, and I should is different with material that is required for oval work, as most elephant's tusks are of the latter shape, more or less. thing quite different in the shape of the circular grooves seen in illustrations on | strongly advise anyone about to buy ivory spiral apparatus. This is one of the most Lathe-making, and work within the same, not to pass over such a piece, as it will be useful and effective additions an amateur can being held where required by a screw found most advantageous to possess it. It make to his lathe. A brief explanation here with hexagon head, the plain part workwill be of much service, but in a future ing in a semicircular slot and screwed into edition I intend to give illustrations of the the headstock. A second straight arm will whole apparatus itself. It consists of a be also necessary for this apparatus, in Having selected the ivory for body, I radial arm extending from the front of the order to carry a connecting rod to attach cut the desired length off, and chucked lathe-head this was its original form; but the apparatus to the sliderest; a spiral chuck it by the outside in a boxwood chuck, I have now, through the courtesy of General with tangent wheel, single and double fearing that anything in the shape of VOL. XXXIV.-NO. 860. original from which this engraving is taken, it is a very pretty and useful ornament, and one that will not be likely to baffle any amateur turner of limited experience. Upon examination of proof I find the proportions not quite so accurate as might be: the top, for instance, is thicker than in the original, it being a difficult thing to engrave. The original, however, can be had by any amateur that cares to copy it. The illustration will, at the same time, show clearly what the design is, the mode of making, and the tools used. THE PATENT LAWS. a jaw-chuck would pinch it, and so drill for this was an extra large one, and cause it to be out of truth when re- to cut the whole depth it took about six leased from the same; then with a strong cuts, and when all four were done the drill metal-turning sliderest soon turned out the was carefully set and sharpened for each inside, and finding it sound, put it aside, one to finish with. In dividing for the four and select all the ivory for the other parts cuts, it must be the spiral chuck that is that I required. The lid being made in six used, as the mandril revolves, and the pieces, it was no very difficult matter, dividing plate could in no way be of serexcept for the largest piece, which forms vice. Of course, to get a different pitch the first curve; fortunately, I secured of spiral, other change-wheels may be used. a piece off the same tusk as the body, which The next part to proceed with will be the was obliging enough to hold up a little first rim of the lid; this was held in a boxlarger, and so give me sufficient stuff to wood chuck, the fitting having been first work upon. Having the inside turned out made, and the curve turned with the spheriand polished, I had something to work cal sliderest; then with a step-drill of from. For instance, the bottom was turned smaller dimensions, the pattern cut, the in the first place to fit it, and the fitting then 96 division, 2 for each cut; result 48 cuts. formed a means of holding it (the bottom) It will be here noticed that each cut is made IT will be in the recollection of our while the cutting was effected. It will be of a corresponding length, so that stops must readers, as we mentioned it only a few seen that the base is a very slight curve. It be used; being done with, the spherical weeks ago, that the Society of Arts have was, however, done with the spherical slide- being used, the stop on tangent-wheel must drafted a Patents Bill, which they have rest, with a drill spindle and step tool, using be the one brought into play to effect the had printed and circulated with the view of 96 division on dividing plate advancing 2 purpose. The second curve is cut in a similar calling a meeting for its discussion after the holes for each cut; consequently 48 cuts must manner to it, being first fitted to the lower vacation. The British Association has also be the result. Although this was cut as I one, cut with the same drill and a division a Committee appointed to inquire into the say with the spherical sliderest, a pattern of 96, the same as the one previously, working of the existing Patent Laws, and it might be substituted in its place that can be only being of less diameter, the cuts so happens that many of the members of done without such an instrument, and so in are brought closer together. The next the latter Committee are also members of the case of the lid; but having the rest piece will be that upon which a the Society of Arts' Committee: hence when handy when I turned this particular series of small beads are made. These Sir F. Bramwell rose to make his report on box, I brought it into use. What I wish to are done with what is termed an astra- the subject at the recent meeting of the imply is that this specimen may be copied gal bead-tool-that is, flat at the ends, so British Association he had little more to say to a certain extent without the spherical that the superfluous material between the on behalf of the Committee of the Associarest; it is the spiral part that is the feature beads can be removed at the same time. tion than to express the hope that the to be studied in this illustration. Having There are 60 in all, and a division of that Bill put forward by the Society of Arts cut the bottom, the four feet were next number was used for the purpose. It will would lead to a free and open discussion, and set about; here I had four pieces of ivory be observed that between each bead a small enable the committee to make a satisfactory prepared, a recess being turned in the round-nose tool has been inserted; this was report next year. The Government have, bottom of each, to receive a piece of done to simply throw up the bead, as it were, however, intimated their intention of dealing cork; this is to keep it from scratching and make it more effective. with the question as soon as possible, and it a polished table. This recess formed a We now arrive at the deep concave is probable that in the coming session an means of holding the ivory on the chuck, curve at the top; this is done with attempt will be made to introduce an Act and with the help of a little glue they the spherical sliderest, so arranged that which will place the Patent Laws on a more were each secured on a boxwood chuck the bare form is turned with it, and satisfactory footing than they occupy at exactly the same length; the spherical slide- the fixed tool being then removed, is present. By a general consensus of opinion rest was used to turn and ornament them, replaced by the drill-spindle and step- it is recognised that the Patent Laws require a step-drill being used, and the division of drill; the same one was used for this as for revision, and that in the direction of en60 advancing 4 each cut, which will leave the two lower curves. There are 15 cuts couraging patentees. At the beginning of 15 cuts in all. It will be seen that at altogether. The 60 division, taking 4 its last session the Society of Arts appointed the larger diameter the top step is cut at each separate cut, having cut the a committee consisting of its chairman of off to a point. This is caused by the wide long curve, it will be seen that the council, Sir F. Bramwell, Prof. Abel, Mr. difference in diameter and depth of curve. division has been SO adjusted as to Alfred Carpmael, Sir H. Cole, Capt. Douglas The four feet finished, we will proceed to bring the next cut to the centre of the Galton, Mr. W. H. Perkin, Dr. Siemens, turn the body and cut the spiral. The in- space left between the first series. There and Mr. H. T. Wood, and the last named side having been turned out and polished, a are also fifteen cuts around this part, and was requested to tabulate for the inlarge boxwood chuck must be selected and the distance is arranged, as before, by the formation of the committee a statement the ivory carefully fitted to it, and then segment stops on tangent wheel of spherical of the manner in which the various points a little thin glue will again be a safeguard sliderest. I need scarcely point out that are dealt with by the Patent Laws of other against its becoming loose, as the process of the whole of this box is carried out with nations. The Committee, furnished with cutting the spiral is rather a long one, the same kind of drill-viz., the step-drill, this information, considered the questions especially when as deep as that now under nearly from top to bottom. Nothing else which have from time to time been discussed, our notice. The work then being turned has been used, except for the ball on the and drew up instructions for the guidance and polished, it is ready to cut, and the extreme top. To do this the under part was of a Parliamentary draughtsman in the prefirst thing to do will be to arrange the cut with a large step-tool; but, the dia-paration of a Bill, which has since been printed, spiral apparatus. First place on the lathe-meter being so small, a certain amount of and which awaits criticism and discussion head the radial arms, and spiral chuck, the pattern is obliterated. The curves on at the meeting to be called in the autumn. on which place the 144 wheel. This the ball itself were cut with the eccentric The Bill is believed by the Committee to be wheel must now be geared into a cutter, the same being set considerably below to the advantage of the community at large, pinion on double arbor with another the centre of the work. To set the instrument and is such an Act as the Council of the wheel of 120 teeth also on the same arbor. below the centre, it is necessary to lower Society of Arts would pass, if "happily for The straight arm is now put into its the body of the sliderest. This is effected manufacturers and commerce," the Legisplace, and on the revolving arbor which by loosening the binding-bolt, and screw-lature would on this point delegate its is upon it, a pinion of 24 teeth is fixed; the ing the adjusting-ring down; this done, powers to them. The phrase we have quoted sliderest must be brought into its position, the rest will drop. It must be carefully was used by Sir F. Bramwell, and probably and with the universal joint before men- done, and it can be reset to the centre at tioned it is connected to the spiral apparatus. any time. The same division was used As the spiral chuck will be where the divi- for this-60, 4 for each cut, there being 15, sions are taken, it should be carefully set at a single-angle tool, angle of 50° right-hand; zero before anything in the shape of cut is the effect of this tool is very pretty for such taken; the radial arm may be now lowered, work, and may be used in many different so that the wheel with 120 teeth will gear ways. The box, then, is now complete. into the pinion upon the arbor through Just a few hints as to the false bottom may which the connecting rod passes. This be useful. Being made from a hollow piece done, it will be at once seen that by of ivory, it must necessarily have the turning the sliderest handle the work bottom put in. If for home use, boxwood will turn round while the rest traverses will be quite good enough; if for a present, along, so forming a spiral or Elizabethan ivory should be used, and it should be twist. As the pattern is cut clean out at screwed in to fit nicely, and turned off at each end, there will be no necessity for the bottom flush all over, and if a small fluting-stops, and care must be used, as plain filling is left behind the screw, the the drill comes out at each end. The step-joint ought not to be visible. Made as the he alone is responsible for it; but it is certain that although some of the proposals of the Committee may meet with the cordial approval of the majority, there are others which will as certainly be strenu ously opposed. However, the Council are willing to listen to the objections that may be be urged against their Bill, and having duly considered them, will make such alterations as may appear expedient, and will then republish the draft as a Bill which the Council of the Society of Arts would desire to see passed in its entirety. It will be quite soon enough to deal with the details of the Bill when its provisions have undergone the promised criticism and discussion, and it is issued in its revised |