the Seine.

J. HARVEY BLOOM.

and given an annuity of 101. by Charles I.; but in two of his portraits he is decorated with a wreath, which may have deceived Sheppard.

in the writer's memory, had no frames of wood. Slate pencils can hardly have come into use until the period of modern lead pencils, viz., early in the nineteenth century. G. G. L. Leads (not cased in wood) were used as early COLLINGWOOD AND LAWSON (12 S. v. 320). perhaps as the twelfth century. Examples-Dorothy, wife of Alexander Collingwood have been dredged from river-beds, notably of Little Ryle, is stated to have been a daughter of Wilfred Lawson of Brayton, Cumberland. By articles before marriage, dated Feb. 4, 1691, her jointure was secured on Hedgley in the parish of Eglingham. Of Alexander, baptized Sept. 3, 1701, and also the marriage there was issue an only son five daughters, viz.: Jane, wife of Robert Wilkie of Cheswick; Sarah, wife of George Reed of Heathpool; Elizabeth, wife of Benjamin Adams of Acton, all in Northumberland; Dorothy, wife of Andrew Bennet is believed to have died unmarried. of Grubbet, near Jedburgh; and Isabella, who date of Mrs. Collingwood's death has not been ascertained, but her husband died Jan. 3, 1745/6, aged 80. His will is dated

Chaucer mentions the use of slates for writing, and their use (with chalk) for keeping tavern scores is mentioned by later authors. (Being away from home I cannot give the references.) Their use for school purposes was one of the devices invented or adapted by Joseph Lancaster in the Borough Road about 1803. For the success of his plans it essential that education should be cheapened, and a slate which could serve for ever was cheaper than paper which could serve only once. As there were few slates on the market he set up a factory to supply them and the ancillary pencils to his own

was

school and the other monitorial schools which he established. Thence they spread to all elementary and many secondary schools. In spite of the serious educational and sanitary objections to them they continued in use so long as cheapness was a primary consideration. They were generally discarded in the early years of this century, but I believe that they were reintroduced into some schools during the war when paper became scarce and dear.

DAVID SALMON.

ELIZABETHAN GUESSES (12 S. vi. 32).-If Sheppard wrote of Drayton as another Ovid he had good reason. In the preface to 'England's Heroical Epistles' Drayton wrote: "Ovid, whose imitator I partly profess to be." William Alexander's prefatory sonnet says:

That Ovid's soul revives in Drayton now, -almost Sheppard's words. Francis Meeres divides Ovid between Drayton and Shakespeare. Sylvester, near the beginning of his second Divine Week,' appeals to Spenser, Daniel,

And our new Naso that so passionates

Th' heroike sighes of love-sick potentates. 'Arcadie' is more difficult to attach to Drayton; The Shepherd's Sirena' is too short for mention; but the monstrous 'Poly-olbion' cries for it. The description of England there given might well be called Arcadian, with its profusion of nymphs, shepherds, and local deities. As to " Bayes,'

66

Oct. 16, 1744.
Alnwick Castle.

The

J. C. HODGSON.

"CELLARIUS (12 S. v. 319).-Towards 1844 waltzing showed signs of abatement, says Vuillier in his History of Dancing,' and the introduction of the polka brought about an extraordinary revolution in dancing. It was introduced into Paris by M. Cellarius, the famous dancing master, and his school became the sanctuary of this new dance, which owed something of its success to the gold spurs which were looked upon as indispensable for a brilliant polkaist of the male gender. For about four years the Cellarius Polka reigned supreme, but with the coming of the schottische and mazurka it commenced to wane.

ARCHIBALD SPARKE.

[ST. SWITHIN also thanked for reply.] HAMPSHIRE CHURCH BELLS AND THEIR FOUNDERS (12 S. iv. 188, 341; v. 44, 109, 304). Certain particulars mentioned in E. A. Downman's fascinating work on Ancient Church Bells in England' (issued privately by the author in 1898) may throw some light on the mystery of the unknown founder, R. B." Richard Baxter, "the Brasyer," established a famous foundry at Norwich about 1440, and his firm is known to have been in existence in the late sixteenth century. His bells were initialled R. B.; and I. B. may well have been his direct successor, working as late as 1629.

A very large number of bells cast by

by the Empress Elizabeth, and Agnes, Queen: of Hungary, on the spot where, two years. before, their husband and father, the Emperor Albert, was assassinated (Murray's Switzerland,' ed. 1904, p. 455). Both Oftringen and Königsfelden are in the Canton of Aargaw. Murray's 'Switzerland' at p. xcvi identifies Königsfelden with the Roman Vindonissa, but at p. 455 remarks that the name of Vindonissa is " preserved in the village of Windisch," and quotes Gibbon thus :

Within the ancient walls of Vindonissa the castle of Habsburg, the abbey of Königsfeld, and the town of Bruck have successively arisen."

6. In Fanfani's 'Vocabolario della Lingua Italiana' I find, as one of the meanings of the word barone : Titolo che gli antichi davano a' Santi." St. Anthony of Padua is probably the saint intended. He was born at Lisbon. in 1195 and died at Arcella in 1231.

ANNE OF GEIERSTEIN' (12 S. vi. 90).—In his introduction to this novel Scott wrote: "I have to confess on this occasion more violations of accuracy in historical details than can perhaps be alleged against others of my novels." But it was not only in historical details that the author was at fault. Einsiedeln always appears as Einsiedlen, and Pilatus as Mount Pilatre. The legend of Pontius Pilate's suicide as related by Antonio, the Italian-speaking lad “ from the "cousins." He also is made to speak of Grison country," is very different from that" brother Blackburn."

8. When Charles the Bold is made to speak of Margaret of Anjou as his cousin, is anything more meant than that he recognizes her as a reigning queen? All sovereigns are

usually recounted, and "the dismal lake 11. Somewhere abroad I have seen athat occupies the summit " of Pilatus picture called Carità Romana,' representing existed only in Scott's imagination. The site of the pool, now dried up, is on the Bründlen Alp, about ten minutes' descent below the Widderfeld, which is not the highest, but only the third in height, of the seven summits of the ridge. So much to point out that absolute accuracy is not to be found in the novel.

1. In ch. i. Antonio "proceeded to recount the vow which was made by the Knight of Geierstein to Our Lady of Einsiedlen." when in ch. ii. Seignor" Philipson says to Arthur: Our Lady and our Lady's Knight bless thee, &c.," he would seem to be referring to the Knight of Geierstein.

6

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66

a young woman suckling her starving father in prison. The story was originally told about a mother, not a father, and in this earlier form is to be found in Valerius. Maximus (v. 4) and in Pliny (Nat. Hist.,' vii. 36). The change is said to have been made by Festus. I do not remember where I saw the picture; but I think it was by one of the Caracci.

JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

12. The gate with dreadful faces thronged and'
fiery arms

is the last line but five of 'Paradise Lost,'
Milton being inspired probably by Virgil's
Apparent diræ facies, inimicaque Trojæ
Numina magna Deûm.

Ellesmere.

C. R. MOORE.

2. Ischudi is probably a mistake for De Quincey concluded his Confessions of an Tschudi. I know nothing of Albert Tschudi Opium Eater' with quoting Milton's line. or his ballads, but the family is a well-known one in Canton Glarus. Ægidius (Giles) Tschudi (1505-72) was (according to Murray's 'Switzerland') one of the earliest writers on the topography of the Alps and of Switzerland, and the father of Swiss history." 5. Offringen is probably Oftringen, a village to the east of Aarburg; but I know nothing of the hermit. The rich abbey of Königsfeldt," mentioned by Scott in the same chapter is the nunnery of Poor Clares

66

SLATES AND SLATE PENCILS (12 S. vi. 67).—— Within living memory at Eatington, co.. Warwick, the school attached to the Nonconformist chapel used sloping desks filled with sand, to teach scholars the art of writing, the instrument being a pointed stick of wood.

This would seem a natural survival of the use of the stylus, and had at once the

and given an annuity of 101. by Charles I.;
but in two of his portraits he is decorated
with a wreath, which may have deceived
Sheppard.
G. G. L.

in the writer's memory, had no frames of wood. Slate pencils can hardly have come into use until the period of modern lead pencils, viz., early in the nineteenth century. Leads (not cased in wood) were used as early COLLINGWOOD AND LAWSON (12 S. v. 320). perhaps as the twelfth century. Examples-Dorothy, wife of Alexander Collingwood have been dredged from river-beds, notably of Little Ryle, is stated to have been a

the Seine.

J. HARVEY BLOOM.

Chaucer mentions the use of slates for writing, and their use (with chalk) for keeping tavern scores is mentioned by later authors. (Being away from home I cannot give the references.) Their use for school purposes was one of the devices invented or adapted by Joseph Lancaster in the Borough Road about 1803. For the success of his plans it was essential that education should be cheapened, and a slate which could serve for ever was cheaper than paper which could serve only once. As there were few slates on the market he set up a factory to supply them and the ancillary pencils to his own

school and the other monitorial schools which he established. Thence they spread to all elementary and many secondary schools. In spite of the serious educational and sanitary objections to them they continued in use so long as cheapness was a primary consideration. They were generally discarded in the early years of this century, but I believe that they were reintroduced into some schools during the war when paper became scarce and dear.

And our new Naso that so passionates

Th' heroike sighes of love-sick potentates. Arcadie' is more difficult to attach to Drayton; The Shepherd's Sirena' is too short for mention; but the monstrous 'Poly-olbion' cries for it. The description of England there given might well be called Arcadian, with its profusion of nymphs, shepherds, and local deities. As to "Bayes,'

daughter of Wilfred Lawson of Brayton, Cumberland. By articles before marriage, dated Feb. 4, 1691, her jointure was secured on Hedgley in the parish of Eglingham. Of Alexander, baptized Sept. 3, 1701, and also the marriage there was issue an only son five daughters, viz.: Jane, wife of Robert Wilkie of Cheswick; Sarah, wife of George Reed of Heathpool; Elizabeth, wife of Benjamin Adams of Acton, all in Northof Grubbet, near Jedburgh; and Isabella, who umberland; Dorothy, wife of Andrew Bennet is believed to have died unmarried. The been ascertained, but her husband died date of Mrs. Collingwood's death has not Jan. 3, 1745/6, aged 80. His will is dated

"CELLARIUS" (12 S. v. 319).-Towards 1844 waltzing showed signs of abatement, says Vuillier in his History of Dancing,' and the introduction of the polka brought about an extraordinary revolution in dancing. It was introduced into Paris by M. Cellarius, the famous dancing master, and his school became the sanctuary of this new dance, which owed something of its success to the gold spurs which were looked upon as indispensable for a brilliant polkaist of the male gender. For about four years the Cellarius Polka reigned supreme, but with the coming of the schottische and mazurka it commenced to wane.

ARCHIBALD SPARKE.

[ST. SWITHIN also thanked for reply.] HAMPSHIRE CHURCH BELLS AND THEIR

66

FOUNDERS (12 S. iv. 188, 341; v. 44, 109, 304). Certain particulars mentioned in E. A. Downman's fascinating work on Ancient Church Bells in England' (issued privately by the author in 1898) may throw some light on the mystery of the unknown founder, R. B." Richard Baxter, the Brasyer," established a famous foundry at Norwich about 1440, and his firm is known to have been in existence in the late sixteenth century. His bells were initialled R. B.; and I. B. may well have been his direct successor, working as late as 1629.

A very large number of bells cast by

improbable but that an Antelope was on one of the captured colours, and that Col. Harrison obtained Her Majesty's permission for his regiment to bear the badge of an Antelope in commemoration of the event. No documentary evidence has, however, been met with to substantiate the tradition.

"Later in the year, Dec. 7, Lieut.-Col. John Ramsay and about three hundred officers and men of the regiment were made prisoners at Brihuega, when surrounded in a small village by a numerous army, 2,000 brave men were forced to surrender themselves prisoners of war, after a gallant defence, and consigned to surveillance and prison; but their honour was preserved untarnished." TOUJOURS PRET.

ANNE OF GEIERSTEIN' (12 S. vi. 90).—In his introduction to this novel Scott wrote: "I have to confess on this occasion more violations of accuracy in historical details than can perhaps be alleged against others of my novels." But it was not only in historical details that the author was at fault. Einsiedeln always appears as Einsiedlen, and Pilatus as Mount Pilatre. The legend of Pontius Pilate's suicide as related by Antonio, the Italian-speaking lad "from the Grison country," is very different from that usually recounted, and "the dismal lake that occupies the summit of Pilatus existed only in Scott's imagination. The site of the pool, now dried up, is on the Bründlen Alp, about ten minutes' descent below the Widderfeld, which is not the highest, but only the third in height, of the seven summits of the ridge. So much to point out that absolute accuracy is not to be found in the novel.

1. In ch. i. Antonio " proceeded to recount the vow which was made by the Knight of Geierstein to Our Lady of Einsiedlen.' So when in ch. ii. Seignor" Philipson says to Arthur: Our Lady and our Lady's Knight bless thee, &c.," he would seem to be referring to the Knight of Geierstein.

66

66

by the Empress Elizabeth, and Agnes, Queen of Hungary, on the spot where, two years before, their husband and father, the Emperor Albert, was assassinated (Murray's Switzerland,' ed. 1904, p. 455). Both Oftringen and Königsfelden are in the Canton of Aargaw. Murray's 'Switzerland' at p. xcvi identifies Königsfelden with the Roman Vindonissa, but at p. 455 remarks that the name of Vindonissa is preserved in the village of Windisch," and quotes. Gibbon thus: :

66

"Within the ancient walls of Vindonissa the castle of Habsburg, the abbey of Königsfeld, and the town of Bruck have successively arisen.'

66

6. In Fanfani's 'Vocabolario della Lingua Italiana ' I find, as one of the meanings of the word barone : Titolo che gli antichi davano a' Santi." St. Anthony of Padua is probably the saint intended. He was born at Lisbon in 1195 and died at Arcella in 1231.

8. When Charles the Bold is made to speak of Margaret of Anjou as his cousin, is anything more meant than that he recognizes her as a reigning queen? All sovereigns are ' cousins.' He also is made to speak of "brother Blackburn."

11. Somewhere abroad I have seen გ. picture called Carità Romana,' representing a young woman suckling her starving father in prison. The story was originally told about a mother, not a father, and in this. earlier form is to be found in Valerius. Maximus (v. 4) and in Pliny ('Nat. Hist.,' vii. 36). The change is said to have been made by Festus. I do not remember where I saw the picture; but I think it was by one of the Caracci.

JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT.

12. The gate with dreadful faces thronged and!

fiery arms

is the last line but five of Paradise Lost,'
Milton being inspired probably by Virgil's
Apparent diræ facies, inimicaque Troja
Numina magna Deûm.

De Quincey concluded his Confessions of an
Opium Eater' with quoting Milton's line.

Ellesmere.

C. R. MoORE.

2. Ischudi is probably a mistake for Tschudi. I know nothing of Albert Tschudi or his ballads, but the family is a well-known one in Canton Glarus. Ægidius (Giles) Tschudi (1505-72) was (according to Murray's 'Switzerland') one of the earliest writers SLATES AND SLATE PENCILS (12 S. vi. 67).— on the topography of the Alps and of Within living memory at Eatington, co.. Switzerland, and the father of Swiss history." | Warwick, the school attached to the 5. Offringen is probably Oftringen, a Nonconformist chapel used sloping desks village to the east of Aarburg; but I know filled with sand, to teach scholars the art of nothing of the hermit. The rich abbey of writing, the instrument being a pointed stick Königsfeldt," mentioned by Scott in the of wood. This would seem a natural survival same chapter is the nunnery of Poor Clares of the use of the stylus, and had at once the

66