seatic department made a good show of furniture, among which were some excellent articles in oak and an inlaid table, by Werner and Pighlein.. In cane summer-house furniture, Saxony, the Hanse Towns, and other parts of the Confederacy vie with each other. Here, too, was the vulcanite statue of Arminius, already described at page 184.

From Berlin were coloured glass chandeliers, with imitations of grapes and vine-leaves, of striking beauty. In the Bavarian collection Steigerwald's show of cut crystal and coloured glass was very fine and there was among it a service of gilded glass, almost equal to Bohemian. Of iron-work and cutlery, brass ornaments and lamps, there was also a fine display. Germany did not fail at this juncture to set out a vast mass of cheap toys for "the juveniles of all nations." The Germans supply the rising generation with the best or at least cheapest playthings, and by producing the best-contrived, or at least most widelyspread, educational works and methods. In point of toys you would say that the whole of Germany is little more than a nation of overgrown children. For cheapness of production the Zollverein exhibitors stood almost unequalled. For instance, in the Würtemburg Court there were some pretty little inlaid tables, priced at 9s. 8d., of which the exhibitors sold many dozens. Here, too, were shown some flexible ornamental table-mats of wood, which are sold at 8s. the dozen. But the marvels of cheapness were certainly the oil-coloured prints from Munich, for effect hardly inferior to oil-paintings, yet the price for a good-sized print was only 18s. Some of the best photographs in the Exhibition were to be found here: the full-length portraits were very warmly praised by the best judges; but the specimens of the art which probably attracted most attention were the photographs from Kaulbach's famous Beauties of Goethe.

From Pfarzheim was sent a large display of gold and jewellery, remarkable for its cheapness and lightness of design; and here was a great show of clocks from the Black Forest.

Bavaria sent some of its celebrated hops; but more noticeable was a case of impressions of seals and coats of arms, engraved by Kirubeck, of Munich: the beauty and sharpness of the engraving were much admired.

Bremen contributed some chased and embossed silver-work in the genuine old German style; but the chief display was Forguignon's show of lace, so arranged as to form a room. Next came wicker-work furniture from Hamburg; and then from the Duchies of Mecklenburg and Strelitz, some furniture, a carriage, and a pair of oak folding-doors.

The Mining Products* from the several States were arranged in systematic order: amongst them was a pillar of rock-salt, remarkable for its purity, from Stapfurth, near Magdeburg. The machinery and iron and steel manufactures included some remarkable castings from Krupp's foundry in Westphalia; a cannon

*See also "Minerals from the Zollverein," p. 84.

of cast-steel; and a locomotive engine from Berlin. The iron foundries from Berlin and Hanover sent some large ornamental works in bronze, and the latter two colossal couchant lions. There were also shown pantographs used for executing guilloche works on printing rollers and copper-plates. A collection of models of ploughs of every century, from the Academy at Hohenheim, was very interesting. Amongst the musical instruments were an orchestrion belonging to the Grand Duke of Baden; pianofortes from Leipsic and Berlin; and a large display of harmoniums from Stuttgart.

HUNGARY.

In spite of the sore discouragement of political influence, we had in the Exhibition, a "collective exhibition, systematically arranged, of raw produce of the kingdom of Hungary, with statistical notices, and illustrated with photographic representations of the places most in renown for wine culture, of national costume, races of cattle, and agricultural implements of Hungary," by Vincent Jauko.

This collection formed the nucleus of the Hungarian exhibition. First were photographs of the national costumes of the different districts, each of which keeps up its own traditional dress, which becomes, as it were, a visible sign of the municipal spirit which forms the very essence of Hungarian national life.

But more than the costumes, the type of those who wear them claims interest, for few indeed are the countries where the lower classes can be compared in independent bearing and manly expression to the specimens of the people which we have there before our eyes.

Only a few hundred square feet were allowed, in which to set forth the riches of a country, boasting above all its bulky national productions: grain, wine, minerals, wool, hemp, flax, silk, tobacco, &c. Yet this was done, by a crowd of samples. Handfuls of wheat, barley, rye, oats, &c., stood there for a yearly production of 20,000,000 quarters of grain, more than one-third of which is available for exportation. A few leaves of tobacco represented 2,000,000 cwt. of tobacco, which are grown in good years. Two little glass barrels of wine were the samples of 300,000,000 gallons of wine a year. Little bits of wood, a few inches long, represented 4000 English square miles of forests, from which well-nigh 20,000,000 cubic feet of timber are exported yearly. Little pieces of bacon and lard stood there as the representatives of 8,000,000 hogs, the few specimens of flax and hemp for 1,500,000 cwt. of yearly production, the few handfuls of rape and hempseed for about 500,000 quarters yearly, more than one-half of which is exported, the few fleeces for above 15,000,000 sheep, and so on.

But in no case is it more difficult to carry away an adequate idea of the production from the few samples which the limited space admitted than in the specimens of ore, coal, and metal which were shown as illustrating the mining wealth of a country which in

cludes almost all metals known-above all, gold, silver, copper, iron, antimony, sulphur, coal, and saltpetre.

The productions of the porcelain manufactory at Herénd, were a successful imitation of Japanese and Chinese porcelain, especially in small fancy articles, such as tête-à-tête tea and coffee

services.

Such were the principal articles shown in the Hungarian Court: but there were several others scattered and mixed up with productions of the same kind exhibited by the other countries of the Austrian empire; the native wine-merchants contriving to group themselves near each other.

RUSSIA.

The Russian Court presented an exceedingly fine display, complete and interesting of its kind. Its front was decorated with some noble works, in green jasper, and violet porphyry. One of these was a magnificent Vase five feet in diameter, with the handles richly ornamented with delicately sculptured faces; another was a Candelabrum 17 feet high. The materials for these fine works were found in Siberia, where they were wrought to perfection entirely by hand-labour; the toil of years. The porphyry vase, for instance, had a Russian inscription upon it, stating that it was commenced in 1856, and only finished at the close of 1860, though this, in comparison with other works of the same kind, was speedily accomplished; for in the Hermitage, at St. Petersburg, is one magnificent vase of jasper which it took no less than 25 years of uninterrupted hand-labour to carve and polish. Another candelabrum was carved out of blocks of lapis-lazuli, which has lately been found in comparatively large quantities in Eastern Siberia. There were also large blocks of graphite and other mineral products of that little-known region. We missed those grand ornaments in malachite which formed so great an attraction in 1851 there were only a few large lumps of the material, in its natural state, but polished on the surface and sides.

The choice specimens of pietra-dura mosaic, which were not to be surpassed by any in the Building, were the productions of Russian artists who were sent to Italy by the Emperor Nicholas in 1845 to study the art; and the exquisite taste and delicate workmanship displayed in these works proved that the pupils were already worthy competitors of their masters. The masterpieces were a cabinet and a jewel casket, contributed by the Empress, and nothing could exceed the skill with which the natural colours of the stones-ruby, carnelian, nephrite, malachite, chalcedon, agate, and jasper-were blended together in the lovely groups of flowers with which they were ornamented. The nephrite vase is the largest object which has yet been manufactured from this new substance. The mosaics in the Byzantine style were of equal excellence.

The Imperial Glassworks exhibited some beautiful specimens of

ornamental glass, among which was a superb turquoise blue and white vase, ornamented with ruby beads in the Moresque style. The Imperial china manufactory exhibited three large porcelain vases one painted after Greuze, the other two with likenesses of John Locke and Inigo Jones. The déjeuner services also deserve notice: one was ornamented with portraits of various persons belonging to the Romanoff family, and another with quaint paintings in the old Russian style. Among the chief attractions of the department were the elaborately-finished bronzes of Lieberih and Baron Clodt.

One of the most curious and characteristic portions of the Exhibition was the collection of church Plate, such as Communion cups, crosses, and jewelled bindings for the New Testament. Most of these articles belong to the Grand Duke Nicholas, and the precious stones with which they are adorned were the property of the late Empress Dowager. Goobkin, of St. Petersburg, showed plate in quite a different style, and among them was a binding in silver repoussé work which deserves high commendation.

Turning to the industrial arts, we had samples of the clothing of almost every rank of society, and all the various nationalities of the Russian empire. The wild Bashkirs and Caucasian mountaineers showed their home-made cloth of camel and goats' hair; and the Cossack women exhibited shawls of the fine goats' hair as light as a cobweb. The manufacturers made a very full display of cloth, alpaca, and worsted goods. The Moscow manufacturers sent a very interesting collection of goods manufactured for the Chinese markets. The worsted manufacture was represented by Armand, Goochkof, and Schepeler, who showed alpaca, merino, &c., of very beautiful colours. Russia proved herself to have made a remarkable progress in Calico-printing since 1851: the Turkey-red, produced from the madder marena, was admirable. Prokorof showed cotton prints intended for the markets of Central Asia; and Madame Baranova exhibited the red stuffs and chintzes so highly prized by the Russian peasants. The splendid gold and silver brocades and the rich furniture silks sent by Sapojnikof were great attractions. In leather, Russia maintained her ancient prominence: there were specimens here of pretty nearly every article which can be manufactured of leather,-boots and shoes of every pattern, portmanteaus, bags, &c. One of the chief novelties of this Department were the boots exhibited by M. Hübner, of small strips of plaited leather, which make a light elastic material, very agreeable for summer wear. In the display of magnificent furs also and skins of all sorts, Russia was conspicuous: there were two splendid sea-otter skins which were worthy to be compared with any in the Building. A complete collection of the vegetable produce of all the provinces of Russia, including cotton grown in the Caucasus, was contributed by the agricultural department.

There was scarcely one department in the Exhibition which was more successful in a commercial point of view than the Rus

X

sian. Very few of the articles shown here returned to Russia, for most of them were bought at good prices; and, in addition to that, Russian exhibitors have made openings in the English market which may be expected to be most profitable to them hereafter.-Abridged from the Times.

ITALY.

The Kingdom of Italy contributed an extensive collection of Minerals, highly interesting, especially in reference to ores of copper and lead. It contained beautiful and characteristic examples of specular ore from Tuscany, of brown ore and spathose carbonate from various districts. The vicinity of Bergamo will be remembered as classic ground in the history of iron-smelting.

The Italians, with their true artistic instincts, in their exhibition of articles made rare excellence their rule of selection. Thus, from Castellani's magnificent establishment at Rome were sent some five dozen specimens of his reproduction of the gold trinkets of the ancients-from models of the Greek, Etruscan, Roman, early Christian, Byzantine, Medieval, and Cinque-cento styles. Of these articles none was more attractive than the beautiful crown or diadem from Cuma, a Grecian piece of workmanship made on purpose for this Exhibition, the original of which is in the Campana collection-a minute tissue of gold and coloured gems. There was also a variety of wreaths, necklaces, earrings, bracelets, and other ornaments, Greek, Etruscan, and Roman; and a jewelcasket in the latter-named style, bearing the name of Mundus Muliebris, and containing all the trinkets belonging to a fine lady's toilet in the best peroid of Roman art-wreath, bracelets and comb, hair-pins, rings for every day in the week, winter and summer rings, earrings: and a mysterious tiny pot in lapis-lazuli, supposed to contain a secret spell for ensuring the imperishable freshness of the lady's complexion. Still more interesting than these ancient specimens were the early Christian and Byzantine brooches, mosaic crosses, and other devices. Besides the classic jewellery, Castellani contributed the very tasteful sword of honour presented by the Romans to King Victor Emmanuel. This sword formed the most beautiful ornament in a trophy of other fine weapons, surmounted by a bust of the King of Italy, and by a wreath of enamelled oak-leaves, subscribed for by the ladies of Italy in commemoration of General Cialdini's achievements at the siege of Gaëta. Next to these specimens of goldsmiths' and jewellers' work, the filigree silver-work of Genoa deserves honourable mention.

Some rich and varied samples of porcelain manufacture were sent by the Marquis Ginori from his factory at Doccia, in the district of Sesto, six miles from Florence. This manufactory dates from the year 1735, and rose at the same time as the Royal establishment at Sèvres, about a quarter of a century after the first