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as low in the cultivated judgment of our Continental neighbours. None of our printers' ornaments will stand comparison with those put forth in the exquisite pattern-books of Paris or Vienna.

There were shown two samples of what may be called the extremes of printing-one the New Testament printed on a single sheet of paper, exhibited by Collins, of Glasgow. The print is, of course, exceedingly small, but wonderfully clear. Unless, however, a reduction in the price of the book is to follow the reduction in the size of the type, we can scarcely see its use. Mackenzie, of Glasgow, on the other hand, showed a magnificent illustrated Bible of the largest size. This work has been set up entirely by a Type-composing machine; the paper and print are both beautiful, and the illustrations are furnished by Frith's admirable photographs of the Holy Land.

Miss Emily Faithfull, of the Victoria Press, Coram-street, showed " a specimen of Printing by Women:" the work is neat and tasteful.

Clay, Son, and Taylor, of Bread-street-hill, exhibited specimens of their admirable printing of Wood-engravings; and to them was most deservedly awarded a Prize Medal. They were likewise the printers of a considerable portion of the Illustrated Official Catalogue.

Probably the most curious feature of this Department was the collection of Trübner and Co., of Paternoster-row, consisting of their Russian publications. From information supplied, it appears that the Russian press, the first ever introduced into that country, was established in 1853; and so signal seems to have been its success, that it boasts now of more than fifty original works, which have exercised an enormous influence on the development of Russian affairs. The works hitherto produced are of a political, historical, literary, and theological character. We remark among them the first volume of a Russian Bible containing the complete Pentateuch. It should be remembered that the Russian Church never allowed the Bible to be translated into the vernacular, and all honour is, therefore, due to Mr. Trübner for having been the first to do what one would have thought to be the peculiar province of the British and Foreign Bible Society. The books are all very creditably got up, paper and printing being very excellent—indeed, it is reported that the London Russian type has become the model from which modern native Russian founts are being cast.

Mr. Austin, of Hertford, exhibited some well-printed specimens of Oriental books: when the East India College was near Hertford, Mr. Austin was constantly employed to print Sanscript works.

There were some good specimens of Whittingham's Printing among the Books exhibited by Bell and Daldy; but the best printed book in the Exhibition was in the Austrian Department.

Among the Writing Inks was Blackwood's Jesoline, the colour of which, being held in solution, never deposits, and the ink therefore does not get thick. Messrs. Hyde showed excellent Black Ink,

and Marking-Ink; remarkably good Sealing-wax; and a Clamp Copying Apparatus, of novel construction.

Black-Lead and Coloured Pencils were exhibited. Brookman and Langdon still maintain their position in the first rank, and they have reduced the price from 6d. to 3d. each. Mr. B. S. Cohen showed a Pencil-making Machine at work in the Exhibition, and his Drawing Pencils show as many as twelve varieties of hardness or colour. Banks and Co., Keswick, who use the celebrated Borrowdale lead in its native state, also exhibited a great variety of pencils of every description. Melville's Solid Red Ink deserves notice, so also Messrs. Wolff's Coloured Crayons in Cedar; and in the Foreign Courts was to be seen how far the pencil manufacture can be carried, and at what prices the pencils may be obtained. Grossberger and Kurz, of Nuremberg, manufacture pencils the full length, which they sell at the very low rate of 1s. 1d. the gross.

In Steel Pens English manufacturers reigned supreme. We had not only the well-known names of Gillott, Mitchell, and Perry, but the comparatively unknown firms of Hinks and Co., Myers, Schelhorn, Turner, and Sommerville; all of whom exhibited pens and holders of a much larger variety than most persons who use a pen could believe possible. Here, for instance, is the description of those exhibited by Sommerville and Co., Birmingham, who alone have 708 different kinds, scarcely one of which is known in this country; yet they are not only equal to the general average, but some are of a very superior make, besides possessing more than average elegance. Here is the characteristic description they give of their several kinds of Pens :

Our pattern card shows 708 different kinds of pens, all of current sale in the Continental countries of Europe, where our business lies. In the counter case we exhibit our series of Carbonized Pens, most of which have been registered, and the Gilt-pointed Pens, of which we are the inventors and sole makers. These pens are of the very highest finish, and are not surpassed by any made in England and France for material and general workmanship. Amongst these pens we mention especially: the Patent Regulator Pen-a pen which can be made hard or soft at will, by moving the slide up or down the pen, the Fountain Spear-pointed Pen, known as the Alfred Pen, the Classical Pen, the original St. George, the Humboldt Pens, and the Constantinople Pens. All the above have been invented by us, as well as the celebrated Fleury and Emanuel Pen, represented in our series by Nos. 2120 and 2330.

All the above pens are put in very nice special boxes; and we have also brought out of late the Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel, the Pope's, the Russian Emancipation Pens; the boxes of which have a steel engraving of these historical persons on. Still the gross of these last pens to the wholesale trade is 1s. net only. Our pens are as well known on the Continent as Gillott's in England, but hitherto we have not tried for a home trade. We also show in the Exhibition a Pen Machine, viz., a large pen model, showing the action of our Regulator Pen by clock-work.

Playing Cards were exhibited by Goodall and Sons, Camden Town; and by Reynolds and Sons, Vere-street, who have contrived some cards for the use of the blind; the pips being cut out and mounted on ordinary cards, so as to stand out in relief. They

have also some other varieties said to be much liked by players. Mr. Owen Jones sent some beautifully-ornamented backs, which he designed for Delarue.

To the assemblage of choice examples of Colour-printing Leighton Brothers, of Milford-house, Strand, contributed a collection of their Chromatic Prints, such as are occasionally given away with the numbers of the Illustrated London News. Of some of these prints as many as 230,000 copies have been printed. Nearly all of them contain from twelve to fifteen colours, and have to be passed through the machine once for each colour they contain, so that the machine is used nearly 5,000,000 times to get the required number. The two large prints issued with the above journal, August 30th, 1862, representing the Opening of the Exhibition, and Minton's Majolica Fountain, are beautifully executed.

The Leightons, of Buckingham-street, also showed Woodengravings and Processes connected with Printing Surfaces.

In Printing Surfaces the Electro-block Company showed their most ingenious process of enlarging and reducing blocks. This, with Mr. W. J. Linton's Kerographic Process and Mr. Wallis's new art of Auto-typography, illustrated one among the very many attempts to effect that long-sought desideratum-an effective metallic relief produced without engraving.* The makers of the bank-note paper and printers of the bank-notes for the Bank of England showed some valuable and interesting specimens of Notepaper, Bank-notes, Stamps, &c. Bradbury and Wilkinson exhibited minute engravings for the prevention of forgeries in notes; and the exquisite specimens of the Nature-printed Books produced by the late Henry Bradbury were also shown-an honour to any country.

The specimens of Lithographs and Chromo-lithographs, shown by Day and Sons, Rowney, Vincent, and Hanhart, were among the finest that have ever been displayed. It is difficult even for the most practised eye to detect the difference between some of the best specimens of these and carefully finished water-colours. Rowney showed a very fine one of the cave beneath the Holy Rock at Jerusalem, copied from Carl Haag's picture, taken for the Queen.

* Kerography is a new process, invented by Mr. W. J. Linton, to take the place of Engraving on Wood. It has the advantages of wood-engraving without its disadvantages; can be worked at hand-press or machine, with type or without; costs less than wood-engraving in production, as little as woodengraving in printing, and is even more durable. Wood-engravings are, at best, only translations-and generally very imperfect translations-of the artist's drawing on the block. By the new process, which is a secret, an engraving is necessarily a facsimile, even to the minutest touch, of the draughtsman's work. Where an artist's manner is of any value, the new process is superior; capable, also, of giving greater delicacy, and very much more minuteness and elaboration. As Mr. Linton is the most artistic engraver of his day, the above statement by him may be received with confidence. It is accompanied by specimens of the New Process, applied to a variety of subjects: they are of great beauty, delicacy, and characteristic expression.

On a screen was hung a wonderfully vigorous picture representing Her Majesty's ship Agamemnon, with the Atlantic cable on board, in the hurricane on the night of the 21st of June, 1857. The artist, Mr. E. Concanen, has selected the moment when, with her coals and boats adrift, her cable shifting, and screw-guard broken, the noble ship was in the crisis of her distress. The tremendous nature of her difficulties, the rush of wind and sea, are given in Mr. Concanen's picture with such a force and truth to nature as we have never yet seen in any mere drawing of a storm at sea. The process by which the waves are rendered with such clear and terrible distinctness is a secret of the artist: this picture was shown to the Prince Consort just before his fatal illness commenced, and his approval of the artist's merits was expressed in high terms of admiration.

BOOKBINDING.

One of the finest cases of Bookbindings in the Building was shown by J. and J. Leighton. This contained some magnificent specimens of tooled books in the modern medieval and antique style. There is a richness, solidity, and good work about these books to which nothing in the art bore comparison except the costly volumes from Vienna. They had a large show of extra leather bindings, &c. ; of processes connected with the restoration of many portions of books-as copper and wood-cut illustrations; also letterpress, produced by them in MS., fac-simile; plates (reduced from folio to 8vo. size) produced by the photo-zincographic process; likewise samples of paper-splitting, which is often very useful in bookbinding. They also showed choice book-plates produced for various literary collectors.

The extra bookbinders showed a very fine collection, especially in the most elaborate kinds of hand-tooled works. In publishers' works in the neat cloth binding which is so peculiarly our own that it is known abroad under the title of toile Anglaise, we stand unrivalled. Both for design and rapid execution of this work, Leighton and Hodge, Bone, and Westleys held their own against all comers. Leighton, Son, and Hodge's work displayed most artistic skill combined with some special excellences: amongst the items most noteworthy, were "The Sermon on the Mount," the largest block ever engraved or worked in gold in one piece. The arming press by which the impression was made, is the most powerful in the world: it weighs upwards of ten tons. This firm was the first to introduce for the ornamentation and lettering of books, aluminium. The designs of Owen Jones, Luke Limner, and others have within a few short years worked a complete revolution in this branch of art-manufacture. The Annuals, it will be recollected, were beautiful specimens of binding in silk; but it was reserved for their successors, the Illustrated Gift-books,

principally of standard literature, to bring out the tasteful talent of our binders in cloth and other ornamental processes and designs. A case of these illustrated and illuminated gift-books, of great merit, was shown by Griffith and Farran.

Of Foreign Bookbinding we have space to say but little. M. Schavy exhibited some books, mostly from the Royal Belgian Library, and representing the highest state of the bookbinder's art in that country: some are good reproductions of old styles, but the morocco-bound books were not superior to English.

In matters of taste and delicacy of manipulation, the French are in advance of us; as exemplified in M. Engelmann's large volume bound in red morocco, inlaid with dark green; and a square volume in green morocco, inlaid with small dice of orange and yellow. In clasping, the French likewise excel. MM. Maine and Son, of Tours, showed a copy of La Touraine, unique, and one of the most beautiful vellum books in the world: the plates are like sheets of ivory: binding, morocco, inlaid.-See the Bookseller, for its really useful Reports upon this branch.

EDUCATIONAL WORKS AND APPLIANCES.

It was judiciously intended by the Committee to whom the Educational Department of the Exhibition was intrusted that the contributions to it sent by the various countries should be in juxtaposition; to insure their being seen and compared with greater facility. But the Foreign Commissioners determined upon keeping each educational collection separate: nevertheless, we shall : describe the more noteworthy objects of the several collections in one group.

The British Educational Collection was not very extensive; but this was not the fault of the contributors, since fifteen times as much space was demanded by them as could be granted. The books exhibited were numerous and well chosen; some eminent publishers sent their most approved Educational Works. The various wellknown educational institutions showed what they have done in providing books and requisites of a useful and convenient description. There were books for the blind, and untearable books for children; excellent Maps, and a Projection of the two Hemispheres, representing the globular form of the earth in such a way as to prevent or remove the usual crude ideas of young persons on the point. Of the many good Globes which were exhibited that of Macintosh, made of India-rubber, seemed to be the most convenient; when not inflated it occupies very little space.

Mr. John Curwen, of Plaistow, exhibited books and diagrams on the Tonic Sol-fa method. About the year 1812 Miss Glover, the daughter of a clergyman of the Church of England, commenced teaching children to sing by means of a "Musical Ladder" and a simple notation of letters taken from that ladder. At the close of

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