to the stations and houses of the fire- they get into congenial society, or capbrigade and police, the latter being in ital fighters in any small native war, charge of the burning buildings, keep- should occasion arise. The Kaffirs are ing the crowd out, and helping them- daily arrested by scores for being in selves lavishly. Again, the head warder town without a proper pass, or written of the gaol, a huge Dutchman, was authority, good for a month, value one sentenced the other day to some small shilling. Now the blacks cannot read, inadequate punishment for stealing and the Zarps themselves (ZARP, on many hundred pounds' worth of money their tunic, stands for South African and property from prisoners in the Republic Police) in many cases can course of a year or two. It is easy make only a very poor attempt at it; enough to take the money of a prisoner so as the revenue accruing from the who is inside, safe for a long term of fines is very great, and the black prison years-some are arrested with very labor from those who cannot pay is large sums on their persons-and also very valuable, it can be imagined that in cases where the prisoner is too drunk the poor Kaffir has a bad time. Comto remember what he ought to have plaints are frequent of the sapient had with him when arrested. Zarps trying to read passes upside Jovial tramps-"on the wallaby" is down, tearing and throwing away valid the classical term in South Africa-passes and swearing the bearer had these there always are, mostly Irish, who put in their winters in gaol, and in summer beg and steal their way for hundreds of miles, working a little here and there at the farms they pass, but, poor fellows, knowing no trade, and happy with a blanket, some mealiemeal, and a "billy" for cooking or drinking water. They are worse off than Kaffirs, who know roots and fruits good to eat on the veldt as they pass. Reckless, broken-down gentlemen, too, are not infrequent, and may be met scores of miles from any house, striding on in a few rags, two-thirds of a pair of boots, and a "Hallo, comrade, whither away?" to any one they meet in similar case. Desperate and successful criminals these make when none (for a Kaffir's word is taken as nothing against a policeman's), etc. Your Dutch policeman is simply a raw illiterate Boer taken from a backward farm, scarcely able to read and write his mother tongue, and speaking usually just a smattering of English. He is drilled a little in a backyard, and placed on beat duty, but his knowledge of police duties is "nil," and miserably paid; and he is constantly striking to get pay which has been long since due to him from his lethargic superiors, a curious anomaly altogether in an upto-date English speaking city like Johannesburg. A few Englishmen, however, have been taken into the detective department, by whom all the important duty in the repression of crime is done. is easily fed, too, but it is a puzzle how the little ones escape being eaten alive. A month ago, says a traveller, writing to a religious contemporary, I found in my net a number of Chromis Simonis without eyes. Others of the species, when I lifted them up, dropped a number of little fishes out of their mouths, which swam away hastily. Curious Fish in Lake Galilee.-In the | guarded against its natural enemies; it Sea of Galilee-or Lake Tiberias, as it is often called-there is a strange fish named the Chromis Simonis, which is more careful of its young than fish generally are. The male fish takes the eggs in its mouth and keeps them in his natural side pockets, where they are regularly hatched, and remain until able to shift for themselves. By this ingenious arrangement the brood is comparatively II. THE PRINCIPLES OF MISS MEHITABEL, Cornhill Magazine, National Review, Fortnightly Review, Blackwood's Magazine, 259 IV. THE STORY OF AN AMATEUR REVOLU- VI. CANDOR IN BIOGRAPHY. Ward, VII. THE THAMES OF THE PAST. By Alfred PUBLISHED EVERY SATURDAY BY LITTELL & CO., BOSTON. TERMS OF SUBSCRIPTION. For SIX DOLLARS remitted directly to the Publishers, the LIVING AGE will be punctually for warded for a year, free of postage. Remittances should be made by bank draft or check, or by post-office money-order, if possible. If neither of these can be procured, the money should be sent in a registered letter. All postmasters are obliged to register letters when requested to do so. Drafts, checks, and money-orders should be made payable to the order of LITTELL & CO. Single copies of the LIVING AGE, 15 cents. IS CANADA LOYAL? Is Canada loyal? Who dares to ask? Ducts for some colorless fluid, or red with The bosom of all the earth from Plassey to Krugersdorp Plains? Blood that is hot from the North, fresh with the salt of the sea, Strong with the strength of sires who have never been aught but free, True with the truth of those whose creed has been Loyalty. We who have won you a world from the Through the Land of Lakes from the East I doubt if others think the same, Or even wish to share my thoughtThat men were foolish who have sought To leave a never-dying name. When thou hast run thine earthly race, Thy poor remains will rest as well, Fret not thyself but heaven thank If all the good that thou canst do, Be thankful if but one true heart Have we seemed to forget? Here where Of knowing what it is to part. From Blackwood's Magazine, I. In of the history of Richard Coeur-deLion's Crusade, as told in the verses of his own chaplain and follower, Ambrose the priest? All other discoveries in crusading matters are, however, thrown into the shade by that of M. Hartwig Derenbourg, the distinguished son of Dr. Joseph Derenbourg, the Nestor of French Orientalists.1 This scholar, while working at the Arabic manuscripts in the Escurial, noticed more than one volume made up of the débris of tattered books. One of these miscellaneous volumes contained, amongst other matter, a single quire_originally of ten leaves-written in an early thirteenth-century hand. This quire was numbered as the eighth, so that evidently seven other quires, or seventy leaves, must be missing. A cursory examination of the text showed M. Derenbourg that he had stumbled. on a work dealing with crusading times. Here he found a curse invoked upon the invading Franks; there he found dates corresponding to 1137 and 1153 of our Christian era; while elsewhere he could read the names of familiar personages, such as Ibn As Sallar, the famous vizier of Egypt, and his stepson, the illfated Abbas. M. Derenbourg's quire consisted of only nine leaves (instead of ten), and of these nine leaves only eight were consecutive; between the eighth leaf and the ninth there was a gap. This ninth leaf proved the key for unlocking the whole problem as to the authorship of the work and its scribe; and another quire wound up with a colophon declaring that the scribe had written out the volume at the direction of his grandfather Murhaf, "the perfect chief, the friend of kings and sultans." The book was the autobiography of Murhaf's own father, the The present century has seen the discovery of many manuscripts of the greatest importance, and this not merely in the provinces of theology and classical learning, but also in that of mediæval history. Every one knows how Constantine Tischendorf's lucky arrival in the Monastery of St. Catherine on Mount Sinai saved what is perhaps the oldest manuscript of the Greek New Testament from destruction by fire; and how, only two years ago, from the same treasure-house of antiquity, Mrs. Lewis recovered a still earlier Syriac palimpsest of the same work, concealed under the "superscripture" of a comparatively modern Martyrology. Most people, too, whether Biblical scholars or not, know something of the romance attending the discovery of the long-lost "Diatessaron" of Tatian in the library at the Vatican; and how the sands of Egypt have, hardly ten years ago, yielded up the apocryphal Gospel of St. Peter. matters classical, too, it is much the same. Thousands of people who are not, in any sense of the word, classical scholars have heard how the ruins of Egyptian cities have given us fragments of the Iliad in a handwriting some two or three centuries before Christ, and large portions of the longlost poems of Herondas. Yet hardly any one, save a professed mediavalist here and there, knows of the romance attending the discovery of medieval documents; how the history of the tenth century has had to be almost rewritten owing to the discovery of the "autograph" of the work of the tenth-century historian Richer; or how a Prague savant just succeeded in saving the priceless contemporary record of Fred-famous poet-statesman, Osama; and to erick Barbarossa's crusade from the scissors of a country-town apothecary. And, to come to English matters, how many Englishmen know of the late dis-"Essai sur l'Histoire et la Géographie de la Palcovery of the long historical French poem dealing with the life of the great Earl Marshal, the hero of Magna Charta? Or, more remarkable still, the recovery guarantee the accuracy of the copy in 1 When this article left the writer's hands, in the first half of 1895, the venerable author of the estine d'après les Thalmuds" was still alive. Since that time he has been gathered to his rest— dying, by a somewhat curious coincidence, almost on the eight hundredth centenary of Osama's birth, July 29, 1895. Fulk of Anjou, the grandfather of our English Henry II., of Fulk's great seneschal William de Bures, the lord of Galilee, of Fulk's great enemies Zangi of Mosul and his greater son Nur-ed-din, of Nur-ed-din's faithful lieutenant Shirkuh, the conqueror of Egypt, and of Shirkuh's greater nephew Saladin himself-the model of Eastern chivalry, the ideal Mohammedan prince to whom Christendom in later ages might well have applied the noble eulogy pronounced by Sir Hector on his dead brother Lancelot: "Thou wert the courtliest knight that ever bare shield; and thou wert the kindest man that ever strake with sword.” question, Murhaf had signed the volume | the friend, not merely of the heroes of with his own name, guaranteeing its the first. crusade,-the Tancreds, the accuracy in every way, at his grand-Boamunds, the Baldwins,-but also of son's request, on Thursday, 4th July, 1213. Thus M. Derenbourg had before him a fragment of Osama's autobiography, apparently a copy written out by Osama's great-grandson, with the approval of Osama's own son, Murhaf. Somewhat later M. Derenbourg found other quires of the same work grouped together in another volume of miscellaneous contents. Bit by bit he pieced the scattered fragments into one, till at last he had Osama's work complete in his hands, from the twenty-second leaf to the eightieth and last. Unluckily, the first quarter of the work (twenty leaves) is lost; nor is it likely now that it will ever be recovered. One single copy of the book has floated down to us on the stream of time, and it is matter for congratulation that so much has been preserved rather than for regret that so much has been lost. Osama's autobiography is the counterpart of Joinville's "Life of St. Louis"— only that its contents are far more varied and its value greater, owing to Such is the history of the discovery of the fact that it throws so much light Osama's autobiography- a discovery into dark corners. Both writers lived that has a special interest for us at the to be well-nigh a hundred; both were present moment, seeing that we have valiant warriors and capable statesrecently passed the eight hundredth men; both, at the close of their long life, anniversary of Osama's birthday, 4th took up the pen to record the recollecJuly, 1095. But, besides the interest of tions of their youth. But the intellecthe moment, Osama's autobiography is tual activity of Osama was far greater of a peculiar and permanent importance than that of the Sieur de Joinville, just to all who take an interest in the history as the intellectual activity of the East of our race. Osama's life covered in those days was far greater, than that precisely covered-what is perhaps the of the Latin West. Both were somemost remarkable period of medieval thing of theologians as well as hishistory, the period which is par excel-torians; but Osama was a poet too and lence the Crusading Age. He was born a teacher-functions to which the Just four months before Urban II. called | homely Frenchman could lay little the first crusade into existence at the Council of Clermont; just four years before the first crusaders conquered Jerusalem. For nearly a hundred years he lived a life of active warfare or of active intellectual endeavor, and at last died, almost a centenarian, just thirteen months after his friend and patron Saladin had won back the Holy City from the worshippers of Christ for the servants of Mahomet. His life more than covered the duration of the first kingdom of Jerusalem. He was the contemporary, and in some cases claim. And while the interest of Joinville's "Vie de St. Louis" is almost confined to the pious king himself, the interest of Osama's work centres in the writer himself-though this interest is vivified and diversified on every page by the association of far greater historic names, such as those of Tancred, Baldwin, Zangi, Nur-ed-din, and Saladin. Osama was born at Cæsarea on the Orontes - that great river which, to Juvenal and his contemporaries, stood as a synonym for Eastern superstition |