according to the intention of the author-the taking of words in two senses at once, the literal and the metaphorical. The following is an example of this figure :

While Providence supports,

Lět saints securely dwell;

That hand which bears åll Nature up,

Shåll guide his children well.

Philip Doddridge.

FIGURES OF RHETORIC.

ALLEGORY.

Is the narration of fictitious events, designed to represent and illustrate important realities. It is continued metaphor, representing objects and events that are intened to be symbolical of other objects and events having usually moral and spiritual character.

The following beautiful allegory by Longfellow, starting with the metaphorical representation of the state as a ship, expands the metaphor into a complete description :

ThŎu toō, săil ōn, Ŏ Ship of Sṭāte !
Sǎil ōn, Ŏ ŪNION, Strōng ånd great!
Humanity, with all its fears,
With all its hōpes of future years,
Is hanging breathless ōn thỹ fāte !
We know what Mäster läid thy keel,

What Workmen wrought thy ribs of steel,
Who made each mast, and sail, and rōpe,
What anvils rang, what hãmmers bēat,
In what ǎ fōrge ånd what ǎ heat
Were shaped the anchors of thy hōpe!
Fear not each sudden sōund and shōck-
'Tis of the wave and not the rōck;

'Tis būt the flapping of the sail,
And not ǎ rent måde by the gāle!
In spite of rock and tempest's roar,
In spite of false lights on the shōre,
Săil ōn, nor fear to breast the sea!
Ŏur hearts, Ŏur hōpes, åre all with thee,
Ŏur hearts, Ŏur hōpes, our prayers, Ŏur tears,
Ŏur faith triumphant o'er our fears,

Åre all with thee! ǎre all with thee!

APOSTROPHE.

Literally a turning away from the natural course of one's thoughts or ideas to address the absent or dead as if present, former ages, future ages, some person or thing. It is closely allied to Personification with which it is often combined. Objects personified, however, are not addressed; objects apostrophized are addressed.

Roll on, thou deep and dark blue ōcean,-rōll !
Ten thousand fleets sweep ōvěr theē în vain ;
Măn marks the earth with ruin,-his contrōl
Stops with the shōre;-ŭpōn the watery plain
The wrecks are all thy deed, nor dōth rěmāin
A shadow of man's rāvăge, save his own,
Whèn, fōr å mōměnt, like å drōp ŏf rãin,

Hě sinks into thy depths with bubbling grōan,

Withōut ǎ grāve, unknēlled, uncöffined, ănd unknown.

Byron-"Childe Harold.

Roll ōn, ye stars! Exult in youthful prime;

Mark with bright curves the printlěss steps of Time.
Near and more near your bēamỹ cars approach,
Ånd lessening ōrbs on lessening ōrbs encroach.
Flowers of the sky! yě toō to āge must yield,
Frail as your silken sisters of the field!

Står after star from heaven's high arch shåll rush,
Suns sink on sūns, and systems systems crush,
Till ō'er the wreck, emerging from the storm,
Immōrtăl nature lifts her changeful fōrm;
Mounts from her funeral pyre on wings of flame,
And soars and shines, ănōther ănd the same.

201

Erasmus Darwin.

Ay, tear her tattered ensign down!
Long has it wāved on high,

And many ǎn eye has dānced to see
That banner in the sky;
Beneath it rūng the battle-shōut,

And burst the cannon's rōar;

The meteor of the ocean air

Shǎll sweep thě clōuds nŏ mōre!

Holmes-"Old Ironsides."

Hǎil, hōly Light, offspring of Heaven first-bōrn!
Ŏr of the Eternal cō-ětērnǎl beam

May I express thee unblamed? since God is light,
And nevěr būt în ūnăpproached light

Dwelt frōm eternity, dwělt thēn în theē,
Bright effluence of bright essence increāte !
Ŏr hear'st thou rather pūre ethereal stream,
Whose fōuntăin whō shåll tell?

Milton-"Paradise Lost."

ANAPHORA.

Is the repetition of a word at the beginning of several clauses of a sentence. It is thus repeated that the mind. may be more distinctly impressed with the idea or thought,

as :

(1).

All nature is but ārt, unknōwn to thee;
All chance, direction, which thŏu cănst not seē;
Åll discord, harmŏný nŏt ūndĕrstoōd ;

All pārtiăl ēvĭl, ūnĭvērsăl goōd;

And spite of pride, în ērring reason's spite,
Ŏne truth is clear, Whatever is, is right.

Pope-" Essay on Man."

(2).

Sometimes the linnět piped his song;
Sometimes the thrōstle whistled strōng ;
Sometimes the spārhawk, wheeled ålōng,
Hushed all the grōves from fear of wrong.
Tennyson—“Sir Launcelot and Queen Guinevere."

(3).

There is ǎ rest for all things. On still nights
There is ǎ fōlding of å million wings-
The swarming hōney-bees în unknown woods,
The speckled būtterflies, ånd dōwny broōds
In dizzy poplǎr heights;

Rěst för innumĕrāblě nāmeless things,
Rest for the creatures underneath thě Sēa,
And in the Earth, ănd in the starry Air—
Why will it not ŭnbūrděn me of care?
It comes to meaner things thăn my despair.
Ŏ wēary, wēary night, that brings no rẽst to mē!

Aldrich- Invocation to Sleep."

ANTITHESIS.

A contrast by which each of the contrasted things is

rendered more striking :

Ŏn pārent knees, ǎ nākěd nēw-born child,
Weeping thou sāt'st, while all around theě smiled;
So live, that sinking in thỹ lāst, lõng sleep,

Thou then mǎy'st smile, while all ǎrōund thee weep.
Sir William Jones.

EPANALEPSIS.

Is a figure by which a sentence ends with the same word with which it begins :

The shadow on the water is all there is Ŏf măn!”
Richard Henry Stoddard.-"Brahma's Answer."

EPIGRAM.

It is a statement in which there is an apparent contradiction between the form of the expression and the meaning really intended. The force of the epigram lies in the pleasant surprise attendant upon the perception of the real meaning: