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Specification of the Patent granted to JOSEPH WILLMORE, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Silversmith, and JOHN TONKS, of the same Place, Plater; for a new Method and Processes in the manufacturing of Nails. Dated May 28, 1808.

With a Plate.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c.

NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, we the said Joseph Willmore and John Touks do hereby declare that the nature of our said invention, and the manner in which the same is to be performed, are as herein hereafter set forth; that is to say: We take a nail-rod, of a size suitable to the size of the nail intended to be manufactured, and applying it to a common screw-press, mounted with proper cutters, cut off from the end of the rod two pieces at once, obliquely across the rod in one place, and directly across it in another, as is shewn in Fig. 1, (Plate XV.) at a e and b. Two studs or stops are set up, one at c and the other at d, which are attached to the press, and are adjustable by screws or other means, the stud c being adjustable or moveable in the direction of the rod, for the purpose of ascertaining the length of the nail, and both c and d being adjustable in the cross direction of the rod, so that the rod being pressed gently always against c, and sideways against c and d, the obliquity of the cut, according to the kind of nail to be made, is thereby determined, as well as the length of the nail; and the length of the two pieces may either be nearly equal or unequal, by means of the said adjustments, as will be evident on due consideration. This may be called the first operation.

The

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The second operation is to anneal the pieces so cut off, if the iron should not be sufficiently malleable, which we do in the usual and well-known manner.

The third operation is that of heading, which for clasp-head nails consists of two parts, one for gathering and the other for forming the head of the nail. The first part of this operation is performed by putting a piece cut off the rod of iron, as before described, into a pair of clams, leaving as much of the thick end projecting above the clams as is sufficient to form the head. These clams have steel bits let into them with sharp edges, which press only against the two opposite sides of the piece, and which have the effect of two chissels when the punch of the press is brought down upon the piece with considerable force, and raise or gather up iron on each side towards forming the head. The second part of this operation is to put the piece thus prepared into another pair of clams, having bits formed to correspond to the under side of the head; and the punch, having the impression of the upper side of the head engraved or sunk into it, is brought to press strongly upon the head in the clams, and thereby the clasp-head is properly formed. For nails intended to have rose heads, or any other kind of heads, except clasp heads, the first part of this operation is not absolutely necessary, though we think it adviseable to be done, but the bits which for clasp nails must have sharp edges, must for other kind of nails have blunt edges, to prevent the under cutting. For the second part of this operation the piece is put either into a pair of clams or into the tool commonly called a bore, and then pressed with punches, properly engraved or sunk, according to the kind of head wanted. By the first operation the

piece cut off the rod of iron is formed something like a mortise-chissel, the present or fourth operation is to point it, which is done by putting the piece into a bed of steel, in which is cut a nick or groove d, having parallel sides, see the plan C, Fig. 2, but the bottom rising towards the end where the point of the nail is to be formed, see the section B of the bed. The punch is shewn at A, and the end which presses upon the point of the nail is made to project farther than the other part, so as to meet the corresponding part of the bed when the punch is brought upon the nail. The groove or nick in the bed should be just wide enough to receive the piece easily, but prevent it from twisting when the impression is made. The piece is put twice into the nick; once with the chissel end lying horizontal, and next turned a quarter round to press the chissel edge into a pointed form. If the nails by the strong pressure which is necessary in this operation should become too hard to clench, we in such case anneal them in the ordinary way, which may be called the fifth operation.

The third, fourth, and fifth operations above described we apply to nails, or pieces cut off from sheet or rolled iron in the ordinary way; but as they, in consequence of the fifth operation, which is necessary to give them the quality of clenching, are apt to be too soft to drive well, we apply a sixth operation, viz. quenching them when red hot in water, or other proper fluid, which gives them stiffness enough to drive without destroying the quality of clenching.

Fig. 3 shews a pair of clams, with bits or dies let into them, which can be renewed from time to time with

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