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or longer one upon the reel or roller; and by applying two of the above described hardened steel wheels at a convenient distance from each other, upon the edges of one pair of the steel plates, and one other of such wheels upon the edges of the other pair of steel plates, and by connecting the said three wheels firmly together by means of proper frame-work, in which the arbors or axes of the said wheels turn, and whereby the wheels themselves are held in a proper position, and their edges falling into the space between the edges of each pair of steel plates respectively, we obtain a carriage with three wheels, capable of supporting itself upon those wheels, two on one side and one upon the other; and upon the said carriage we place a box containing a weight, or a number of weights, sufficient to produce the effect above described, viz. occasioning such a resistance between the hardened steel wheels and the edges of the steel plates, as to separate or cut the paper placed between them. The iron bars supporting the second pair of steel plates or those furthest from the reel, are so affixed to the frame of the table, that they may be moved nearer to or further from the other pair of steel plates, and again set parallel therewith; and likewise the frame-work to which the steel wheels are affixed is so constructed, that the distance between the one wheel on one side, and the two other wheels on the : opposite side, may be made equal to the distance between the edges of the two pair of steel plates, according to the intended dimensions of the sheets of paper required.

Having as above described and ascertained the appli-cation and use of the instruments, as well as the instruments themselves which we now use for cutting or sub

dividing

dividing the paper, so as to render it perfectly intelligible to a mechanist; we need not here enter more particularly into any further description in relation to the construction or conformation of the said instruments; but, for the better understanding their application, we do further describe the operation of cutting or subdividing the sheets of paper, as the same is performed by. us; that is to say: we cause the table and instruments above described, to be placed at or near the end of the machine by which the paper is made, and as soon as one of the reels or rollers becomes charged or filled with paper, we remove the said reel or roller from the machine, and place it upon the supports or posts affixed to the end of the cutting table, upon which the steel plates and wheels have been previously adjusted to their proper distances, &c. Two workmen, one stationed on each side of the table, draw the paper from the reel and spread it upon the said table, depositing the first end of. the paper, which is always rough and uneven, over or beyond the pair of steel plates furthest from the reei, taking care at the same time to lay the edges of the pa per parallel with the edge of the table, or rather at right angles with the edges of the steel plates, in order that the angles or corners of the sheets of paper, when cut, may be square; and these workmen are guided or directed in this operation, by having several conspicuous lines drawn along the table in the proper direction, parallel to which lines they lay the edges of the sheet. The paper being thus deposited or spread uniformly upon the table and over the edges of the steel plates, the man on whose side the carriage with the three cutting wheels stands, pushes it across the table to the man on the opposite side, where it is retained ready for a se... cond

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cond operation. By thus passing the wheels over for the first time, the rough or uneven end of the sheet is separated at the plates farthest from the reel, another separation being made at the same time by the plates nearest to the reel, leaving one whole sheet of paper between the two pair of steel plates. The paper is again drawn from the reel and spread upon the table, and the end of the sheet being now square and even, is laid so much over or beyond the edges of the steel plates furthest from the reel, as will leave a sheet of paper when the next separation or cutting is made. Two sheets being now separated by each cutting after the first, the wheels are again passed over, and the sheets thus separated at each cutting are removed, and laid into packs by children employed for that purpose.

In witness whereof, &c.

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Specification of the Patent granted to EDWARD Modre NOBLE, of Birmingham, in the County of Warwick, Surgeon; for a new Method of making Carbonate of Lead, commonly called White Lead

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Dated January 23, 1808.

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O all to whom these presents shall comes &er NOW KNOW YE, that I the said Edward Moore Noble, in compliance with and in performance of the aforesaid proviso in the said in part recited letters patent contained, do by this present instrument in writing declare, that the nature of my said invention and the manner in which I perform the same is as follows: Itake lead, which I prefer to be in thin plates or small pieces, and place it in a vessel that has a small communication with the atmosphere: to this I add so much acetous acid or

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vinegar, or a solution of acetite of lead, or of both, that the lead may not be wholly but only partly immersed in the liquor. I then transfer into the vessel a mixture of carbonic acid gas and oxygen gas, or of carbonic acid gas and atmospheric air, or a mixture of all three; and I frequently agitate the mixture in order to make the liquor pass over and act upon the lead, and that the carbonate of lead when formed may be removed from the surface of the metal, and a fresh surface thereof may be exposed. Or instead of lead in a metallic state, I take litharge or an oxyd of lead, containing the proportion of oxygen that will enable it to unite with acetous acid; and to this I add either acetous acid or a solution of acetite of lead, or both acetous acid and acetite of lead, taking care that the quantity of oxyd of lead be at least sufficient to saturate the acid. I then transmit intó, through or upon the mixture, carbonic acid gas, either in a state of purity or mixed with atmospheric air with oxygen gas, or with any other gas that will not injure the process; and I find it expedient frequently to agitate the mixture to facilitate the union of the carbonic acid with the oxyd of lead. Whichever process I make use of, a white substance is produced, which is the carbonate of lead, commonly called white lead or ceruse; but the degree of whiteness will depend upon the quality of the materials employed, upon the operation being well or imperfectly performed, and upon its being more or less free from mixture with other substances. When the carbonate of lead is formed, I separate it from the mixture; and if I intend it to be mixed with oil, I dry it: I sometimes find it expedient to wash the carbonate of lead with water previously to its being dried. In witneess whreof, &c.

Specification

Specification of the Patent granted to SAMUEL PHELPS, of Cuper's Bridge, Lambeth, in the County of Surrey, Esquire; for certain Improvements in manufacturing Soap. Dated January 23, 1808.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c.

NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I the said Samuel Phelps do hereby declare, that the nature of my said invention and the manner in which the same is to be performed are particularly described and ascertained as follows; that is to say: Instead of constructing and using a vessel of the usual materials, form and dimensions, for boiling and making soap, commonly called a soap copper, with a fire-place beneath the same, I do construct and use a boiler or vessel of any materials whatever, which are or may be proper to contain the component parts of soap during the process of boiling the same, and of much more considerable dimensions, if required, than the common boilers or soap coppers. And that instead of raising the temperature of the goods, namely, the lees, and the fat or oily component part of the soap, to the boiling heat, by the application of fire alone, as hath hitherto been done, I do introduce steam through one or more pipes or passages into the said goods; and I do avail myself of the usual means of obtaining the said steam, and of introducing the same at such temperature as may be required at or above the common boiling water point, by subjecting the same, if needful, to pressure or re-action. And that in general I find that the rc-action or pressure afforded, by suffering the said steam to pass into the said goods at the depth of about four feet below the

surface,

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