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PLATES

IN THE

THIRTEENTH VOLUME, SECOND SERIES.

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1 and 2. Machines and Machinery for preparing and spinning Wool, Cotton, Hemp, and other filamentous Substances, 30 3. Machinery for the Purpose of sawing Wood, splitting or paring Skins, and various other useful Purposes,

4. Improvements in the Construction of Watches and Chronometers,

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5. Frame for forcing Cucumbers, &c. and a Method of facilitating the Learning of Music,

6. Machine for finishing, glazing, and glossing of Leather,
7. Machine for discharging Smoke, and Cocks for stopping

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8. Machine for Mangling, improved Capstan, and Teeth of

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9 and 10. Machines for making Paper,

11. Improvements in making Ropes,

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12. Fire Escape, Improvements on Wheel Carriages, and Mor

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tar for preparing Mercurial Ointment,

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13. Life-Preserver, and Method of throwing a Rope on Shore from a Vessel in Distress,

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15. Method and Processes in the manufacturing of Nails,
16. Patten and Clog, Graham's Dead-Beat improved, and

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Specification of the Patent granted to SAMUEL WILLIAMS, of Finsbury Square, in the City of London, Merchant, for an Invention, communicated to him by a Foreigner residing abroad, of new and improved Machines and Machinery for preparing and spinning Wool, Cotton, Hemp, and other filamentous Substances.

Dated April 8, 1807.

With Plates.

To all to whom these presents shall come, &c. NOW KNOW YE, that in compliance with the said proviso, I the said Samuel Williams do hereby declare that my said invention consists in and is founded on principles hitherto unemployed in these arts, and so different from the methods now in use, that to describe it will be to distinguish it fully from those methods.

It is well known that when a cylinder rolls on a plane, every point in the circumference of that cylinder deVOL. XIII.-SECOND SERIES.

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scribes

scribes a curve called a cycloid; and that if a cone turns on its axis, while the latter gyrates round a given centre coinciding with the summit of the cone, then every point in the circumference of the cone will describe a spherical cycloid; and in fine, that if a cylinder of a smaller diameter revolves round its axis, and rolls within a hollow cylinder of a larger diameter, then every point of the smaller cylinder will describe an epicycloid within the larger cylinder. On this principle then is founded the first branch of the invention. The surfaces of the contiguous bodies are to be furnished with a great number of hooks or card wires adapted to this kind of motion; and every time they meet, if there is wool between them, the hooks of both surfaces will seize each one-half of the whole, and divide it each time that such contact takes place, so that after a certain number of turns the wool will be fully opened and prepared for the ⚫ further operations preparatory to spinning.

A little observation will lead to the reflection that if while a smaller cylinder rolls on a plane, a larger fixed to it be considered with respect to its surface, any point in the latter surface will describe a curve of the nature of the cycloid, but forming a loop so as to move backward for a moment, while the common centre of the two cylinders is moving forward. For example, if in Fig. 8, (Pl. I.) the cylinder a roll on theplane be, every point in the circumference of the cylinder d d, will describe a looped curve efg as before stated. A new system of opening or carding filamentous substances is founded then on the general principle of cycloidal and epicy-" cloidal motions, so modified as to rub to any degree by the relative diameter of the gyrating cylinder compared with that of the wheel which gives it motion

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