understood to mean giving us his passion itself; and if not, then his passion is supposed to confer a gift as if it were a person. But as neither of these can be called a 'sense,' we are left to feel for some other which may be the gift bestowed upon us in consequence of Christ's suffering or death. Having worked our way through this affected mystical technicality to some conclusion, not by the help, but in spite of the teacher, we discover at the very threshold a stumbling block of error.

It is scarcely necessary to inform our readers that the doctrine of justification here propounded must be considered as a part of the theology of the Oxford Tracts. For though Professor Pusey has happened to give a name to the Tractators, Mr. Newman is considered the Coryphæus of the party. If these lectures are any specimen of his preaching, they are all that sermons ought not to be; for the hungry sheep must have looked up and stared to find themselves mystified, but not fed. Candor, however, requires that we should view them as theological lectures, which should have been delivered, not from a pulpit in the church, but from the chair in the Divinity Hall; and verily they would puzzle the men of the cap and the gown. Every theologian who shall read the volume will acknowledge that the reviewer ought not to be obliged to say Davus sum, non dipus.'

We shall, perhaps, best enable the reader to judge for himself by giving the following quotations.

Now, in the last lecture, in which I stated what I consider as, in the main, the true doctrine, two points were proposed for proof: first, that justification and sanctification were substantially the same thing; next, that, viewed relatively to each other, justification followed upon sanctification. The former of these statements seems to me entirely borne out by Scripture; I mean, that justification and sanctification are there described as parts of one gift, properties, qualities, or aspects of one; that renewal cannot exist without acceptance, or acceptance without renewal; that faith, which is the symbol of the one, contains in it love, which is the symbol of the other. So much concerning the former of the two statements; but as to the latter, that justification follows upon sanctification, that we are first renewed, and then and therefore accepted, this doctrine, which Luther strenuously opposed, is true in one sense, but not true in another,-true in a popular sense, not true in an exact sense. Now, in the present lecture, I propose to consider the exact and philosophical relation of justification to sanctification, in regard to which Luther seems to be in the right: in the next lecture, the popular and practical relation of the one to the other, which St. Austin and other Fathers set forth; and in the sixth and following, what has partly been the subject of the foregoing lecture, the real connexion between the two, or rather identity, in matter of fact, however we may vary our terms, or classify our ideas.'

―pp. 67, 68.

Now, to proceed to the subject of the present lecture, that God justifies before he sanctifies; or that, in exact propriety of language, justification is counting righteous, not making. I would explain myself thus: to justify means 'counting righteous,' but includes under its meaning 'making righteous;' in other words, the sense of the term is counting righteous,' and the sense of the thing denoted by it is making righteous. In the abstract it is a counting righteous, in the concrete a making righteous. An illustration will clear my meaning. No one doubts what the word Psalmist means in Scripture; yet that one undeniable sense which it has, viewed in itself, is of course very far short of its full sense, when applied to this or that person. Then it stands for much more than this bare and abstract sense. A psalmist is one who sings psalms; but the Psalmist may be David, a given individual, living at a certain time and place, and with a certain history attached to him. The meaning of the name is one thing; of the object another. If one said, the Psalmist wept over his son Absalom,' it would be absurd to maintain either that the word psalmist meant a father,' or that the object signified was merely 'a singer of psalms.' So, again, a shepherd slew Goliath, but not as a shepherd; and the man after God's own heart' numbered the people, yet not after God's heart. In like manner, justification, in the mere meaning of the word, may be a counting or declaring righteous (as the 11th Article implies), yet the justification given under the gospel, the thing denoted by the word, may (as the 13th implies) be as much more than a mere external, reputed, conventional righteousness, as 'the sweet Psalmist of Israel' was more than a psalmist. It may be as true that it is in fact the giving of 'the grace of Christ, and the inspiration of His Spirit,' as that the Psalmist was also a king, the man after God's own heart, and a type of Christ. Justification, then, as such, is an imputation; but gospel justification is more, it is renewal also.'-pp. 70, 71.

After reading these passages, no one will be surprised that the title of one of the lectures is, 'Discordant senses given to the 'word righteousness.' Lecture twelfth on Faith viewed relatively to rites and works,' is a curious specimen of discordant doctrines maintained and discarded, but all coming to this conclu'sion: Justification comes through the sacraments; is received by 'faith; consists in God's inward presence, and lives in obedience.' Paley, Hooker, Tomline, and, indeed, almost the whole school of the established clergy since 1688, are censured, and a nice new doctrine of justification, that is said to be neither popish nor Protestant, is proclaimed as the sole truth.

Every British Christian, of enlightened mind and benevolent heart, must have watched the proceedings of the Oxford Tract party with deep solicitude for the interests of our country and of the church of God. Ecclesiastical as well as civil history may sooth the anxious observer with assurances infallible, that the headlong course which many are pursuing towards Rome will

eventually produce a reaction; and the recent publications of Baptist Noel and some others may have inspired the hope that the decree is already gone forth ne quid ecclesia capiat detrimenti. But action and reaction, whether in philosophy or religion, in nature or grace, are usually as slow and complicated as they are mysterious, so that he who is watching for the result may have a tedious task, and often cry,' watchman, what of the night? O Lord, how long?'

The volume before us exhibits melancholy consequences resulting from the protests of the better part of the Establishment against the system called Puseyite. For here the barrier that had been ostentatiously displayed, as separating that party from Rome, is thrown down. Tridentine Romanists was the name it gave to what are usually called Roman Catholics; for it accused the Council of Trent of separating England from Rome; though it is notorious that the separation was made before the world was visited by the bruta fulmina of the Tridentine decrees. But Mr. Newman defends the Council against Luther, in the grand question of the nature of justification, whether it is identical with sanctification, or a distinct and forensic affair.

Such is the efficacy of articles of faith, acts of uniformity, and creeds of human composition forced on the ministers of religion, and guarded by pains and penalties. We are told that by this means an established church is a security for the truth, an insurmountable barrier against the vagaries of the human mind, and its proneness to be carried away by the novelties of error. But how can we be assured that the established creed itself shall be true? Is the faith of the greatest of all establishments, the soidisant Catholic, the real Roman church, scriptural? We will, however, content ourselves with inquiring how far the articles of religion enforced by law, supposing them to be true, have secured the orthodoxy of those who have given in their adhesion and confirmed it by subscription.

As we have no wish to cavil, or trifle, on this grave question, we will give full scope to diversity of opinion on minor points, and admit the distinction, of which Rome is, when it suits her, so fond, between matters of faith and mere individual opinions; but we will fix our attention on that which is confessed on all hands to be a vital question-the terms or grounds of acceptance with God. On that which an apostle argues as a question of life or death, have there not been two opposite opinions maintained by powerful conflicting parties? One of these contended that justification by faith alone was essential to salvation, was the vital doctrine of Protestantism and of the Church of England; while the other rejected this, as an antinomian error, destructive of all personal holiness. To us it appears that, in the very origin of the Church of England, and the formation of her creed and

liturgy, and offices, there was a struggle between hostile schools, the Popish and Protestant,-that each one secured what it could; and that Mr. Head is right in affirming that the Church is inconsistent with herself, and that a consistent Churchman is an impossibility.

But we have been accustomed to think that, on justification, the mother, if not her sons, had fed us with milk free from all admixture of poison; and some, even when quitting her, have said, 'O si sic omnia,' then we could have remained with her.' That the Puritans, Nonconformists, and Dissenters in general, approved the chief doctrines of the Church of England, and especially that of justification, is notorious. On this ground, occasional conformity was recommended and practised by those who maintained, in what is termed the Calvinistic sense, that 'a man is justified by 'faith, without the deeds of the law, and that whosoever is of the 'works of the law is under the curse.' The mention of Calvin reminds us, that he approved the doctrine of the Church of England, finding fault with nothing but her vestments and offices, which he calls tolerabiles ineptiæ.

The whole body of those who have been termed evangelical clergy, have maintained the doctrine which Mr. Newman attempts to confute; and have here exulted, appealing triumphantly to the thirty-nine articles, along with the Scriptures, a proof of which may be seen in Hervey's Theoron and Aspasio. Whitfield and Wesley have agreed in justification by faith, and in defending their churchmanship on this point. For a century, the men who appealed most largely to the Scriptures and the Prayer Book, were those who preached justification by faith, and would condemn Mr. Newman's views, as alike fatal to men's eternal hopes, and contrary to the doctrine of the Church of England.

But we are now told that they were all wrong,-heretics to Scripture and schismatics to the Church. The Oxford restoration appeals to bishops and true Churchmen against Luther and the Reformation. Of what use, then, are the articles, and formularies, and acts of uniformity to prevent diversities of opinion in religion? That they have not accomplished their end is manifest by this grand schism in the Establishment.

We are not unaware that it may be said, there is no less diversity of opinion on this question among those who study the Scriptures alone, and profess to take them as divine oracles. But this, however true, is no answer. For those who, contending for the sufficiency of Scripture, refuse to be bound by human creeds, plead that they are insufficient to secure uniformity, and if men differ concerning the meaning of Scripture, they equally strive about the doctrines of their own articles. But the advocates for established creeds profess to supply a defect, and to produce a uniformity which the Scriptures alone cannot secure.

The Puseyite party is pursuing a course of direct opposition to that which gave birth to their Church. History stands a stern foe to dishonesty, and tells aloud that the present clergy are undoing what was done with so much cost by those who have been entitled the fathers of the English Church. But the Tractators plead, we have a higher duty to discharge towards the church universal, which is superior to any particular church. This is sound doctrine, and we are glad to see it revived at Oxford. But if the termination of schism, and the reunion of the whole church be the aim of the Oxford Tracts, why not keep others in view beside Rome? We do not say, why not reconcile English Dissenters, for they may be too insignificant; but why not show some regard for the Greek church and the Armenians? Here are millions, more numerous than the Church of England. But Rome alone is kept in view and propitiated; because the Church of England is her daughter.

We are not sorry that this volume is published; for it is far better that poison should be exhibited en masse where it can be detected, than diffused in small doses like the Tracts for the Times. As this is the most dangerous form of error, worse than the half heathen system of what used to be called the worldly clergy, or the downright popery of the Jesuits, it is better that it should be grappled with at once. It is rather less evangelical than the works of some of the Jansenist Catholics; for Mr. Newman, warring against the evangelicals, fastens upon the worst parts of Augustine, while Pascal, Quesnel, and their fellow laborers, opposed the Jesuits, and seized the best things that could be found in the Fathers. Omitting, however, the notes, and a few sentences in the lectures, a reader might suppose he had met with a work like that of Bossuet on the Sacraments, intended to proselyte Protestants to the church of Rome.

The present Puseyite clergy are more dangerous than the old fox-hunters, inasmuch as men of grave demeanor and diligent habits may be mistaken for ministers of the gospel. But if Satan transformed into an angel of light, is more dangerous than Belial with open lasciviousness, or Moloch dripping with blood, the race of clergy that is now spreading over the land is the most pernicious that has ever appeared, at least since the days of Laud.

An insidious passage is introduced to show that we cannot find out the sense of Scripture, without going to the fathers, which is but to make confusion worse confounded.

1. It encourages the practice of arguing out a sense for its terms, from the particular context in which they may happen to occur. Of course, to consult the context is a great advance towards the true method of interpretation, but it is not enough. In Scripture, as elsewhere, words stand for certain objects, and are used with reference to