CHRONOLOGICAL CATALOGUE OF BISHOPS AND POPES OF ROME. MR. EDITOR. SIR,-The following Table of the Bishops and Popes of Rome, up to the year 1644, is from an ancient Manuscript in my possession, written in the year 1645-46: as I have never met with any thing of the kind before, and believing that such a document will be useful to some of your very numerous readers, I send it for insertion in the Imperial Magazine.-The catalogue is ushered in with the following note, which I have transcribed verbatim et literatim; the names and dates are, by the writer, stated to have been obtained from the library of the Vatican. East Retford, Sep. 29th, 1827. I am, sir, your very obedient servant, JOHN S. PIERCY. "That St. Peter was here" (Rome)" and taught ye Xtian. faithe is agreede on all "handes and yt he was Bp: by moste; but no Bp: of Rome had, or tooke on him ye 66 name of universal Bp: or head of ye church till Boniface 3: aboute Ao 606: it was given him by ye Emperor Phocas having murtherd his master Mauritius, to oblige "Boniface to him, that so he might secure Italy: For ye Bps. at first followd ye Divi"sion of ye Empire, and where ye Emperor had his Defensors, ye church had a Bp: "and where ye Emperor had a presidente of a Diocis (ye empire being divided into "14 Diocisses) there the Church a patriarch or primate, as for example of Yorke for "Brittain, of Milan for Italy, of Rome for ye presenture of ye citty, of Antioch for ye "Easte, of Alexandria for Egipt, of Carthage for Africke: under every of wh. were "inferior Bps. but none of these patriarks or primates claymed a superiority over ye "reste, but they were all æquall till ye time of Boniface.-A table of all ye Bps. of "Rome followeth, first of such as claymed notte universale superiority and yn of those "which did, and where ye number of years of any pope fills not ye distance of ye years "between ye admittance of his successor, some vacancy or schisme was." Note. I am aware that discrepances will be found in some of the above dates when compared with general history; indeed, the several authorities which I consulted in the compilation differ considerably; but I am inclined to believe that these here given, are as nearly correct as possible. General Remarks.-1. Holy water introduced in the year 120.-2 Higinus ordered penance to be done.-3. The sect of the Abstinents branched off from the Church of Rome.-4. Monkery established by Silvester I. in 328.-5. The prerogatives of the Roman See much enlarged 378.-6. The sect of the Augustines. The mass in Latin.— 7. Extreme unction introduced 550. The Benedictines 548.-8. Heresy made punishable with death, which has continued ever since.-9. Purgatorian doctrine, and Invocation of Virgin and Saints, first promulgated in 593.-10. Boniface III. took upon himself the title of Universal.-11. Organs first introduced into churches.-12. Constantine, going to Constantinople to visit the Emperor Justinian, the people out of love to him kissed his foot, which his successors claimed as a reverence.-13. Image worship first introduced in 715.-14. The Pope's Nuncio instituted in 735.-15. The temporal dominion of the Pope commenced in 755.-16. Paschal ordained certain of the parish priests of Rome, and gave them the title of Cardinals.-17. Eugenius took upon himself the power of giving temporal titles, as Duke &c.-18. This successor of St. Peter was a woman!-19. This Pope was the first who restrained the clergy from marrying.— 20. Sergius III. ordered the burning of lights in the feast of the purification of the Virgin Mary, thence called Candlemas Day.-21. Canonization introduced a. D. 993.—22. Baptism of bells instituted, and the doctrine of transubstantiation first promulgated.-23. The sect of the Minors sprung up.-24. A great schism prevailed in the church about this period.-25. This Pope brought the Church of Milan into obedience to that of Rome, whose bishop before claimed equality with him.-26. The election of popes taken from the Romish clergy, and the right vested in the Cardinals.-27. The Carthusian order sprung up.-28. The Cistertian order begun.-29. The Grey Friars ditto.-30. The Crossed Friars ditto.-31. Carmelites ditto.-32. Indulgences first dispensed.-33. The order of the Ursulines. The inquisition established A. D. 1204.--The Franciscan and Dominican orders instituted.-Auricular confession established in 1215.-34. The elevation of the host first introduced into public worship in 1222.-35. The inquisition committed to the Dominican monks.-36. The order of the Bethlehemites instituted in 1248.-37. The Anchorites ditto.-38. The Celestines ditto.--39. This year Pope Boniface settled the Jubilee to be held every hundred years.-40. The Bartholomites established.-41. The Minimes established.-42. Savanarola burnt in 1498 for preaching against the vices of the clergy.-43. The order of Capuchins instituted. The Barnabites ditto.-44. The order of the Jesuits founded by Ignatius Loyola.-45. The order of Begging Friars begun.— 46. The Theatines ditto. COMPENDIUM OF GEOLOGY.-NO. XI. (Continued from col. 905.) THE remaining superincumbent substances of which we proposed to treat, are volcanic; and these form the subject of this article. The principal substances emitted from volcanoes are, lava, scoria, ashes, fragments of minerals and semi-vitrified matter, heated up, and ejected from the craters by the action of internal fire, which, piled stratum super stratum, rise to great heights in the atmosphere, and hence are called burning mountains. The craters or mouths of volcanoes are generally open; yet are they sometimes closed, in part or in whole, between the periods of successive eruptions; but to what depths they descend beneath the surface, is difficult to ascertain. It is certain, however, that the generality of volcanoes have their origin at great depths; because similar substances are erupted from some volcanoes which rise from the bottom of the ocean, at unfathomable depths, with those that are erupted from others whose craters are so high in air that the clouds float far beneath their summits; and this circumstance also demonstrates that our ideas of the inclined planes of strata being continued until sunk deep beneath the surface, are correct. Volcanoes may be said to be universal in our sphere; because there is no portion of the world completely free from indications, upon the surface, of volcanoes, which either now are, or have been, in actual operation. In order to mark the mortality of the sphere itself, as distinctly as the vegetable and animal life therein had been marked by the sweeping deluge but now subsided, the seeds of dissolution were sown in its very bowels, when the new world arose out of the ruins of the old world, and the deluge of waters ceased from the earth's surface. The electric fluid, copiously rushing into the crust of the sphere, in order to force up its subterranean waters and form the deluge upon its surface, dislocated and fractured its strata, and into its rifted chasms introduced water, atmospheric air, and electric matter; thus bringing into contact the internal with the external substances of this sphere, and leaving each to act upon the other in a mode unknown to the antediluvian world. The earths, metals, and alkalies, which exist in various combinations at great depths beneath the earth's surface, thus brought freely into contact with water, atmospheric air, and electric matter, reciprocally analyze each other; and amidst this rush of affinities, heat is generated so plenteously, that they spontaneously inflame and burn with the greatest intensity. Thus, pyrites of sulphur and iron, piled in heaps in the open air, on being treated with water, spontaneously inflame, and burn with great intensity. The seed sown, in process of time matured, and an abundant harvest of volcanoes all but covered the earth; hundreds of which are now extinct, and hundreds are actually in progress, many of which, awfully visible, continue in various parts of the world to this hour. From the earliest antiquity we have records handed down to us of the ravages made by these awful engines of destruction upon the earth's surface. Pompeii and Herculaneum, two Italian cities, were entirely buried beneath an eruption of mount Vesuvius in the year of Christ 79, being the first year of the reign of Titus, the Roman emperor; but this was by no means the first eruption of that volcano, for the city of Herculaneum, which was built more than 1300 years before the Christian era, was paved with lava from previous eruptions of that mountain; and at what period previous to this paving these eruptions took place, we can only conjecture. Indeed, so high does the antiquity of volcanoes reach, that geologists, as well as others, have concluded they existed in the antediluvian world but of this circumstance we have no record whatever; and I conceive no such engine of destruction was then in being thoughout our sphere. We have a note in the sacred volume, which distinctly marks the difference between the antediluvian world, and that which these last ages have reserved to us. "By the Word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the water, and in the water: whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with water, perished: but the heavens and the earth which are now, by the same Word are kept in store, reserved unto fire, against the day of judgment." 2 Peter iii. 5 to 7. From the seed sown during the general deluge, I conceive the work of disintegra tion commenced; and sufficient progress has already been made therein to convince us of the mortality of our sphere, and the certainty of its ultimate destiny. Millions on millions of tons of matter, which occupied, in regular strata, the internal portions of this sphere, are already piled upon the surface, and these collectively form superincumbent substances amply sufficient to interest the geologists of every class and age, and indeed to become an object worthy of comparison with the rest of the sphere; for they have induced upon its face features so strongly marked, that the most cursory observer cannot omit to note them. The primeval mountains were sufficiently lofty to induce the sublime, and few minds are so coarsely formed as to be insensible under the contemplation of Mont❘ Blanc, the most prominent of the primeval mountains in Europe; but volcanic mountains, piled upon primeval mountains as lofty as Mont Blanc, exist, which have nearly doubled the altitude of their bases; and every grade exists, from these towering pinnacles down to the ordinary mountain. Like the pillars of heaven, these soar above the clouds, and enjoy the serenity of a cloudless sky throughout the year, basking in the beams of the sun from day to day. No mountains were brought into existence, at the moment of creation, equal in altitude to these; and, therefore, the quantity of water needful to cover the tops of the highest primeval mountains during the general deluge, was much less than what would now be needful to repeat that awful catastrophe. Volcanic operation may, indeed, be called a new creation, which in its progress turns the old world upside-down, and changes not only the face of creation, but its internal structure; rearing up the subterranean matter of the sphere into the highest mountains in the world. "Of old hast Thou laid the foundation of the earth, (O my GOD;) and the heavens are the work of Thy hands. They shall perish, but Thou shalt endure; yea, all of them shall wax old like a garment; as a vesture shalt Thou change them, and they shall be changed: but Thou art the same, and Thy years shall have no end!" Lava claims the first notice in enumerating volcanic superincumbent substances; it is, in some instances, when cooled, compact and solid like a rock, in others it is porous, and some specimens resemble the slags or scoriæ of furnaces: it consists of melted and semi-melted substances, such as hornblende, felspar, iron, mica, alkali, sulphur, and, indeed, occasionally, all the known earths, melted into an heterogeneous mass, in various proportions, in different places, according to the nature of the strata acted upon by the subterraneous fire. White porous lava becomes fibrous, and is specifically lighter than water; the species is called pumice stone. The quantity of lava which is erupted by a volcano is immense. During a single eruption of mount Etna, in the year 1669, a stream of lava issued, which is more than two miles in width, fourteen miles in length, and two hundred feet deep it destroyed, in its progress to the sea, the habitations of 30,000 persons, filled up a lake of four miles in circumference, and devastated the fields and vineyards over an extent of more than a hundred square miles of a most fertile country, which occupies one side and part of the base of that furious mountain. At length, the stream of lava reached the ocean; here a most horrid conflict took place between the fire and the water; explosions louder than thunder ensued; clouds of vapour arose, which darkened the sun; the fish along the coast perished, the transparent beauty of the sea vanished, and many months elapsed before the ocean returned to its pristine state. Scoriæ and ashes, projected in masses, and also as small as dust, together with fine sand, frequently precede and succeed an eruption of lava, and are sometimes erupted where no lava appears. The more volatile materials, subjected to the volcanic fire, are transformed into these substances; and the quantities ejected are immense. A surface more than one hundred and fifty miles in circumference was covered with scoriæ, ashes, and sand, to a depth of twelve feet, during a single eruption of mount Etna; and these materials, mingled with water in the form of mud, are frequently ejected in incalculable quantities. Fragments of minerals and semi-vitrified matter are also copiously emitted during volcanic eruptions. Stones of almost every description and size, merely scorched by fire, are projected into the atmosphere, and descend, not only upon the mountain out of which they rose, but are scattered far and wide. Volcanic glass, nearly resembling the black glass of commerce, frequently appears in large masses or scattered fragments; and basalt, which has evidently been subjected to fusion, because it does not contain the water of crystallization common to native basalt, occupies a considerable feature in these regions of fire. In the island of Lipari, a whole mountain, thrown up by repeated erup |