public buildings the principal is the Abbey church, almost the only remains of the ancient monastery. This structure displays an interesting example of early Norman architecture, combined with specimens of other kinds. It is built in the cathedral form, and consists of a nave, choir, transept, and central tower, with the addition of several chapels. The nave and choir are separated from the aisles by eighteen massive columns sustaining the roof, and four substantial piers which support the tower. The arches above the columns in the nave and over the piers are plain and semicircular, but those of the choir are pointed. Above the crown of the former arches runs a triforium, opening into the nave by a series of double round headed arches, two over each arch. The roof of the nave is ornamented with groins springing from crocket heads over each pillar; and at the intersections are various angels and other figures, playing on different musical instruments. At the west end is a large window, with a pointed arch, which appears to have been introduced within a semicircular arch in 1656. The aisles are lighted with pointed arched windows. These were probably altered to that shape about the beginning of the fourteenth century. In 1796 this was again altered, fitted up with new pews, and otherwise improved, at an expense of £2000. The effect of this portion of the fabric is singularly beautiful. The east end is hexagonal, and is separated from the aisles by six massive short columns, which support pointed arches. Beneath these are some large monuments, and over the arches are windows filled with painted glass. On the south side of the altar are three stone stalls, part of which displays some elegant carving. The ceiling is adorned with a profusion of tracery, and at each intersection is a carved flower or knot of foliage. Branching out from the north and south aisles of the choir are five or six small private chapels or oratorios, containing the tombs or ashes of their respective founders. The Lady chapel is entirely destroyed; but a large arch, through which it was entered from the church, is still seen on the outside. The cloisters were on the south side of the nave, and some fragments of them still remain. The tower is lofty, and, according to the abbey chronicles, was once terminated by a wooden spire, which fell on Easter day 1559: the most remarkable specimens of its architecture are three tiers of arcades; in the upper part the arches of the middlemost tier are intersected. The whole length of the church is 300 feet, of the transept 120. The breadth of the choir and side aisles is seventy feet; of the west front 100. The height from the area to the roof is 120 feet; the height of the tower is 152 feet. The monuments in Tewkesbury church have attracted the attention of various antiquaries. Between two of the pillars on the north side of the choir is an elegant and light chapel of stone, erected by abbot Parker in 1097, over the tomb of Robert Fitz-Hamon, who was slain at Falaise, in Normandy, in 1107, and originally buried in the chapter-house, whence his bones were removed by abbot Robert in 1241. On the north side of the altar is a monument of the most delicate sculpture and

beautiful proportions, in four stages of open arched work, with a tomb beneath, surrounded by an embattled border, and the sides ornamented alternately with single and double arches. This splended monument appears to have been erected to the memory of Hugh le Despencer, and his wife Elizabeth, daughter of William Montacute earl of Salisbury. Other elegant monuments we have not room to particularise. Tewkesbury abbey was founded in the year 715, by two Saxon brothers, Dodo and Odo, who were then dukes of great opulence and high consideration in the kingdom of Mercia, and the first lords of the manor here. Besides the church, Tewkesbury contains meeting-houses for Independents, Quakers, Baptists, and Methodists. The town-hall is a handsome building. The old town hall, or Tolsey, originally served as a market place; but, after that building was removed, twenty persons entered into an agreement with the corporation to erect the present market-house, in consideration of a grant of the profits of the stalls, &c., for ninety-nine years. The curious old structure which had for centuries been used as the borough jail was originally the companile or bell tower annexed to the abbey: this was pulled down in 1817, and a most substantial and elegant school, for the education of children on the national or Bell's system, erected in its place. The new jail is a neat and suitable building, situate at the top of the High-street The house of industry is singularly spacious and commodious, and situate on Holme hill, near the entrance of the town from Gloucester. The charitable institutions in the town are a free grammar school, endowed charity school, schools on the national and Lancasterian plans, a great number of alms-houses, a dispensary, a lying-in charity, and numerous other benevolent associations. Tewkesbury had once a considerable share in the clothing business, but this trade has long since declined.

It was likewise noted for its mustard. At present the chief manufacture carried on in the town is that of stocking framework knitting, particularly in cotton. A considerable trade is also carried on in malting, and the making of nails. Tewkesbury was incorporated by a charter granted by queen Elizabeth, and confirmed by James I.; but, in the reign of James II., the corporate officers surrendered their seal to that monarch, who in his second year re-incorporated them by the names of the mayor, alderman, and common council. The revolution which immediately followed prevented the charter from being carried into effect, and the town remained in a state of uncertainty as to its government till the thirteenth of William III., when it was settled in the present form. By this, the government of the town is vested in two bailiffs and four justices, annually chosen, and a recorder. The corporate body consists of twenty-four principal burgesses, and the same number of assistants; but, as each principal burgess holds also the office of assistant, the members of the corporation are now uniformly confined to twenty-four persons, instead of fortyeight as formerly. The town sends two members to parliament, the privilege of which was obtained from James I. in 1609. The right of election

is possessed by the freemen and freeholders. It was at Tewkesbury that the last battle was fought between the adherents of the houses of York and Lancaster, which it is well known proved fatal to the latter. The field on which it was fought is still called the bloody meadow, and is situated

about half a mile from the town. In the civil wars, in the reign of Charles I., Tewkesbury was the scene of many severe contests. Markets on Wednesday and Saturday, and various annual fairs. Ten miles north of Gloucester, and 102 W. N. W. of London.

TEW TAW, v. a. Formed from tew by reduplication. To beat; to break.

The method and way of watering, pilling, breaking, and tewtawing of hemp and flax, is a particular business. Mortimer.

TEXAS, a tract of country in North America, claimed by the United States as a part of Louisiana, and by Spain as a part of the Internal provinces, included in the intendency of San Luis Potosi. It is bounded north by Red River, east by the state of Louisiana, south by the gulf of Mexico, and west by the del Norte; containing upwards of 100,000 square miles. There are some scattering Spanish presidios in this country, yet it is for the most part a wilderness. The population was estimated in 1807 at 7000. The interior towards Red River is barren, but the part towards the gulf of Mexico resembles the southern part of Louisiana.

TEXEL, an island of the Netherlands, at the entrance of the Zuyder Zee, separated from North Holland by the narrow channel called the Mars-diep. Its form is oblong, twelve miles in length, and about six in breadth, and it is secured from the sea by strong dikes. The soil is well fitted for sheep pasture, and it has long been noted for its cheese. Besides the town of Texel, it contains six villages, and has in all about 5000 inhabitants. It has a large and secure harbour, with a fort which commands the entrance; it has likewise a commodious roadstead on the east. It was in the neighbourhood of the Texel that admiral Blake defeated the Dutch under Van Tromp, in 1653 in 1673 another battle was fought near this, between the Dutch and the combined fleets of England and France, with doubtful success; a result far different from that of an encounter near the Texel in the end of August 1799, between the British and Dutch fleets, when the latter, disaffected to the republican government, surrendered after a slight resistance. TEXT, n. s. Fr. texte; Latin TEXT'MAN, n. s. textus. That on which a comment is written; a sentence of scripture: textman and textuary mean one versed in texts: textuary also means contained in the text; or serving as a

text.

Shakspeare.

Some prime articles of faith are not delivered in a literal or catechistical form of speech, but are collected and concluded by argumentation out of sentences of scripture, and by comparing of sundry texts with one another, White.

Men's daily occasions require the doing of a thousand things, which it would puzzle the best tertman readily to bethink himself of a sentence in the Bible, clear enough to satisfy a scrupulous conscience of the lawfulness of. Sanderson.

He extends the exclusion unto twenty days, which in the textuary sense is fully accomplished in one.

Browne.

I see no ground why this reason should be tertuary to ours, or that God intended him an universal headship. Glanville.

We expect your next Should be no comment, but a text, To tell how modern beasts are vext.

Waller.

His mind he should fortify with some few texts, which are home and apposite to his case. South. TEXTURE, n. s. TEXTILE, adj. TEX'TRINE.

ticular combination of responding.

Lat tertus. The act or manner of weaving; a web or thing woven; parparts: the adjective cor

The placing of the tangible parts in length or transverse, as in the warp and woof of textiles. Bacon's Natural History. The materials of them were not from any herb, as other textiles, but from a stone called amiantus.

TEXTURE properly denotes the arrangement and cohesion of several slender bodies or threads interwoven or entangled among each other, as in the webs of spiders, or in the cloths, stuffs, &c. Texture is also used in speaking of any union or constituent particles of a concrete body, whether by weaving, hooking, knitting, tying, chaining, indenting, intruding, compressing, attracting, or any other way. In which sense we say, a close compact texture, a lax porous texture, a regular or irregular texture, &c.

J. Haddon, Printer, Finsbury.