ing six feet, and full chested. His countenance was stern; but among his friends his manners were pleasant, and his dispositions were kind. His temper was naturally violent; but that violence he labored much to moderate, though he was never able completely to extinguish it. He was a scholar, a man of science, and a poet. In 1774 he married a daughter of the general prince John Prosotowski, by whom he had two children, now living; Natalia, married to general count Nicolas Zubow; and Arcadius count Suworow, a youth of promising abilities, who accompanied his father in his march from Italy into Switzerland.

SUZE (Henriette de Coligni), countess of, daughter of the celebrated marshal De Coligní, a French lady, eminent for her poetical abilities. She married first Thomas Hamilton, a Scottish nobleman, and after his death the count La Suze, who was also of an illustrious family. But this second marriage proved unhappy, and ended in a separation. She wrote a great number of Poems, which were much admired; and were collected and printed with those of Pellisson and madam Scudery, at Trevous, in 1725, 12mo. She died in 1673.

SWAB, v.a. } Sax. Fpebban. Belg. swabSWABBER, n. s. ber. To clean with a mop: a sweeper of the deck. Used chiefly at sea. The master, the swabber, the boatswain and I, Loved Moll, Meg, and Marian, and Margery.

Lynn, and ninety-three N. N. E. from London. The church is a handsome building, in the form of a cathedral. The vaults and aisles are supported by light pillars, forming fourteen handsome arches, seven on a side, over which there are twenty-eight neat, light windows. Here is a quakers' meeting-house. On a heath near the town, horse-races are held. On the market-hill a handsome cross has been erected by the earl of Orford, and on the west side of the hill a subscription assembly-room has been built. Its noted butter-market was originally held at Dereham. Market on Saturday. Fairs, May 13th, July 21st, and November 3rd. It is a vicarage, value £14 8s. 10d. Patron, the bishop of Norwich.

SWAG, v. n. Į Sax. rigan; Isl. swelgia. To SWAGGY, adj. sink down by its weight; hang heavy: the adjective corresponding. They are more apt, in swagging down, to pierce with their points, than in the jacent posture, and crevice the wall.

Wotton. The beaver is called animal ventricosum, from his staggy and prominent belly.

Browne's Vulgar Errours.

SWAGGER, v. n. Į Sax. rpezan; Belgic SWAG'GERER, n. s. swadderen. To bluster; bully; be turbulently proud and insolent: the noun substantive corresponding.

Drunk? squabble? swagger? and discourse sustain with one's own shadow? Oh thou invincible spirit of wine! Shakspeare. He's no swaggerer, hostess; a tame cheater: you may stroke him as gently as a puppy greyhound. Id. Henry IV. The lesser size of mortals love to swagger for opinions, and to boast infallibility of knowledge. Glanville's Scepsis.

Confidence, how weakly soever founded, hath some effect upon the ignorant, who think there is something more than ordinary in a swaggering man, that talks of nothing but demonstration. Tillotson. He chucked,

And scarcely deigned to set a foot to ground,
But swaggered like a lord.

Dryden.

Many such asses in the world huff, look big, stare, dress, cock, and swagger at the same noisy rate. L'Estrange.

To be great is not to be starched, and formal, and supercilious; to swagger at our footmen and browbeat our inferiours. Collier on Pride. What a pleasure is it to be victorious in a cause: to swagger at the bar! for a lawyer I was born, and a lawyer I will be.

Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. SWAIN, n. s. Sax. and Runick rpen; Goth. sweina. A young man; country servant or youth;

Harte.

Lord.

Numbers xvi.

Isaiah.

Appear before us?

Shakspeare. Henry V. Though you unite the winds, and let them fight, Against the churches, though the yesty waves Confound and swallow navigation up.

Shakspeare. I may be plucked into the swallowing womb Of this deep pit, poor Bassianus' grave.

Id. Titus Andronicus.

Nature would abhor

Id.

The necessary provision for life swallows the greatest part of their time.

Id.

Had this man of merit and mortification been called to account for his ungodly swallow, in gorging down the estates of helpless widows and orphans, he would have told them that it was all for charitable

uses.

Should not the sad occasion swallow up My other cares, and draw them all into it?

South.

SWALLOW, in ornithology. See HIRUNDO. Concerning these birds, a question has oft been discussed, What becomes of them in winter? Upon this subject there are three opinions. Some say that they migrate to a warmer climate; some that they retire to hollow trees and caverns, where they lie in a torpid state; and others affirm that they lie in the same state in the bottom of lakes and under the ice. The first opinion is supported by Marsigli, Ray, Willoughby, Catesby, Reaumur, Adanson, Buffon, &c. The first and second opinions are both adopted by Pennant and White. The third is sanctioned by Schaffer, Hevelius, Derham, Klein, Ellis, Linné, Kalm: and the second and third have been strongly defended by the honorable Daines Barrington. Those who assert that swallows migrate to a warmer country in winter, argue, That many birds migrate is a fact fully proved by the observations of natural historians. See MIGRATION. Is it not more probable, therefore, that swallows, which disappear regularly every season, retire to some other country, than that they lie in a state is founded on facts. We often see them collectof torpor in caverns or lakes? But this opinion ed in great flocks on churches, rocks, and trees, about the time when they annually disappear. The direction of their flight has been observed to be to the southward. Mr. White, the ingenious historian of Selborne, travelling near the coast of the British Channel one morning early, saw a flock of swallows take their departure, with an easy and placid flight towards the sea. Mr. Laskey of Exeter observed the direction which a flock of swallows took in autumn 1793. On the 22d of September, about 7 A. M., the wind being easterly, accompanied with a cold drizzling rain, Mr. Laskey's house was entirely covered with house swallows. At intervals large flocks arrived and joined the main body, and at therarrival an unusual chirping commenced. The appearance of the whole company was so lethargic that he found it an easy matter to catch a considerable number of them, which he kept in a room all that day. By heating the room they all revived; he opened four of them, and found cupied the house top all day, except for two their stomachs quite full. The main body oc23d, there was a great commotion, with very hours. About half an hour after 9 A. M. the loud chirping, and, within a few minutes after, the whole multitude took their flight, in a southeast direction, having ascended to a great height in the atmosphere. He let go the birds which he had caught, at certain intervals till four o'clock, and they all fled toward the same quarter. They have also been found on their passage at a great distance from land. Mr. Adanson informs us, that about fifty leagues from the coast of Senegal four swallows settled upon the ship on the 6th of October; that these birds were taken; and that he knew them to be European swallows, which, he conjectures, were returning to the coast of Africa. Sir Charles Wager, says, 'Returning home, in spring, as I came into soundings in our channel, a great flock of swallows came and settled on all my rigging; every rope

was covered; they hung on one another like a swarm of bees; the decks and carving were filled with them. They seemed almost famished and spent, and were only feathers and bones; but, being recruited with a night's rest, took their flight in the morning.' This vast fatigue proves that their journey must have been very great, considering their amazing swiftness; in all probability they had crossed the Atlantic Ocean, and were returning from the shores of Senegal, or other parts of Africa; so that this account, from that most able and honest seaman, confirms the latter information of Mr. Adanson. Mr. Bruce also mentions, in his travels, that in Abyssinia there is a great variety of swallows; but 'those that are common in Europe appear in passage at the very season when they take their flight thence. We saw the greatest part of them in the island of Masuah, where they lighted and tarried two days, and then proceeded with moonlight, to the south-west.' Mr. Kalm acknowledges that in crossing the Atlantic, from Europe, a swallow lighted on the ship on the 2d of September, when it had passed only twothirds of the ocean. Since, therefore, swallows have been seen assembled in great flocks in autumn, flying off in company towards southern climes, since they have been found both in their passage from Europe and returning again, can there be any doubt of their annual migration? The second notion (says Mr. Pennant) has great antiquity on its side. Aristotle and Pliny say that swallows do not remove very far from their summer habitation, but winter in the hollows of rocks, and during that time lose their feathers. Of late several proofs have been brought of some species having been discovered in a torpid state. Mr. Collinson mentions three gentlemen, eye-witnesses to numbers of sand martins being drawn out of a cliff on the Rhine, in March 1762. And the honourable Daines Barrington communicated the following fact, on the authority of the late Lord Belhaven :-That numbers of swallows have been found in old dry walls and in sand hills near his lordship's seat in East Lothian, from year to year; and that when they were exposed to the warmth of a fire they revived. We have heard of the same annual discoveries near Morpeth, in Northumberland. Others prove the residence of those birds in a torpid state during winter. 1. In the chalky cliffs of Sussex; as was seen on the fall of a great fragment some years ago. 2. In a decayed hollow tree that was cut down, near Dolgelli, in Merionethshire. 3. In a cliff, near Whitby, Yorkshire; where, on digging out a fox, whole bushels of swallows were found in a torpid condition. 4. The Rev. Mr. Conway of Sychton, Flintshire, a few years ago, on looking down an old lead mine in that county, observed numbers of swallows clinging to the timbers of the shaft, seemingly asleep; and on flinging some gravel on them they just moved, but never attempted to fly: this was between All Saints and Christmas. From all these facts, we must conclude that one part of the swallow tribe migrate, and that others have their winter quarters near home. The third opinion is that of Mr. Kalm, who pleads for their immersion in water; and mentions the following VOL. XXI.

facts:- Dr. Wallerius, the celebrated Swedish chemist, informs us that he has seen, more than once, swallows assembling on a reed till they were all immersed and went to the bottom; this being preceded by a dirge of a quarter of an hour's length. He had seen a swallow caught during winter out of a lake with a net, drawn, as is common in northern countries, under the ice; this bird was brought into a warm room, revived, fluttered about, and soon after died. Mr. Klein applied to many farmers general of the king of Prussia's domains, who had great lakes in their districts, the fishery in them being a part of the revenue. All the people that were questioned made affidavits upon oath before the magistrates. 1. The mother of the countess of Lehndorf said that she had seen a bundle of swallows brought from the Frishe-Hoff (a lake communicating with the Baltic at Pislau), which, when brought into a moderately warm room, revived and fluttered about. 2. Count Schileben gave an instrument on stamped paper, importing that by fishing on the lake belonging to his estate of Gerdauen in winter, he saw several swallows caught in the net, one of which he took up in his hand, brought it into a warm room, where it lay about an hour, when it began to stir, and half an hour after it flew about in the room.' Mr. Kalm mentions similar affidavits made by four farmers; and at last adds, ' 7thly, I can reckon myself,' says our author, among the eye-witnesses of this paradox of natural history. In 1735, being a boy, I saw several swallows brought in winter by the fishermen from the Vistula to my father's house; where two of them were brought into a warm room, revived and flew about. I saw them several times settling on the warm stove, and I recollect well that the same forenoon they died, and I had them, when dead, in my hand. In January 1754, being covered with ice, I ordered the fishermen to fish therein, and in my presence several swallows were taken, which the fishermen threw in again; but one I took up myself, brought it home, five miles from thence, and it revived, but died about an hour after.' These are facts attested by people of the highest quality. It is therefore incontestably true, that swallows retire in the northern countries, during winter, into the water, and stay there in a torpid state till the return of warmth revives them again in spring. The swallows in Spain, Italy, France, and perhaps some from England, remove to warmer climates; some English ones, and some in Germany and other mild countries, retire into clefts and holes in rocks, and remain there in a torpid state. In the colder northern counties the swallows immerse in the sea, in lakes, and rivers; and remain in a torpid state, under ice, during winter. It is objected, Why do not rapacious fish, and aquatic quadrupeds and birds, devour these swallows? The answer is obvious: swallows choose only such places in the water for their winter retreat as are near reeds and rushes; so that sinking down there between them and their roots they are secured against their enemies. As to the argument taken from their being so long under water without corruption, there is a real difference between animals suffocated in water and animals

2 N

being torpid therein. Natural history ought to be studied as a collection of facts. There are five species of swallows which visit Britain during summer; the common swallow, the martin, sand martin, swift, and goat-sucker. 1. The common swallow frequents almost every part of the old continent; being known, says Dr. Latham, from Norway to the Cape of Good Hope on the one side, and from Kamtschatka to India and Japan on the other. It is also found in all parts of North America, and in several West Indian islands. In Europe it disappears during winter. It appears generally a little after the vernal equinox; but rather earlier in the southern, and later in the northern latitudes. It adheres to the usual seasons with much regularity. In the warm spring of 1774 they appeared no earlier than usual. They remain in some warm coun-, tries the whole year. Kolben assures us that this is the case at the Cape of Good Hope. Some birds of this species live, during winter, even in Europe; e. g. on the coast of Genoa. 2. The martins are widely diffused through the old continent. 3. The sand martins are found in every part of Europe, and often spend the winter in Malta. 4. The swift visits the whole continent of Europe; has also been observed at the Cape of Good Hope, and in Carolina in North America. 5. The goat suckers are not very common, yet are found in every country between Sweden and Africa: also in India. Mr. Markwick of Catsfield, near Battle in Sussex, has drawn up an accurate table, expressing the day of the month on which the migratory birds appeared in spring, and disappeared in autumn, for sixteen years, from 1766 to 1783 at Catsfield. Were tables of the same kind made in every different country, particularly within the torrid zone, it would be easy to determine the question which we have been considering. To many, perhaps, it may not appear of so much importance as to be worth the labor. But the enquiry must be highly gratifying to every mind that admires the wisdom of the Great Architect of nature. The instinct of the swallow is indeed wonderful: it appears among us just at the time when insects become numerous and it continues with us during the hot weather, to prevent them from multiplying too much. It disappears when these insects are no longer troublesome. It is never found in solitude; it is the friend of man, and always takes up its residence with us, to protect us from being annoyed with swarms of insects.

SWALLOW HARBOUR, a convenient harbour on the shore of Terra del Fuego.. There are two channels into it, which are both narrow, but not dangerous, as the rocks are easily discovered by their weeds. It is surrounded by steep mountains, covered with snow, which have a most horrid appearance, and seem to be altogether deserted. Long. 74° 30′ W., lat. 53° 40′ S.

SWALLOW ISLAND, one of the Queen Charlotte's Islands, of the South Pacific, about six leagues in length. Long. 165° 58′ E., lat. 10° 8′ S. SWALLOWTAIL, n. s. Swallow and tail. A species of willow.

The shining willow they call swallowtail, because of the pleasure of the leaf.

Bacon's Natural History.

SWAMMERDAM (John), a celebrated natu ral philosopher, was the son of John James Swammerdam, an apothecary and famous naturalist of Amsterdam, and born in 1637. His father intended him for the church, and with this view had him instructed in Latin and Greek; but he preferred physic. Being kept at home till he should engage in that study, he was often employed in cleaning his father's curiosities, and putting every thing in order. This inspired him with an early taste for natural history; so that he soon began to make a collection of his own. When grown up, he attended to his anatomical and medical studies; but spent part of the day and the night in discovering, catching, and examining the flying insects of Holland, Guelderland, and Utrecht. Thus initiated in natural history, he went to the university of Leyden in 1651; and in 1663 was admitted a candidate of physic. While studying anatomy he considered how the parts of the body, prepared by dissection, could be preserved for anatomical demonstration; and he succeeded, as he had done before in his nice contrivances for dissecting the minutest insects. He then went to France, where he spent some time at Saumer, and became acquainted with several learned men. In 1667 he returned to Leyden, and took his degree of M. D. In 1668 the grand duke of Tuscany, being in Holland, came to view the museum of our author and his father; and Swammerdam made some anatomical dissections of insects in his presence. He was struck with admiration at his great skill in managing them; and proving that the future butterfly lay with all its parts neatly folded up in a caterpillar, by removing the integuments, and exhibiting all its parts, however minute, with incredible ingenuity by instruments of inconceivable fineness. The duke offered him 12,000 florins for his collection, on condition of his removing them into Tuscany, and residing at the court of Florence; but Swammerdam declined. In 1663 he published a General History of Insects. About this time his father, offended at his neglecting the practice of physic, would neither supply him with money nor clothes. This reduced him to some difficulties. In 1675 he published his History of the Ephemeras; and his father dying, in 1676, left him a fortune; but he died in 1682, aged only forty-five. Gabius translated all his works from the Dutch into Latin, from which they were translated into English, in folio, in 1748. See ENTOMOLOGY. Boerhaave wrote his life.

SWAMP, n. s. I Sax. rpamp; Goth. and SWAMPY, adj. Swed. swamp; Isl. suamm; Dan. suomp. A marsh; bog; fen: boggy; fenny. Swampy fens breathe destructive myriads.

Thomson.

SWAN, n. s. Sax. rpan; Dan. suan; Swed. swan; Belg. swaen. A large water-fowl. See the extract from Calmet.

With untainted eye Compare her face with some that I shall show, And I will make thee think thy swan a crow. Shakspeare.

Let musick sound while he doth make his choice; Then, if he lose, he makes a swan-like end. Id.

The fearful matrons raise a screaming cry, Old feeble men with fainter groans reply; A jarring sound results, and mingles in the sky, Like that of swans remurmuring to the floods.

Dryden. The idea which an Englishman signifies by the name swan is a white color, long neck, black beak, black legs, and whole feet, and all these of a certain size, with a power of swimming in the water, and making a certain kind of noise.

Locke.

The swan is a large water-fowl, that has a long neck, and is very white, excepting when it is young. Its legs and feet are black, as is its bill, which is like that of a goose, but something rounder, and a little hooked at the lower end of it: the two sides below its eyes are black and shining like ebony. Swans use wings like sails, which catch the wind, so that they are driven along in the water. They feed upon herbs and some sort of grain like a goose, and some are said to have lived three hundred years. There is a species of swans with the feathers of their heads, towards the breast, marked at the ends with a gold color inclining to red. The swan is reckoned by Moses among the unclean creatures; but it was consecrated to Apollo, the god of musick, because it was said to sing melodiously when it was near expiring; a tradition generally received, but fabulous. Calmet. SWAN. See ANAS. It is now ascertained, beyond the possibility of doubt, that there are black swans, of equal size and the same habitudes with the common white swans of this island. These fowls have been seen chiefly in New Holland; and captain Vancouver, when there, saw several of them in very stately attitudes swimming on the water, and, when flying, discovering the under part of their wings and breast to be white. Black swans were likewise seen in New Holland by governor Philips, captain White, and by a Dutch navigator, so long ago as in 1697. Governor Philips describes the black swan as a very noble bird, larger than the common swan and equally beautiful in form. Mr. White indeed says that its size is not quite equal to that of the European swan; but both agree with captain Vancouver in mentioning some white feathers in its wings.

SWAN, SWEYN, SUENO, or SWENO, I., II., and III., three kings of Denmark. See DENMARK and SwENO.

SWAN RIVER, a river of North America, which takes its rise in lake Etowwemahmeh, whence it passes through Swan Lake into the Little Winnipic. This latter is connected, by a considerable river with the lake of Manitoba, which, by the river Dauphin, finally discharges its waters into lake Winnipic, the common reservoir for the waters of a great number of the adjacent rivers and lakes. All the country in the neighbourhood of this, and of Red Deer River, to the south branch of the Saskatchiwine, abounds in beaver, moose deer, fallow deer, elks, bears, buffaloes, &c. The soil is good, and, wherever attempts have been made to raise the esculent plants, it has been found productive. On this river a fort is erected for the convenience of the fur trade.

SWAN RIVER, a river of North America, which falls into the Mississippi about forty miles from its source.

SWANPAN, or Chinese Abacus, an instru

ment for performing arithmetical operations, described by Du Halde in his History of China. It is composed of a small board, crossed with ten or twelve parallel rods or wires, each strung tition in the middle that two are on one side of with ivory balls, which are so divided by a parit, and five on the other. The two on the upper part stand each for five units, and each of the five in the lower part for one. In joining and separating these balls, they reckon much as we do with counters; but, according to our author, more expeditiously than Europeans do even with figures.' This is hardly credible; but, if all the Chinese weights and measures be decimally divided, it is easy to conceive how computation may be made by this instrument very expedittiously.

SWANSEA, or SWANSEY, is a borough town within the liberty of Gower, Glamorganshire, South Wales, governed by a portreeve, recorder, twelve aldermen, two common attornies or chamberlains, two serjeants at mace, and an unlimited number of burgesses, and, together with seven other contributory boroughs (Cardiff, Cowbridge, Lantrissent, Kenfig, Aberavon, Neath and Longhor), returns a member to parliament. The town lies at the confluence of the river Tawe with the Bristol Channel, whence the Welsh name Abertawe. It stands near the centre of a beautiful bay, denominated after the town, and has a capacious harbour, enclosed from the sea by two piers on the eastern and western sides of the entrance. In the neighbourhood are very numerous and extensive collieries of bituminous coal, which is consumed at the copper works and other manufactories, and shipped off in large quantities to Ireland, Cornwall, and Devon. A canal extends from the town for nearly eighteen miles up the vale of Tawe to Hen-noyadd in Breconshire, for the conveyance of stone coal, culm, iron ore, &c., which is in a very flourishing state, and has been productive of great benefit to the town. There are two extensive potteries within the borough, and eight large copper smelting works, all within three miles distance, from which about 8000 tons of copper are annually exported to London, Liverpool, &c. In 1768, 694 vessels sailed from this port, tonnage 30,621; in 1792 the number of vessels was 2590, tonnage 134,264; and in 1819 the number of ships sailing out of the port was 2750, tonnage 175,629, exclusive of 140,280 crates of earthenware shipped foreign, and 3521 crates coastwise. It has two markets, abundantly supplied, on Wednesday and Saturday, and is famed for ship-building. The castle, which was formerly very extensive, was erected by Henry Beaumont, earl of Warwick, in the reign of Henry I.; it is now part of the possession of the duke of Beaufort. The town also contains two churches, and twelve meeting-houses belonging to Dissenters of various denominations. During the summer season the town is much frequented for seabathing. It is forty-two miles W. N. W. of Cardiff, and 206 west of London.

SWARD, n. s. Swed. sward. The skin of bacon; the surface of the ground.

Water, kept too long, loosens and softens the sward, makes it subject to rushes and coarse grass. Note on Tusser,