truncated on the acuter lateral edges, forming an unequiangular six-sided prism; the same acutely bevelled on the extremities; and a twin crystal, formed by two perfect six-sided prisms. Splendent, resino-vitreous. Cleavage in the smaller diagonal. Fracture small-grained uneven. Opaque, or translucent. Scratches quartz feebly. Brittle. Specific gravity 3.3 to 3.8. Infusible. Its constituents are, alumina 44, silica 33, lime 3-84, oxide of iron 13, oxide of manganese 1, loss 5-16.-Vauquelin. The geognostic relations of this mineral are nearly the same with those of precious garnet. It occurs in clay-slate near Ardonald, between Keith and Huntly, in Aberdeenshire; and in a micaceous rock at the Glenmalur lead-mines in the county of Wicklow,

Ireland.

Belg. staen; Dan. stae. Το continue in a >place or state; forbear departure, or motion; stop; dwell; belong as a verb active to repress; withhold; obstruct; delay; hold in place; hold up: as a noun substantive, stand; continuance; obstruction; restraint; a

STAY LACE, STAYS, plu.

:

fixed state; prop; support: stayed means settled; fixed; sedate: the adverb and noun substantive following corresponding: a stayer is one who stops, holds, or supports: staylace, the lace of the female stays, a kind of boddice, or waistcoat. Aaron and Hur stayed up his hands, the one on the one side, and the other on the other.

Exod. xvii. 12. Would ye tarry for them 'till they were grown? would ye stay for them from having husbands?

Ruth i. 13. Because ye trust in oppression, and stay thereon, this shall be as a breach ready to fall. Isa. xxx. 12. They call themselves of the holy city, and stay themselves upon God. Id. xlviii. 2.

They were come upon the stays, when one of the sailors descried a galley. Sidney.

When she list pour out her larger spright, She would command the hasty sun to stay, Or backward turn his course.

For her son,

Spenser.

Id.

Their works, though toughly laboured, will be
Who have before, or shall write after thee,
Like infancy or age to man's firm stay,
Or early and late twilights to mid-day. Donne.
His fell heart thought long that little way,
Greved with each step, tormented with each stey.
Fairfax.

Our ships lay anchor'd close: nor needed we
Fear harme on any stuies.
Chapman
Unto the shore, with tears, with sighs, with moan,
They him conduct; cursing the bounds that stay
Their willing fleet, that would have further gone.

So long a stay will make

Daniel.

The jealous king suspect we have been plotting.

Denham.

My only strength, and stay! forlorn of thee, Whither shall I betake me? where subsist? Milton. I will bring thee where no shadow stays Thy coming, and thy soft embraces. Not after resurrection shall he stay Longer on earth than certain times t' appear.

Satan

Throws his steep flight in many an airy wheel, Nor stayed, till on Niphates' top he lights.

This seems to our weaker view O'erlaid with black, staid wisdom's hue.

Id.

ld.

Id.

Id.

I should not be a persuader to them of studying much in the spring, after three years that they have well laid their grounds; but to ride out, with prudent and staid guides, to all the quarters of the land. Milton on Education. Made of sphere-metal never to decay, Until his revolution was at stay.

Milton.

Her long with ardent look his eye pursued, Delighted! but desired more her stay. He was well stayed, and in his gait Preserved a grave majestick state.

Jd.

Hudibras.

The boiling blood of youth, fiercely agitating the fluid air, hinders that serenity and fixed staidness which is necessary to so severe an intenseness.

Glanville's Scepsis.

I am the more at ease in Sir Roger's family because it consists of sober and staid persons. Addison. Trees serve as so many stays for their vines, which hang like garlands from tree to tree. Id. on Italy. No stubborn stays her yielding shape embrace.

Gay. Every plant has its atmosphere, which hath various effects on those who stay near them.

Arbuthnot on Aliments. Stay her stomach with these half hundred plays, till I can procure her a romance big enough to satisfy her great soul with adventures. Pope.

Why cease we then the wrath of heaven to stay? Be humbled all. Id.

With stays and cordage last he rigged a ship, And, rolled on leavers, launched her in the deep.

Id.

Id.

Id.

STAY, a large strong rope employed to support the mast on the fore part, by extending from its upper end towards the fore part of the ship, as the shrouds are extended to the right and left, and behind it. See MAST, RIGGING, and SHROUD. The stay of the fore-mast is called the fore-stay, and reaches from the mast-head toward the bowsprit end: the main stay extends over the forecastle to the ship's stem; and the mizenstay is stretched down to that part of the mainmast which lies immediately above the quarterdeck: the fore-top-mast stay comes also to the end of the bowsprit, a little beyond the fore-stay: the main-top-mast is attached to the head or hounds of the fore-mast: and the mizen-topmast stay comes also to the hounds of the main mast; the fore-top-gallant stay comes to the outer end of the jib-boom; and the main-topgallant stay is extended to the head of the foretop mast.

STAY SAIL, a sort of triangular sail extended upon a stay. See SAIL.

STAYNER (sir Richard), was the gallant commander of a ship of war during the protectorate; and, in conjunction with captain Smith, took a Dutch East India ship of 800 tons burden, having on board four chests of silver. In 1656 he was appointed to the command of three frigates, and with this squadron fell in with the Spanish flotilla, consisting of eight sail, of which he captured two, burnt one, sunk another, and drove two on shore. The treasure captured on this occasion amounted to £600,000 sterling, so that Stayner returned to England crowned with glory, and laden with wealth. In the following year he sailed with the fleet, under the command of Blake, for the purpose of intercepting the Spanish West India fleet, which had taken shelter in the bay of Santa Cruz. On reconnoitering the position of the enemy, the English admiral found it impossible to bring off his ships, though he thought they might be destroyed. Stayner was immediately detached to begin the attack, and, being supported by Blake with the remainder of the fleet, the Spaniards were, in a very few hours, driven out of their ships and breast-works. The former were instantly taken possession of by the English, and, as they could not be brought off, they were all set on fire, and burnt to the water's edge. The whole action,' says Clarendon, was so miraculous, that all men, who knew the place wondered that any sober men, with whatever courage endowed, would ever have undertaken it; and they could hardly persuade themselves to believe what they had done! while the Spaniards comforted themselves with the belief that they were devils, and not men, who had deCromwell stroyed them in such a manner.' thought so highly of the conduct of captain Stayner, that he immediately conferred on him the honor of knighthood. On the restoration, sir Richard Stayner had a command under Montague, afterwards the earl of Sandwich, was again knighted, and was constituted rear-admiral of the fleet. He first hoisted his flag in the

Swiftsure, and afterwards in the Mary. After this, the nation being at peace, no opportunity was offered to this brave man of adding to those services which he had already rendered his country; and it is thought he died very soon after.-Campbell's Lives of the Admirals, vol. iv. STEAD, n. s. & v. a. Sax. rred; Goth. STEADFAST, adj. stod. Place; room; STEAD FASTLY, adv. position; support; STEAD FASTNESS, N. S. (hence the wooden STEADILY, adv. frame that supports a STEADINESS, n. s. bed;) aid: to fill the STEADY, adj. place of another; aid; help; support: steadfast is firm; fixed fast in place: bence firm of character; constant; resolute: steady is also firm; fixed; regular; constant: the respective adverbs and noun substantives corresponding.

There fell down many slain, and they dwelt in their steads until the captivity. 1 Chron. v. 22. Be faithful to thy neighbour in his poverty; abide stedfast unto him in the time of his trouble. Ecclus. xxii. 23. 1 Peter v. 9.

Him resist, stedfast in the faith. Their feet steady, their hands diligent, their eyes watchful, and their hearts resolute.

Sidney.

We are neither in skill, nor ability of power, greatly to stead you.

Id.

Such was this giant's fall, that seemed to shake This stedfast globe of earth, as it for fear did quake.

Spenser.

As bring me to the sight of Isabella? Shakspeare.

Locke.

He makes his understanding the warehouse of lumber rather than a repository of truth, which will

stand him in stead when he has occasion for it.

Id. Sin has a tendency to bring men under evils, unless hindered by some accident, which no man can steadily build upon. South's Sermons. God's omniscience steadfastly grasps the greatest and most slippery uncertainties. Your friendly aid and counsel much may stead me. Rowe. A friend is useful to form an undertaking, and secure steadiness of conduct. Collier of Friendship.

Id.

How reverend is the face of this tall pile,
Whose massy pillars rear their aged heads
To bear aloft its arched and ponderous roof,
By its own weight made steadfast and immoveable,
Looking tranquillity! it strikes an awe
And terrour on my aking sight.

So steadily does fickle fortune steer
The' obedient orb that it should never err.

stead.

Congreve.

Blackmore. The smallest act of charity shall stand us in great Atterbury's Sermons. John got the better of his choleric temper, and wrought himself up to a great steadiness of mind, to pursue his interest through all impediments.

Arbuthnot. In general, stedfastly believe that whatever God hath revealed is infallibly true.

Wake's Preparation for Death. Steer the bounding bark with steady toil, When the storm thickens and the billows boil.

Pope. STEAK, n. s. Isl. and Erse. styck, a piece; Swed. steka, to boil. A slice of flesh broiled or fried; a collop.

Tatler.

Swift.

The surgeon protested he had cured him very well, and offered to eat the first stake of him. Fair ladies who contrive To feast on ale and stakes. STEAL, v. a. & v. n. STEAʼLER, n. s. STEA'LINGLY, adv. STEALTH.

Pret. I stole; part. pass. stolen; Saxon rzelan; Belg. stelen;

your appointment, and go in your place.

Id.

He sails 'tween worlds and worlds with steady

That he would steal away so guilty like, Seeing you coming.

Shakspeare.

Id. Othello.

The most peaceable way, if you take a thief, is to let him shew what he is, and steal out of your company. Shakspeare.

At time that lovers' flights doth still conceal, Through Athen's gate have we devised to steal. Id. In my conduct shall your ladies come, From whom you now must steal and take no leave.

Id. The good humour is to steal at a minute's rest. -Convey, the wise it call; steal! a fico for the phrase !

I feel this youth's perfections, With an invisible and subtile stealth, To creep in at mine eyes.

Id.

Id. Twelfth Night. The stealth of mutual entertainment With character too gross is written on Juliet.

Shakspeare.

Stealing is the taking from another what is his, without his knowledge or allowance. Locke. They hate being alone, for fear some affrighting apprehensions should steal or force their way in. Calamy. Now his fierce eyes with sparkling fury glow; Now sighs steal out, and tears begin to flow. Pope. Let humble Allen, with an awkward shame, Do good by stealth, and blush to find it fame. A factor stole a gem away.

Id. Id. At a time when he had no steward, he stole away. Swift. Variety of objects has a tendency to steal away the mind from its steady pursuit of any subject.

Watts. STEAM, n. s. Sax. rteme. The smoke or vapor of any thing moist and hot. See below.

Scarcely had Phoebus in the gloomy east Got harnessed his fiery-footed team, Ne reared above the earth his flaming crest When the last deadly smoke aloft did steam. Spenser. Sweet odours are, in such company as there is steam and heat, things of great refreshment. Bacon. His offering soon propitious fire from heaven Consumed, with nimble glance and grateful steam.

Milton.

To increase the steaming odours of the stage? Id. Such the figure of a feast,

Which, were it not for plenty and for steam, Might be resembled to a sick man's dream. King. Some it bears in steams up into the air, in such a quantity as to be manifest to the smell, especially the sulphur. Woodward.

These minerals not only issue out at these larger exits, but steam forth through the pores of the earth, occasioning sulphureous and other offensive stenches.

Id.

1. STEAM ENGINE. Steam may justly be considered as the most important prime mover that the ingenuity of man has yet devised, and its utility to a commercial country like Great Britain must be sufficiently obvious. It has enabled us to support a proud superiority both in arts and manufactures, and, from the commercial advantages that have resulted, it has enabled us to fight the battles of freedom in every quarter of the globe. 2. Prior to entering into a detailed history of the steam engine, it may be advisable to furnish our readers with a brief view. of the various prime movers that have been employed prior to the invention of this stupendous machine, and we shall thus be the better enabled to form an accurate estimate of its importance. We cannot better do this than by a reference to the introductory portion of Partington's Treatise on the Steam Engine.

3. From the most accurate observations it appears that the physical powers of the human race differ very widely, not only in various individuals, but also in different climates; the value of a ran therefore, as a working machine, will not be so great beneath the torrid zone as in the more temperate climate of Europe. This will serve to iliustrate the great advantage which our colonists, particularly in the West Indies, would derive from the more general employment of inanimate force; the day labor of a negro in the sugar countries amounting to little more than one-third of that performed by a European mechanic.

4. A laborer, working ten hours per day, can raise in one minute a weight equivalent to 3750 pounds one foot high, or about sixty cubic feet of water in the same time; while the power of a horse, working eight hours per day, may be correctly averaged at 20,000 lbs. Smeaton states that this animal, by means of pumps, can raise 250 hogsheads of water ten feet high in an hour. It is a well known fact also that men, when trained to running, are able on the average of several days being taken, to outstrip the fleetest horse; and yet it will be seen from the above statement that his force, if properly applied, is at least six times that of the most powerful

man.

5. The use of water as an impelling power, both for the turning of machinery and other purposes connected with the useful arts, appears to have been known at a very early period. Vitruvius describes a variety of machines for this purpose, the earliest of which were employed merely to raise a portion of the fluid by which they were impelled. The most simple method of applying this element as a mechanical agent evidently consisted in the construction of a wheel, the periphery of which was composed of a number of float-boards. This, on being exposed to the action of a running stream, was afterwards employed to give motion to a variety of mills, and is at the present time employed in almost every species of machinery.

6. Among the most celebrated hydraulic ma

chines we may enumerate the machine of Marly. This, when first constructed, appears to have produced one-eighth of the power expended, so that seven-eighths of its power were usually lost. This misapplied power has been injurious to the engine; and the wear it has occasioned has reduced the mechanical effect very materially. But this may be considered as an extreme case, and we select it merely as an instance of that total ignorance of the first principles of mechanics which characterised some foreign engineers of the last century.

7. It may, however, be advisable to examine the ratio of power expended in comparison with that of the effect produced in some of the most simple hydraulic machines; and, by this calculation, the amount of friction, &c., may be accurately ascertained.

Undershot water wheel
Overshot do.

Hydraulic ram. (This machine will make from twenty to 100 strokes per minute).

Large machine at Chremnitz (each stroke occupying about three minutes).

Power. Effect. 9.3 10 8

10 6

93

8. But the water-mill, which is the usual machine employed, even in its most improved form, is far from being beneficial either to the agriculturist or the manufacturer. The former is injured by the laws which prohibit the draining of millstreams for the purposes of irrigation, by which much improvement is kept back that would otherwise take place; while the health of the latter, in the immediate neighbourhood of manufacturing districts, is much injured by the stagnant condition of the water which is thus unnecessarily dammed up.

9. Wind, which we may consider as the next substitute for animal power, appears to have been first employed to give motion to machinery in the beginning of the sixth century. The use of this species of mechanical force is, however, principally limited to the grinding of corn, the pressing of seed, and other simple manipulations; the great irregularity of this element precluding its application to those processes which require a continued motion.

10. A windmill with four sails, measuring seventy feet from the extremity of one sail to that of the opposite one, each being six feet and a half in width, is capable of raising 926 pounds 232 feet in a minute; and of working on an average eight hours per day. This is equivalent to the work of thirty-four men ; twenty-five square feet of canvas performing the average work of a day laborer. A mill of this magnitude seldom requires the attention of more than two men; and it will thus be seen that, making allowance for its irregularity, wind possesses a decided superiority over every species of animal labor.

11. To show, however, the great advantage which the steam engine, even in its rudest state, possesses over mere pneumatic or hydraulic ma