of Alexander Janneus, the arcade of the that they may be received with some little sen"Ecce Homo," the towers, gates, and various timent of gratitude." fountains and pools, commemorated in sacred and profane history, and of all of which We have mentioned above the "Monolithic ample and undeniable vestiges are still ap- Monument of Siloam," a very remarkable parent. When we consider that the greater specimen of early architecture still remaining number of these constructions date back, entire, and the remote antiquity of which can nearly three thousand years, or half the never be questioned. M. de Sauley is the period of the world's existence, since it was first to have discovered and described this newly fashioned out of preexisting materials ancient structure, which is the more extraorfor the reception of man, we can scarcely dinary as it lies in a common thoroughfare, wonder that some readers are sceptical as to strikingly visible to the eyes of every passerthis remote antiquity, and consider that the by. An exact engraving is given at page enthusiasm of the learned investigator has 245 of the second volume. Either this has overlaid his sober reason, and led him to been a tomb, or a religious edifice. If a wander a little in the regions of imagination. tomb, it must be traced back to the Jebusites, More than one of his brethren of the institute who occupied the territory of Jerusalem behave attacked his conclusions, and disputed fore the arrival of the Israelites, and who their accuracy; but without, at the same time, never were entirely expelled. If a sacellum, proposing more acceptable ones to supply their or chapel, dedicated to religious purposes, M. places. To those who dispute his facts, he de Sauley conceives it to have been erected answers readily, go and disprove or verify by King Solomon for the use of his wife, the them by personal examination. To others, Egyptian princess, daughter of Pharaoh, and who only deny his arguments, he says, show who could not have been permitted either to me more solid ones, and I give up my own dwell or worship her strange gods within the views to adopt yours. "Good reasons must sacred precincts of Mount Zion. The monuperforce give place to better;" but, hitherto, ment, in form and decoration, bears a true the opponents of M. de Sauley have confined resemblance to the smaller Egyptian monothemselves to contradiction without proof. lithic ediculi, which are to be seen in more He maintains his opinions stoutly but with- than one museum. The cornice by which it out assumptive arrogance, and winds up with is covered coincides exactly with that of one the following general observations, which may of the Ninevite structures, dug out by M. le received without offence even by professed Botta from the ruins of Khorsabad, with this opponents: :difference only, that the Assyrian building is on a more extensive scale. M. de Sauley I have now finished the examination of all the supports his opinion by a reference to some ancient monuments which I had leisure to study very apposite texts of Scripture, which bear during my three different sojourns in Jerusalem. directly on the point. This singular edifice No doubt many readers will think I have de- consists of a single block of stone, detached voted too many pages to tedious discussions con- on three sides only, the fourth, or rear face, cerning ruins which they may be disposed to resting against, and connected with, the origconsider as being of small importance. But I inal mass of rock. The entrance is to the cannot, I confess, coincide with this severe judg-westward. The interior of the building is ment. When treating of a city like Jerusalem, now full of filth, used as litter by some of the the birth-place of our religious faith, and the peasants of the village, which renders it theatre of the greatest event that ever took place extremely difficult to ascertain the exact form upon earth, I cannot allow that a conscientious discussion of a point, the most trifling in appearand dimensions. The door, opening through ance, can ever be considered as superfluous. To a wall ten inches thick, leads into a small those who think so, I reply. Shut up my square antechamber of two and a half feet on book, it was not written for you.' To those who each side, at the further end of which another approve of my endeavors to throw light upon small low door, two feet wide, opens through facts that were still buried in obscurity, I will a second wall, also ten inches thick. This say-"Do as I have done; go and examine for door leads into another square room, of rather yourselves; lay aside readily pre-conceived the- more than seven feet on each side, containing, ories, fancifully elaborated in the corner of a in the left and rear walls, at a height of study. The best descriptive book that ever was about two feet three inches above the ground, written is not worth an hour spent in reconnoit-two arched recesses. The wall on the right ring the ground. If, however, your circum- is quite naked. Assuredly, we have here a stances will not allow you to do so, be thankful building too small for a chapel, and more to the traveller who, without any prejudices, resembling a tomb, which is still further without any system chosen beforehand, has en

countered fatigue and danger, to gather a har-corroborated by the fact of the excavations vest of facts, which he now gives to the public, and the arched recesses, which resemble the in the hope that they may be fairly discussed, receptacles for coffins, or stone sarcophagi, so of course, and interpreted honestly; but, also, frequently recurring in the previous descrip

tion of the Tombs of the Kings. The "Mount | by Sanballat, under permission of Alexander of Scandal" also points out the place where the Great, more than three hundred years Solomon built heathen temples for his foreign before the Christian era, is still traceable in wives, as the name was adopted from that its fullest extent. A ground-plan of this circumstance. The close similarity of the enormous ruin forms the frontispiece to the cornices connects the Judaic monument with that of Nineveh. The architects who planned both had manifestly studied in the same school, and learned the same principles. The one was an Assyrian, who lived at least six hundred and twenty-five years before the Christian era; the other was neither Greek nor Roman, and must have lived prior to, and not after, the introduction of the classic models. Under any circumstances of identification, the monument is a great curiosity, and one of the most novel results of M. de Saulcy's active researches. We take leave of Jerusalem, with a short extract, embodying a coup d'œil from the highest point of the Mount of Olives:

From the summit, as from that of the Ascension, the view is surpassingly fine, and I doubt if the world can produce another to be compared with it. To the westward, you behold Jerusalem, the scene of the most marvellous event that ever took place upon earth, and the range of hills extending beyond towards the sea; to the southward, the plain leading to Bethlehem; at your feet the valley of Hinnom, the valley of the Kedron (which takes the name of Ouad-en-Nar as soon as it leaves the valley of Hinnom), and the valley of Jehoshaphat; to the northward the ridges rising successively over each other, like the steps of a ladder, in the direction of Naplouse; and, lastly, behind you, the desert of Judea, the valley of the Jordan, the Dead Sea looking like an immense caldron, full of molten lead; and, still further on, the dark, rigid outline of the mountains of Moab and Ammon. This is a spectacle one might gaze on forever with the deepest emotion, and which cannot be left without regret, often turning back to enjoy the sensation it gives birth to, as long as possible.

He

first volume of the present work. The tem-
ple has been observed before, but has never
until now been measured or identified. Dr.
Robinson considers it a Roman fortress; but
the learned divine, in this instance, has
wandered from his usual accuracy. The at-
tentive reader of De Saulcy's volumes will be
forced to admit that his conclusion is the
sounder one, and that his accurate survey of
the Samaritan temple is in itself a sufficient
reward for the laborious and expensive journey
he had so successfully accomplished. Our
author writes in raptures of the situation of
Samaria, and lauds the good taste of the
kings of Israel in fixing the metropolis of
their dominions on this enchanting spot.
was rather pressed for time, but strongly
recommends this locality to the notice of
future travellers willing to employ their
money and labor to profitable advantage.
The expense of digging here would be ex-
ceedingly moderate; as, even at Nineveh,
so much more distant, and beset with obsta-
cles, it is far less than might be supposed."
It appears certain, that if any scientific in-
quirer would devote a few days to Sebastieh,
securing, in the first instance, the good-will
of the inhabitants (easily obtained by the
never failing backshish), he could not fail to
make archæological discoveries of the highest
importance.

to the Jezreel of the Bible, and traversing a Passing by Zerayan, which has succeeded most delightful country, consisting of valleys and meadows, well watered and blooming with cultivation, the travellers reached Nazareth, and were a second time received with warm hospitality by the fathers of the convent of the Casa Nova. Nazareth is still There are views more extensive and sub- celebrated for the unrivalled beauty of its lime in natural grandeur and expanded pro- environs, the Cave of the Annunciation, and portions; such, for instance, as that devel- the loveliness of the women. The fair Nazaoped by the rising sun from the cone of Etna, renes have long been distinguished for their which we once witnessed in rapture in early personal attractions. Antoninus the Martyr youth, in all the unclouded radiance of a Med-wrote, in the sixth century, that there were iterranean atmosphere. But there is noth- in Nazareth a number of women exceedingly ing which can compete with this, in the local beautiful, who pretended that they had been associations, in the thoughts produced, the blessed with this precious gift by the Virgin feelings excited, and the impressions stamped Mary. M. de Saulcy does not undertake to forever after on the tablet of memory. say whether the holy virgin has had anything to do with the beauty of the Christian and Mahommedan women at present living in Nazareth; but he warmly asserts that this beauty is not imaginary, and that

On the 21st February, 1851, De Sauley and his party left Jerusalem, proceeding by their former route to Samaria, now Sabastieh, the examination of which place they had postponed until their return. Here their discoveries were much more important than they had anticipated. Vast ruins cover the site of the capital of the Kings of Israel, and the ancient temple of the Samaritans, built

By the society now forming under the auspices of Prince Albert, to prosecute the discoveries of Layard, it is calculated that ten thousand pounds will suffice for a year, to carry on excavations on a very extended scale.

the harrow has dissipated his preceding labors. The Lake of Genesareth and the ruins of Tiberias are attractive in themselves, and teeming with recollections. The feelings of the author, while contemplating this delightful spot, are eloquently expressed in the subjoined passage:

the fair possessors have every reason to be proud of the distinction. From Nazareth, they journeyed on to Kafr-Kenna, which locality, in opposition to the judgment of the Rev. Dr. Robinson, De Sauley maintains to be the Cana of Galilee, where the first miracle of our Saviour was performed. As usual, he maintains his opinion by a chain of logiWe are now outside the walls of Tabarich. cal argument, deduced from scriptural pas- There is not a cloud in the sky! Every corner sages, and based on personal examination of of the ground is decked with a lovely garment of the place; an advantage of which Robinson plants and flowers; everywhere on the waters, omitted to avail himself, and decided in favor that reflect the azure sky, are thousands of of another and a neighboring locality, Kana- water-fowl, flying, sporting, and diving. Before el-Djalil, pointed out to him in the far dis- us lie the ruins of the Tiberias of Herod, levelled tance by his guide, and translated Cana of with the ground, and over which the plough Galilee. "The words, Cana of Galilee," passes with each succeeding year, displacing the says De Sauley, "supposing even that the innumerable shafts of columns that still rise country of Galilee should ever have been above the fields. Where these columns termicalled El-Djali in Arabic, could never have nate are now two or three decayed buildings, been expressed by Kana-el-Djalil. This last ruins of yesterday, built by Ibrahim Pacha, over word is positively an adjective, meaning great the warm springs of Emmaus. In the far horior illustrious. I then most conscientiously de-zon lies the green valley of the Jordan, limited clare that, according to my interpretation and, I make bold to say, according to the interpretation of any native scholar the words El-Djalil, in Arabic, cannot have any other meaning than that of Kana the Great, or Kana the Illustrious." This is close reasoning against the reverend doctor, and shows how difficult it is for even the most diligent inquirer to be always right, and the danger of trusting to any secondary report. De Saulcy proves clearly that there were two Canas, and that Kafr-Kenna, and not Kanael-Djalil (which latter cannot be made to agree with the Gospel of St. John), was the place of the miracle. It is much to be regretted," he observes, "that this learned ex- Having satisfied himself that he had dispositor (Dr. Robinson) should have neg-covered the ancient Tariches in the modern fected (I cannot guess for what reason) to Kedes, M. De Sauley continued his journey to visit Kafr-Kenna. By not studying this place Damascus, passing over the mountain ridge de visu, he has exposed himself to the charge of acting like a judge who pronounces condemnation without hearing the case." From Kafr-Kenna to Tabarieh, they passed two spots, memorable in recent and mediaeval history-the village of Ech-Chedjara, at the foot of Mount Tabor, where, on the 16th of April, 1799, a handful of French soldiers, led by Bonaparte and Kleber, scattered a Turkish army of 25,000 men; and the plain of Hattin, where, in the eleventh century, King Guy de Lusignan and his gallant knights sustained and lost the disastrous battle with Saladin, which extinguished the Latin kingdom of Jerusalem.

The modern Tabarieh is an ill-fated city, destined apparently to be continually overthrown by earthquakes, as fast as it rises from the ruins of a preceding catastrophe. Yet the inhabitants cling to their cherished locality, as the swallow builds his nest again where the first was destroyed, and the ant re-constructs his mound where the plough or LIVING AGE. VOL. III. 14

COCCICII.

to the westward by the mountains of Judea, and to the eastward by the highlands of the country. of the Ammonites; and though last, not least, on the opposite side of the lake, are the rich and beautiful mountains of Haouran. In whatever direction you turn, you look on the soil marked by the footsteps of our Saviour and his beloved disciples, and the waters upon which they sailed; and all bright and glowing with the most translucent atmosphere. You may traverse the world without finding a panorama to compete with this. It was impossible to restrain our emotions while contemplating this magnificent creation of the Messiah has left at every step a tokcu of his the Lord, this blessed and hallowed spot, where

presence.

of the Anti-Libanus. Everywhere, except only on the highest land, he found ruins scattered profusely over the ground-some, of the most gigantic proportions, and extending without interval for several miles. Amongst them he identifies Capernaum, Bethsaida, Chorazin, Dan, and Hazor, a vast city, the capital of Jubin, principal king of the land of Canaan, a metropolis built long before the days of Moses, first burnt by Josl ua, and finally reduced by Nebuchadrezzar, King of Babylon, to the state of desolation which it now presents. Hazor must have been of enormous extent, and conveys the idea of having been inhabited by a race of giants, such as the Anakims, Emims, and Rephaims, who are expressly mentioned in the Holy Scriptures. Our author and his companions gazed on these colossal vestiges with bewildered astonishment. The Abbé. Michon was inclined to look upon them as antediluvian, an hypothesis in which De Sauley is by no means disposed to coincide.

willingly have remained a month, had their arrangements permitted. The account of magnificent ruins is one of the most attractive passages in the book. And here again several errors in the descriptions of earlier trayellers are carefully noted and corrected. The size of some of the stones employed in the Temples of Jupiter and the Sun, and the power by which they were raised to their position, exceed all that we can imagine of mechanical process, and leave us utterly unable to calculate how such miracles of architecture can have been effected in remote periods.

On the 8th of March, they reached Damascus. [and his party for three days. They would The outward aspect of this far-famed city, the pearl of the east, much disappointed them, but they were consoled by finding a superb hotel, with the most luxurious accommodation. The houses of Damascus are generally built of mud and plaster, and out of repair. The Turks seldom attempt to arrest the encroachments of time, who thus operates as their most persevering enemy. Until a very recent date, all Christians were compelled to alight and cross the gate of Damascus on foot, but this humiliating regulation no longer exists, having been abolished since 1850, by the energetic interference of M. De Ségur Duperron, the French consul. The ladies of Damascus are represented as being exceedingly handsome, but disfigured by ungraceful decorations, and a most defective style of costume. The following passage indicates a strange and primitive fashion, still universal amongst the female natives, and which shows itself every where as you approach the city :--

On the 20th of March, the enterprising French travellers arrived at Beyrout without accident, after an absence of three months, thus closing a most perilous and difficult expedition with triumphant success, and contributing to our geographical and historical knowledge a series of discoveries equal in importance and extent to any which human inThis fashion is by no means a new one, since telligence and perseverance have accomplished it can be traced back to the most remote antiq- and added a new and boundless field for the since Columbus passed the Atlantic Ocean, uity; I mean a small gold button, often ornamented with a turquoise, and which females exercise of human energy. M. de Sauley has insert into their nostrils, in imitation of a shirt- done much, where little was previously button. We learn something on the subject known, and declares that he has left still from the Bible, when Abraham's servant was more to be accomplished by others, whose sent into Mesopotamia, to seek a wife for Isaac, emulation may be excited by a very encourthe son of his master. Cohen translates the aging example. The short synopsis we have passage as follows: "I then put a ring to her been enabled to give, will afford the reader face, and bracelets to her hands." The Hebrew but an inadequate idea of the information and text says literally, "I put the nezem to her nose, and the bracelets to her hands." This amusement he will surely extract from the word nezem has been translated by Mendelsohn, perusal of these extraordinary volumes. nose-bob, although the Septuagint had rendered it ear-drops. In the 22d verse of the same chapter it is said, "And it came to pass, as the camels had done drinking, that the man took a golden ear-ring of half a shekel weight, and two bracelets for her hands of ten shekels weight of gold." The Samaritan text, after the mention of the first ornament, adds, "and he put it to her nose.' Any traveller who has passed through the villages in the neighborhood of Damascus and Baalbek, can have no doubt of the meaning of these two verses; the ornament in question is unquestionably the same which the females still wear appended to their noses, and has no resemblance either to a ring or a drop,

but is a real button.

J. W. C.

From the Examiner.

Louis XVII. His Life, his Suffering, his

Death. The Captivity of the Royal Family
in the Temple. By A. DE BEAUCHESNE.
Translated and Edited by W. Hazlitt. Esq.
Two vols. Vizetelly and Co.

This is the translation of a book which has been quite the rage in Paris, where as many tender eyes have been set weeping for the royal victims of the First Revolution by A. flowing for its Girondin heroes by A. de Lamde Beauchesne, as were ever filled to overartine. The present version appears to have Damascus has been so often described, that been very carefully prepared; the facsimile little can be added to what we already know.autographs, the documentary proofs (some of One of the most ancient places in the world which are very curious), several of the woodpresents scarcely any vestiges to interest the cut vignettes and plans, have been elaborately antiquary. But that many exist under the copied and imitated; and the book almost as ground of the modern city, and might be dis- strongly testifies in its present as in its origiinterred by a series of diggings on an exten-nal form to the ultra-royalist devotion of its sive scale, is a question which can scarcely be extremely enthusiastic writer. disputed, although the undertaking is so difficult as to be impracticable at the present moment. A few years more may effect wonders in this quarter. Bâalbek detained De Saulcy

Of course M. de Beauchesne puts forth no pretension as a philosophical reasoner on the French revolution. Its horrors are his subject, not its lessons. For twenty years, as he

tells us himself, he has been turning up the | so forcibly describes were actually undergone ruins of the Temple, and piecing together, by the royal prisoners of the Temple, though wreck by wreck, its half-obliterated records the space of time they covered no doubt was of sufferings and calamities that live in no short compared with any similar record of the other memorial. There is not a staircase, a withering away of human lives in the Bastille : chamber, a corner of the dreary dungeon of but the passage would be worth quoting in French royalty that he has not traversed, connection with M. Beauchesne's book were that he has not repeopled with its victims, at it only for the exactness of its description of which he has not listened for the sobs and the fate of the poor boy who is the hero, sighs of heart-rending sorrow that once echoed sliding into death in the silence of a dungeon. hopelessly through it. "For twenty years,' "It is also to be said in common fairness to cxclaims M. de Beauchesne, "I have shut even the bloodstained chiefs of the reign of myself up in that Tower, I have lived there!" terror that for the worst part of what these We can well believe it; and so perhaps will volumes contain- their minute detail of the the reader when wo inform him of the very beating, brutalizing, and starving, the slow curious fact that all through M. de Beau- torture, the loathsome and agonizing murder chesne's book there is not a single mention of a child-they can hardly be held responsimade of the Fall of the Bastille. So com- ble. Certainly even a Paris mob might claim pletely was the historian shut up for all its hearing as wrongfully accused of any act those years in his own peculiar prison that or part in this special villany. It was the the other prisons of France faded quite from act of a few private murderers, who were not his memory. And this was fortunate. For, only overlooked amid the heat and passion of to a man whose sympathies and sensibilities the final struggle for mastery which ended in centred solely in the Temple, the Bastille and the predominance of Robespierre, but were its records of woe would have been a subject even left to complete their work after Robesdifficult to handle. pierre's fall. Some of the worst atrocities against the poor boy were actually perpetrated by the so-called restorers of order and legality.

Very certain is it, notwithstanding, that the one can never be understood (or be worth reading, except for the Newgate Calendar excitement that may be found in it) unless by one who equally understands the other. There was not an exaggeration of horror in the fifth act and catastrophe of the old French regime, that has not had its previous parallel in some wild extravagance of the preceding four acts. Has the reader ever seen Mr. Thomas Paine's remark on Burke's famous lamentation for Marie Antoinette? It is so good, so just in argument, so beautiful in expression, nay, so much more masterly than Burke himself even on his own ground of imagination, that we shall here quote it. "Not one glance of compassion," he says, "not one commiserating reflection, that I can find throughout his book, has he bestowed on those who lingered out the most wretched of lives, a life without hope, in the most miserable of prisons. It is painful to behold a man employing his talents to corrupt himself. Nature has been kinder to Mr. Burke than he is to her. He is not affected by the reality of distress touching his heart, but by the showy resemblance of it striking his imagination He pities the plumage, but forgets the dying bird: Accustomed to kiss the aristocratical hand that hath purloined him from himself, he degenerates into a composition of art, and the genuine soul of nature forsakes him. His hero or his heroine must be a

tragedy-victim expiring in show, and not the real prisoner of misery, sliding into death in the silence of a dungeon."

Here Mr. Paine was perhaps too little conscious that all the forms of wretchedness he

But we detain the reader too long from M. de Beauchesne himself. Let us exhibit his picture of the once happy and glorified dauphin of France at this final period of his agony.

It was not, in general, until an advanced hour of the night that the new commissaries were appointed by the council-general, so that they did not arrive at the Temple before midnight. Then the new-comers had to be certain of the presence of the captive, in order to discharge their predecessors from their trust. Preceded by a turnkey, they went up together to the kennel of the wolf-cub; it was a matter of indifference to them whether he was asleep or awake; if he were awake, they brought him only fear; and if asleep, fear and loss of rest together. A pitiless voice suddenly called to him, to make sure that he had not been carried off. If on some is given by sleep, he delayed a moment in reoccasions, plunged in that forgetfulness which plying, an arm, moved by disquietude, would open the turning wicket with a great noise, and a terrible voice would cry: "Capet! Capet!. Are you asleep? Where are you? Young: viper, get up." The child, waking with a start,. got out of bed, and came, trembling all over, with his feet colder than the damp boards along. which he dragged them. "I am here, citizens,?" he would answer, in a gentle voice. "Here I am; what. here that I may see you!" "To see you," redo you want with me?" plied the Cerberus, turning his lantern on the "All right! Get to bed!-In!opening., Down!"

"Come

Two or three hours afterwards the enormous keys grated harshly again, and the iron doormoved on its hinges; it was the turn of some commissaries who have been delayed, and who..