s. 16), and be a person registered under the Medical Act (ib. s. 47). To receive two or more Lunatics in any house not licensed is a misdemeanor (8 & 9 Vict. c. 100, s. 44). No person (not a pauper) shall be received into any such house without a statement and two Medical certificates, in form prescribed (16 & 17 Vict. c. 96, ss. 4, 10; also, 25 & 26 Vict. c. 111, ss. 22, 23), except under special circumstances (16 & 17 Vict. c. 96, ss. 5, 6). Additional certificates required in the case of paupers (s. 7). No Medical man interested in any licensed house can sign a certificate of admission therein (s. 12). The giving a false certificate declared a misdemeanor (s. 13). Admission books are required to be duly kept (8 & 9 Vict. c. 100, ss. 50, 51), and notice sent to the Commissioners (s. 52), within one clear day (25 & 26 Vict. c. 111, s. 28), who, with the approval of the Secretary of State, may make Regulations to be observed in such houses (16 & 17 Vict. c. 96, s. 31). Notices also to be transmitted in case of escape, discharge, or death of a patient (ss. 53, 54, 55). The abuse, ill-treatment, or neglect of a patient is a misdemeanor (a), as also the unlawful confinement of a sane person, and the Commissioners may direct the prosecution by the Attorney-General of any Offender (s. 56), who is subject to a penalty of 207. (16 & 17 Vict. c. 96, s. 9). Due Medical attendance is prescribed, case-books are to be kept, and visits made by the Commissioners, or other Visitors (ss. 57 to 71; 16 & 17 Vict. c. 96, s. 25; and 25 & 26 Vict. c. 111, ss, 29, 30, 35). The discharge or removal of patients is regulated (ss. 72 to 81; 16 & 17 Vict. c. 96, SS. 19 to 22; and 25 & 26 Vict. c. 111, ss. 31, 43). Patients may be sent to any place for the benefit of their health (s. 86; also 18 & 19 Vict. c. 105, s. 17; and 25 & 26 Vict. c. 111, s. 38). Persons receiving a single Lunatic for

(a) Where the brother of a lunatic having taken him under his sole charge, receiving the rents of houses belonging to the lunatic in payment, wilfully neglected" him it was held, that he was properly convicted under 16 & 17 Vict. c. 96, s. 9 (R. v. Porter, 4 New Reports, 71).

profit, are to give notice to the Commissioners, and comply with the prescribed Regulations (ss. 90 to 92; 16 & 17 Vict. c. 96, ss. 8, 14 to 18; and 25 & 26 Vict. c. 111, ss. 22, 28, and 41, 42). Letters to the Commissioners from patients are to be forwarded unopened (25 & 26 Vict. c. 111, s. 40).

The care of pauper Lunatics is specially provided for by a separate Act (16 & 17 Vict. c. 97), amended by 18 & 19 Vict. c. 105, and 25 & 26 Vict. c. 111, ss. 4 to 13, and 19 to 21, 23, 25 to 28, 30 to 34, 37, 45, and 48; the spirit of the leading provisions relative to the care of such patients being similar to the above.

Proceedings for the due Protection of the Property of Lunatics are regulated by the 8 & 9 Vict. c. 100, ss. 94 to 97; and 16 & 17 Vict. c. 70, amended by 25 & 26 Vict. c. 86. Under the last-mentioned Act, the inquiry under a Commission of Lunacy must be confined to whether or not the subject of the inquiry is then insane (a), and no evidence as to acts or demeanor more than two years previously can be received. (s. 3). Issue may be directed to a jury in one of the Superior Courts (s. 4), who may examine the alleged Lunatic prior to their verdict (s. 6). A new trial may be granted (s. 7), and the alleged Lunatic may demand an inquiry by a jury (s. 8).

Visitors appointed by the Lord Chancellor are required to inquire as to the health and comfort of all Lunatics under the special protection of the Court (s. 19), at least four times a year, at intervals not greater than four months (s. 20), and shall report to the Lord Chancellor; such reports to be annually laid before Parliament (s. 21).

(a) The Law will presume that a person is of sound mind until the contrary is proved; the onus probandi lies therefore with the person alleging the insanity (see Shelford on Lunacy, 56, 2nd edit., where the several statutes in relation to lunacy, which are very voluminous, are fully set out). The person or property of any individual cannot be permanently controlled by the Crown without the verdict of a jury (2 Wilson & Shaw, 517). A Commission of Lunacy will not be granted, even where the fact of lunacy is undisputed, unless it be shown that such will tend to the benefit of the lunatic (Ex parte Tomlinson, 1 Ves. & Bea. 57; In re J. B. 1 My. & Cr. 538).

MEDICAL OFFICERS.

OFFICERS OF HEALTH.

Public Health and Local Government Acts.-For Districts to which the Public Health and Local Government Acts are applied the Local Board of Health are empowered to appoint a legally qualified Medical man to be the Officer of Health, removable at pleasure, to perform such duties as he may be directed (a); and the same person may be Officer of Health for two or more Districts; and the Board may pay him such salary as they determine (11 & 12 Vict. c. 63, s. 40). The Officer of Health to certify to the Board as to the filthy or unwholesome condition of any dwelling-house, or that the purification thereof would tend to prevent the spread of disease (s. 60; see also 10 & 11 Vict. c. 34, s. 12). He may inspect any slaughter house, butcher's shop, &c. (ib. s. 131).

Nuisances and Diseases Prevention Acts.-Under these Acts the Medical Officer is to certify as to the injurious effect of any effluvia arising from any noxious trade (18 & 19 Vict. c. 121, s. 27), and as to the over-crowding of any house consisting of more than one family so as to be dangerous or prejudicial to health (s. 28). He may also inspect any food, and seize any such as may be found unwholesome (26 & 27 Vict. c. 117, s. 2).

The Local Authority are to appoint Medical Officers for the purpose of carrying out any Regulations issued by the Privy Council, under the Diseases Prevention Act, during the prevalence of Epidemic Disease (18 & 19 Vict. c. 116, s. 8). Any Medical Officer so employed on board any ship to be remunerated by the Captain or owners, the amount to be determined by the Justices in case of dispute (s. 12). The Guardians of any

(a) See Minute on duties of Officer of Health, p. 639.

union or parish may employ one of their Medical Officers to make inquiry and report upon the Sanitary state of their union, and pay for the same out of their common fund (23 & 24 Vict. c. 77, s. 14).

Factories.-The Factory Acts provide that the strength, &c., of children under thirteen, employed in any Factory, must be certified by a Medical man, and that Certifying Surgeons be appointed, who also are to report in reference to accidents. [See "Factories."]

Lunacy. The Lunacy Acts provide that one at least of the Lunatic Visitors appointed by the Commissioners must be a Medical man; that every Lunatic Hospital is to have a resident Medical Officer. [See "Lunacy"; also as to Medical certificates, &c.]

The Vaccination Acts provide that Poor Law Guardians may contract with their Medical Officers for the Vaccination of children in manner prescribed as to inspection, certificates, fees, penalties, &c. [See "Vaccination."]

The Medical Act provides that any words importing a recognised Medical Practitioner or member of the Medical profession, when used in any Act of Parliament, must be construed to mean a person Registered under that Act (21 & 22 Vict. c. 90, s. 34). [See "Medical Practitioners."]

Metropolis Management Acts.—In the Metropolis every Vestry and District Board of Works shall appoint a Medical Officer of Health to report on the Sanitary state of the District (a), the existence of diseases, the ventilation of churches, schools, lodging-houses and public buildings (18 & 19 Vict. c. 120, s. 132), who is to make an annual report (25 & 26 Vict. c. 102, s. 43).

Regulation of Bakehouses Act.-The Officer of Health may be instructed by the Local Authority, to enter and inspect any Bakehouse to ascertain the condition thereof (26 & 27 Vict. c. 40, s. 6). [See "Regulation of Bakehouses."]

(a) By the City Sewers Act, s. 80 (see note p. 37) the Commissioners are empowered to appoint a Medical Officer of Health for the City of London.

MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS.

With reference to the qualifications necessary to enable persons to practise the Medical profession, a "General Council of Medical Education and Registration of the United Kingdom" was established by the Medical Act (21 & 22 Vict. c. 90), to consist of twenty-three persons, one member to be chosen by each of seventeen Medical bodies in various parts of the Kingdom, six to be nominated by Her Majesty in Council, and a President elected by such General Council (ss. 1 to 5); branch Councils to act for England, Scotland, and Ireland respectively (s. 6). Members to be appointed for any term not exceeding five years, but eligible for re-appointment (s. 8). The Council to regulate their own meetings (eight to be a quorum), and may appoint an executive committee, three to be a quorum (s. 9). The Council to appoint a Registrar, who is to act as Secretary to the Council, and may also act as Treasurer, also as Registrar, Secretary, and Treasurer of the branch Council for England; clerks and servants also to be appointed at such salaries as the Council or branch Council think fit (s.,10). Branch Councils for Scotland and Ireland to appoint like officers respectively (s. 11). Fees for attendance and expenses to be allowed to members of the Councils (s. 12). Separate accounts to be kept (s. 13). Registers to be correctly kept, names of deceased persons erased, and alterations in addresses or qualifications of registered persons duly made. The Registrar may inquire of any registered person whether he has changed his residence or ceased to practise, and if no answer be returned within six months, the name may be erased, but may be restored by order of the General Council (s. 14). Every fellow, member (a), licentiate, or extra licentiate of the Colleges of Physicians of London, Edinburgh, King's and Queen's, Ireland; of Surgeons-England, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Ireland; of Apothecaries' Hall, London and Dublin; doctor, bachelor, or licentiate of Medicine or master in Surgery of

(a) See 22 Vict. c. 21, s. 4.