tion. Why stop within your lodging, count- | And he goes out of doors, not to read the day's newspaper or to buy the gay shilling volume, but to imbibe the invisible atmosphere of genius and to learn by heart the oral traditions of taste. Out he goes, and, leav ing the tumble-down town behind him, he mounts the Acropolis to the right or he turns to the Areopagus on the left. He on the left. He goes to the Parthenon to study the sculptures of Phidias, to the temple of the Dioscuri to see the paint ing the rents in your wall or the holes in your tiling, when Nature and Art call you away? You will find just such a chamber and a table and a stool and a sleeping-board anywhere else in the three continents. One place does not differ from another in-doors; your magalia in Africa or your grottos in Syria are not perfection. I suppose you did not come to Athens to swarm up a ladder or to grope about a closet: you came to see and to hearings of Polygnotus. We indeed take our Sophwhat hear and see you could not elsewhere. What food for the intellect is a procurable article in-doors that you stay there looking about you? Do you think to read there? Where are your books? Do you expect to purchase books at Athens? You are much out in your calculations. True it is we at this day, who live in the nineteenth century, have the books of Greece as a perpetual memorial, and copies there have been since the time that they were written; but you need not go to Athens to procure them, nor would you find them in Athens. Strange to say, strange to the nineteenth century, that in the age of Plato and Thucydides there was not, it is said, a bookshop in the whole place, nor was the book-trade in existence till the very time of Augustus. Libraries, I suspect, were the bright invention of Attalus or the Ptolemies; I doubt whether Athens had a library till the reign of Hadrian. It was what the student gazed on, what he heard, what he caught by the magic of sympathy, not what he read, which was the education furnished by Athens. He leaves his narrow lodging early in the morning, and not till night-if even then-memory till he dies. Many are the beauties will he return. It is but a crib or kennel in which he sleeps when the weather is inclement or the ground damp, in no respect a home. ocles or Eschylus out of our coat-pocket; but if our sojourner at Athens would understand how a tragic poet can write, he must betake himself to the theatre on the south and see and hear the drama literally in action. Or let him go westward to the Agora, and there he will hear Lysias or Andocides pleading or Demosthenes haranguing. He goes farther west still, along the shade of those noble. planes which Cimon has planted there, and he looks around him at the statues and porticos and vestibules, each by itself a work of genius and skill enough to be the making of another city. He passes through the city gate, and then he is at the famous Ceramicus; here are the tombs of the mighty dead, and here, we will suppose, is Pericles himself, the most elevated, the most thrilling, of orators, converting a funeral oration over the slain into a philosophical panegyric of the living. Onward he proceeds still, and now he has come to that still more celebrated Academe which has bestowed its own name on universities down to this day, and there he sees a sight which will be graven on his of the place-the groves and the statues and the temple, and the stream of the Cephissus flowing by many are the lessons which will be taught him day after day by teacher or by companion; but his eye is just now arrested by one object: it is the very presence of Plato. He does not hear a word that he says; he does not care to hear; he asks neither for discourse nor disputation: what he sees is a whole complete in itself, not to be increased by addition and greater than anything else. It will be a point in the history of his life, a stay for his mind to rest on, a burning thought in his heart, a bond of union with men like himself, ever afterward. Such is the spell which the living man exerts on his fellows for good or for evil. How Nature impels us to lean upon others, making virtue or genius or name the qualification for our doing so! A Spaniard is said to have travelled to Italy simply to see Livy; he had his fill of gazing, and then went back again home. Had our young stranger got nothing by his voyage but the sight of the breathing and moving Plato, had he entered no lectureroom to hear, no gymnasium to converse, he had got some measure of education and something to tell of to his grandchildren. But Plato is not the only sage, nor the sight of him the only lesson to be learned in this wonderful suburb. It is the region and the realm of philosophy. Colleges were the inventions of many centuries later, and they imply a sort of cloistered life-or, at least, a more than Athenian observance of rule. It was the boast of the philosophic statesman of Athens that his countrymen achieved by the mere force of nature and the love of the noble and the great what other people aimed at by laborious discipline, and all who came among them were submitted to the same method of education. We have traced our student on his wanderings from the Acropolis to the Sacred Way, and now he is in the regions of the schools. No awful arch, no window of many-colored lights, marks the several seats of learning: Philosophy lives out of doors. No close atmosphere oppresses the brain or inflames the eyelid; no long session stiffens the limbs. Epicurus is reclining in his garden; Zeno looks like a divinity in his porch; the restless Aristotle, on the other side of the city, as if in antagonism to Plato, is walking his pupils off their legs in his Lyceum by the Illyssus. Our student has determined on entering himself as a disciple of Theophrastus, a teacher of marvellous popularity who has brought together two thousand pupils from all parts of the world. He himself is of Lesbos; for masters as well as students come hither from all regions of the earth-as befits a university. How could Athens have collected hearers in such numbers unless she had selected teachers of such power? It was the range of territory which the notion of a university implies which furnished both the quantity of the one and the quality of the other. Anaxagoras was from Ionia, Carneades from Africa, Zeno from Cyprus, Protagoras from Thrace, and Gorgias from Sicily. Andromachus was a Syrian, Proæresius an Armenian, Hilarius a Bithynian, Philiscus a Thessalian, Hadrian a Syrian. Rome is celebrated for her liberality in civil matters; Athens was as liberal in intellectual. There was no narrow jealousy directed against a professor because he was not an Athenian: genius and talent were the qualifications, and to bring them to Athens was to do homage to it as a university. There was a brotherhood and a citizenship of mind. JOHN HENRY NEWMAN, D. D. (Cardinal Newman). THE HORSEBACK-RIDE. HEN troubled in spirit, when | On, on speeds my courser, scarce printing weary of life, When I faint 'neath its bur dens and shrink from its strife, When its fruits, turned to ashes, are mocking my taste, And its fairest scene seems but a desolate waste, Then come ye not near me my sad heart to cheer With friendship's soft accents or sympathy's tear the sod, Scarce crushing a daisy to mark where he trod. On, on like a deer when the hound's early Awakes the wild echoes, away, and away; ear. Now 'long a clear rivulet lieth his track; Now a glen dark as midnight. What mat- No pity I ask, and no counsel I need— But bring me, oh, bring me my gallant Though shadows are round us and rocks o'er young steed, us frown; With his high-arched neck and his nostril The thick branches shake as we're hurrying spread wide, His The strength to my spirit returneth again; The bonds are all broken that fettered my mind, through, And deck us with spangles of silvery dew. What a wild thought of triumph, that this girlish hand Such a steed in the might of his strength may command! And my cares borne away on the wings of What a glorious creature! Ah! glance at the wind; him now lock's brow: My pride lifts its head, for a season bowed As I check him a while on this green hildown, And the queen in my nature now puts on nature now puts on her crown. Now we're off-like the winds, to the plains whence they came; How he tosses his mane with a shrill, joyous neigh And paws the firm earth in his proud, stately play! Hurrah! off again, dashing on as in ire, And the rapture of motion is thrilling my Till the long flinty pathway is flashing with These were two hearts that long ago, Dreaming and waking. Each to a poet revealed its woe, Wasting and breaking, Never to know That if each to other had but done so snow Forsaken-forsaking. ISA CRAIG. they may be, and these advantages they shall, without exception, enjoy. "Thus we grant full security to the inhabitants of our empire of life, honor, and property, as we are bound to do, according to the text of our holy law. "As to the other subjects, they are subsequently to be regulated after the decision of the enlightened members of our Council of Justice, the members of which will be increased according to necessity, which is to meet on certain days, which we shall appoint. Our ministers and dignitaries of the empire. will assemble to establish laws for the secu MAGNA CHARTA OF TURKEY-HATTI rity of life and property and the assessment SCHERIFF OF GULHANE. Prepared by Sultan Mahmoud II., and decreed Nov. 2, 1839, by Sultan Abdul Medjid Khan. "IT of taxes, and every member of these assemblies shall be free to express his opinion and to give his advice. "Laws concerning the regulation of the T is decreed, that in future the cause military service will be debated at the miliof every individual shall be tried pub-tary council, which will hold its meetings at licly, according to our divine laws, after the palace of the Seraskier. mature inquiry and examination; and till a regular sentence has been pronounced, no one shall have it in his power, either secretly or publicly, to put an individual to death, either by poison or by any other means. "It is not permitted to attack the honor of any individual, unless before a court of justice. 'As soon as one law is settled, in order that it may be for ever valid it shall be presented to us, and we shall honor it with our sanction, and to the head thereof we shall affix our imperial seal." Translation of HENRY CHRISTMAS, M. A. THE REMNANT OF THE ALEXAN- BY CALIF OMAR. Every individual shall be allowed to be ORDER FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF master of his own property, of whatsoever kind, and shall be allowed to dispose of it with full liberty, without any obstacle being offered by any one. For instance, the innocent heirs of a criminal shall not forfeit their right to his property, nor shall the property of a criminal be any longer confiscated. "These imperial concessions extend to all our subjects, of whatever religion or sect IF F what is contained in these volumes be contrary to the Koran, they are mischievous: if in accordance with the Koran, they are superfluous;-let them be burned." Translation of HENRY CHRISTMAS, M. A. |