for a recent volume, it does not seem likely that it represents any Catesby: a Catesby portrait painted fifty years after the Catesbies had left Ashby St. Ledgers would not be likely to go there. It is much more likely that it represents some member of the family that was then in possession of the place. S. H. A. H.

DICKENS AND WOODEN LEGS (11 S. x. 409, 454, 493). The influence exercised over Dickens by the subject of wooden legs is well marked in several of his writings; but surely the most striking and unmistakable example, and one which I have not yet seen mentioned, is that in which Mr. Pecksniff, when he is drunk, requests Mrs. Todgers to draw an architectural design of a wooden leg. Other references to wooden-legged people might have been mere coincidences, but this one distinctly

shows the dominant character of the idea in Dickens's mind. J. FOSTER PALMER.

“WALLOONS" (11 S. x. 507).—The word comes from a common Teutonic word meaning “foreign," or pure German Welsch, Dutch Waalsch, and English Welsh, and is applied to a people inhabiting the Belgian provinces of Hainaut, Namur, Liège, and parts of Luxemburg and Southern Brabant. The Walloons are descended from the ancient. Gallic Belgæ, with an admixture of Roman elements. Their dialect is a distinct branch of the Romance languages, with some admixture of Flemish and Low German.

ALFRED GWYTHER.

PETER HENHAM (11 S. x. 349).—The following brief notice, if unknown to your querist, may, perhaps, be of help :

"Petrus Henhamus: Monachus Anglus Vallidenensis, res Anglicas a tempore Hengisti Saxonis, sive a medio seculo post Christum natum quinto, usque ad Annum 1244 scripsit tam bona fide quam qui unquam optima, judice Lelando c. 233, quem sequuntur Baleus, III. 83, et Pitseus, p. 297."J. A. Fabricius, Bibliotheca Latina media et infimæ ætatis,' 1858, tom. iii. p. 192.

Charles II. for his attack of ague, it caused great distrust in the minds of many bigoted persons.

·

In The New Pharmacopoeia of the Royal College of Physicians,' published in February, 1788, Peruvian bark appears as Cinchona officinalis. In France the plant was called Cinchona, and the substance Cinchonine. CONSTANCE RUSSELL.

Swallowfield Park, Reading.

[A. V. D. P. informs us that no portrait of Ana de Osorio is included in the works mentioned in his reply on 'De Tassis,' ante, p. 36.]

A PURITAN ORDEAL IN THE NINETEENTH

CENTURY (11 S. x. 467).—See also 8 S. iii. 134, 8.V. Folk-lore,' and Hone's Year Book (29 Feb.).

Some forty years ago I witnessed an amateur trial by divination with the Bible far as I can remember. and key. The result was unsatisfactory, so

I believe this superstition still lingers on in some parts of England and also on the Continent. In 1913 a case came before the

Berlin penal courts in which it figured conspicuously. An account of the proceedings appeared in The Daily Mail of 2 Feb., 1913, from which I extract the following paragraph describing the method of pro

cedure :

"Gebhardt has an old leather-bound Bible which she declares is enchanted. When a crime is committed in the village she takes the Bible in one hand, and puts a huge ancient key between the leaves, holding the ring end of the key in the other hand. She repeats an appropriate text, and then asks: 'Dear Bible, say who is the guilty person,' meanwhile herself reciting the names of possible offenders. When the right name is uttered the Bible springs out of her hand and falls to the floor."

JOHN T. PAGE.

AMPHILLIS WASHINGTON (11 S. x. 488).— In an article on The English Ancestry of Washington' (Harper's Magazine, May, 1891), the late Dr. Moncure D. Conway wrote as follows:

"At Middle Claydon resided another friend of the Washingtons, Sir Edmund Verney, who had a farm servant, or bailiff, named John Roades, to whom he was much attached. This bailiff had a daughter named Amphillis, who became the wife of the Rev. Lawrence Washington, M.A., and the great-great-grandmother of the first President of the United States."

In the pedigree chart attached to Mr. Henry F. Waters's Examination of the English Pedigree of George Washington (1889) the Christian name of the father of Amphillis Washington is left blank. See also 10 S. iv. 286; x. 323.

JOHN T. PAGE.

Lotes on Books.

The Travels of Peter Mundy in Europe and Asia, 1608-1667. Vol. II. Travels in Asia, 16281634. Edited by Lieut.-Col. Sir Richard Carnac Temple. (Hakluyt Society.)

And

No lover of India should miss this volume. There is, indeed, little in it which could not be gathered from other sources. In some small particulars the writer, despite his habit of accuracy and his quickness of eye, stands in need of correction. The observations follow one another very much at random, and nowhere strike very deep. But Peter Mundy's good qualities as the compiler of a record shine out here-where the material upon which they were engaged was so new and so fascinating-in more brilliance than ever. it is something to listen to one who saw the Taj Mahal a-building, when it had about it that raile of golde," studded with gems, and valued at six lakh of rupees, which was removed some ten years later for fear of robbery, and replaced by a network of marble. It is something to hear from a contemporary the stories about royalty and other great personages current as gossip in those days, even though historically they can claim but doubtful credit. And, again, the manifold illustration which the book affords of the methods, temper, and standing amid the Indian population of the men who first made the contact between England and India is of the deepest The cream of the story is given in the excellent Introduction, which supplies also some information concerning Peter Mundy's family which was not available when the first volume was published. It summarizes ably Mundy's history of service with the East India Company, by whom he had been elected factor in 1627-his post being first at Surat and then at Agra-and traces clearly the raisons d'être and the several routes of the expeditions on which Mundy was sent. Excellent, too, are the notes which accompany the text, and which leave hardly a problem without solution, or a person mentioned without his proper biography.

interest.

The text comprises sixteen "relations" (IV. to XIX.). It is illustrated by reproductions of twentynine drawings by Mundy, which, in character, correspond with the verbal account of things most instructively. They show the same keenness of vision; the same straightforward, somewhat awkward, and yet capable method of recording what was seen, and the same variety of interest. In one or two places, either in text or drawing or both, Mundy gives information which other travellers do not supply, as in his description and illustration of the fakirs' cave-dwellings in the rock of Gwalior.

In the first part of the book the most valuable and remarkable account is that of the famine in Gujarat in 1631. The editor has collected in an Appendix other contemporary accounts of this calamity, and also printed in one sequence the notes which in Mundy's MS. are scattered over his diary of the journey from Surat to Agra. Mundy, in vividness and multiplicity of detail, holds his own well with his compeers. To the first period of his life in India belongs also a description of a sati which he witnessed at Surat, which, with its

accompanying drawing, is very well done. Among the historical events which he relates, partly from hearsay, partly from immediate knowledge, are the death of Akbar and the career and death of Khusru; the doings of Abdu'llah Khan; and public appearances of Shah Jahān, and details of his works. Two very interesting personages who figure here, and who are the subject of detailed study on the part of the editor, are John Leachland, whose attachment to an Indian woman caused himself and the Company considerable trouble, and whose daughter by the woman, marrying an Englishman, furnishes the first instance of a regular union between an Englishman and a woman of native descent; and then Mirzā Zu'lkārnain, son of an Aleppo merchant attached to Akbar's Court, who, holding his father's office at the Court of Shah Jahan, though not without vicissitudes, was all his life a staunch Catholic. Those of our correspondents who were interested some months ago in Khoja Hussein and his brother may like to have Mundy's description

muddled and incorrect as to origin though it is -of the Muharram festival as celebrated at Agra when he was there. He calls the festival "Shaw

sen :

"There are certaine Customes or Ceremonies used heere, as also in other parts of India, vizt., Shawsen....

Shawsen by the Moores in memorie of one Shawsen a great Warriour, slayne by the Hindooes att the first conqueringe this Countrie, Soe that they doe not only solempnize his funerall by makeinge representative Tombes in every place, but, as it were, promise to revenge his death with their drawne swords, their haire about their eares, leaping and danceinge in a frantick manner with postures of fightinge, alwaies cryeing Shawsen, Shawsen,' others answeringe the same words with the like gestures. It is dangerous then for Hindooes to stirr abroad. This they doe 9 or 10 dayes, and then hee is, as it were, carried to

buriall."

The Mystery of the Drood Family. By Montagu Saunders. (Cambridge University Press, 38. net.)

66

THE writer before us "considers it would be presumption on his part to express any definite opinion as to the accuracy of his own conclusions," and he acknowledges his very great indebtedness to Sir Robertson Nicoll's exhaustive work," noticed by us at 11 S. vi. 399, although the conclusions at which he has arrived most instances totally at variance with those adopted by Sir William."

are in

In pursuing his investigations Mr. Saunders lays much stress on what Dickens wrote to Forster before a line of the tale was put on paper: "I have a very curious and new idea for my new story; not a communicable idea (or the interest of the book would be gone), but a very strong one, though difficult to work." Therefore, Mr. Saunders reasons, "that something new,' and something difficult to work,' must be looked for." This, he maintains, is quite inapplicable to the Helena-Datchery hypothesis, as that idea was neither " very curious nor "new," since Wilkie Collins had already made use of the idea in No Name.' Mr. Saunders suggests that Grewgious placed the solution of the problem of the disappearance of Drood in the hands of the firm of

solicitors who had chambers below his, and to whom he deputed his legal business, and requested them to send a member of their firm to Cloisterham who would be unknown to the person to be watched. The evidence shows that Datchery was no detective in the ordinary sense, but an educated gentleman, a very diplomatic bird'"; and the essayist contends that "Datchery's speech corroborates his identity with Grewgious's lawyer friend," and asks: Who but a lawyer would ever think of addressing Sapsea as The Worshipful the Mayor' or 'His Honour' or His Honour the Mayor? Such mode of address would suggest itself naturally to a lawyer desirous of flattering a provincial mayor."

In the chapter Was Edwin Murdered?' Mr. Saunders writes: Looking at the notes made by Dickens for his private use [he thinks] it indisputable that they show that when they were made Dickens intended Drood to be murdered. Of course he may subsequently have changed his mind and have revised his original plot so as to permit of Edwin Drood being resuscitated, but there is no evidence upon which to base such a theory.'

Taking the enigmatical picture on the lower part of the cover of the monthly numbers, Mr. Saunders suggests that Jasper, having placed the body of Drood in the Sapsea monument, goes there to recover the ring in order to incriminate Neville; but the latter, acting on information received, "had been before him and had secreted himself in the monument for the object of surprising Jasper." Probably he was murdered by Jasper before the latter was mastered by Crisparkle and Tartar. Jasper rushes up the Cathedral tower pursued by Crisparkle and Tartar, who capture him after a desperate struggle, and he is lodged in jail," where, in accordance with Dickens's expressed intentions, he would have written the full story of his temptations and crimes, and have paid the final penalty."

PART XC. of The Yorkshire Archæological Journal, being the second part of vol. xxiii., is, with the exception of a few pages at the end, filled with Mr. W. G. Collingwood's illustrated description of Anglian and Anglo-Danish Sculpture in the West Riding, with Addenda to the North and East Ridings and York, and a General Review of the Early Christian Monuments of Yorkshire:'

The detailed account which Mr. Collingwood gives of pre-Norman crosses and gravestones is of manifest value for the study of the development and decay of sculpture in England before the Conquest. The greatest artists, as well as the least gifted, owe much to traditional methods and traditional criteria. Like the Athenian statues, many crosses described by Mr. Collingwood were painted. Probably the patterns carved on them were picked out in different colours after the fashion of designs in contemporary book-illuminations. In some instances the derivation of a carving is obvious while the special reason for its use remains obscure. Among the difficulties which are yet unsolved is one concerning the heathen legend of Völund, or Wayland, the Smith. Why should a scene from his story appear on grave-monuments ? "The incidents of northern mythology"-so Mr. Collingwood puts it-" on various crosses elsewhere are usually such as might afford some allegory not unbecoming Christian

belief and teaching. The heroism of Sigurd, the dragon-slayer, might be taken as a parallel to the conquest of the powers of evil by St. Michael or Christ Himself.. .The chaining of Loki and the strife of Vidar with the serpent are passages in the old creed, which any converted Viking would accept as true.....But this Völund story-a curious and savage legend, and not a variant of the Sigurd myth-was in some way significant enough to be repeated at Leeds; and at Gilling West there is the wing-motive, possibly debased from this. That the Völund story was known in Northumbria before the Danish invasion seems to be proved by the Anglian Franks Casket' (British Museum), on which....there are two groups, Egil seizing the birds and Bödvild visiting Völund in the smithy....The legend is very old, not an importation of the Viking age; but its significance on Christian monuments does not yet seem to be explained."

Possibly it was for family reasons that pagan stories were represented on grave memorials and other sculptures. The donor of a cross or font might be accounted a descendant of Völund or Sigurd, and might naturally desire to see the legend associated with his kin reproduced on his gift. Moreover, it must be remembered that ancient convictions will survive with great tenacity be expected to make them appear absolutely long after the reception of a new creed might unreasonable. To take one instance alone: Mr. J. C. Lawson's Modern Greek Folk-Lore and Ancient Greek Religion' shows how obstinately the popular beliefs of pagan days still assert themselves about the Eastern Mediterranean, sometimes linked with Christianity, sometimes. unconnected with it.

of

The Nineteenth Century and After for January has eight or nine weighty papers on divers aspects of the one absorbing topic. The three essays on the problem of voluntary versus compulsory service with which the number begins, and Mr. Spenser Wilkinson's weighty discussion of the spirit and methods which belong to "Great War," will doubtless, and deservedly, attract the most attention and thought. Some Personal Memories of Treitschke, by Mr. William Harbutt Dawson, is also a paper of the highest interest, which corrects several misapprehensions, and vividly accounts for the dæmonic kind of ascendancy Treitschke acquired. Bishop Frodsham's. ⚫ Effects of the War upon Non-Christian Peoples is a welcome contribution, throwing a clear, decisive light upon more than one side the problem. Dr. Dearmer writes charmingly and with information upon Russia. One curious fact he gives seems worth mentioning here: he says that, a census being taken of favourite books in certain Russian village libraries, the work which came out top" was a translation of Paradise Lost.' The most important paper connected with modern literature-the author's name ensures that it will not be missed by lovers of the newer poetry-is Mr. J. Elroy Flecker's fascinating appreciation of Paul Fort.' Historical detail which, in some degree, illustrates the present situation is provided in the second instalment of Lady Kinloch-Cooke's communicated 'Letters from Paris and Soissons a Hundred Years Ago"-being The "Hundred Days," and After'; and in Mrs. Stirling's study from the Hotham papers of the Devil Diplomatists of Prussia,'

66

Mr. Walter Sichel has a sympathetic and pleasantly composed review of the recently issued vol. iii. of Disraeli's Life. Mr. Barker's Chances of Peace and the Problem of Poland,' and the papers on the war from the American point of view, by Mr. Sydney Brooks and Mr. Oscar Parker -to wind up with the one great subject-should also be noted. Taken as a whole, the number is good even beyond the average of this review.

Eastern

THE January Fortnightly Review is a somewhat unequal number. It begins with Battle Deeds: a Letter from Russia,' by Mr. Robert Crozier Long, which, so far as any one at a distance from the field of operations may fairly judge, is one of the best papers on the progress and characteristic features of the war that have yet appeared anywhere. It should furnish a desirable corrective to some of the utterances of the daily press; while its depiction of the situation and of the Russian troops and their action is excellent, and it is full at once of information and of fine anecdote. Mr. Archibald Hurd contributes a first instalment of a discussion, Will the War end Militarism?' So far as he goes, he certainly takes us with him.

We do not believe

or so

now

a

that a pacificism grounded in a persuasion of the commercial disadvantages of war as compared with peace will have any better prospects after this war than it had before it-rather the contrary. Mr. E. C. Bentley discusses with liveliness and with truth we opine the German State of Mind,' about which it strikes us that pretty well all has been said that for the present can be said. Mr. W. S. Lilly on The Morality of War' makes, however, a point which would bear further examination, viz., the responsibility of Herbert Spencer, in some degree, for the new mind of Germany. Alice and Claude Askew give us description of Dunkirk which is not badly done, but is not more enlightening than the articles A contribution one may read in the daily papers. which is certain to find eager readers, whom it will, indeed, partially satisfy, is the unsigned 'What I Found Out in the House of a German It is pure gossip, but gossip of a signifiPrince.' cant sort, and about people who have proved In the way of papers more in our own line there is a pleasant study of Walt Whitman by Mr. H. Scheffauer, and an extraordinarily naif set of propositions about 'Shakespeare's Warriors,' by Mr. Arthur Waugh.

themselves to matter.

MESSRS. J. & J. LEIGHTON have sent us English Royal Bindings, published at one shilling, and containing a selection from their stock of choice books, mostly Royal bindings. Among those of Henry VIII. is a copy of probably the first edition of Erasmus's Epistles of the year 1521, One of 4 parts in 1 vol., bound by Reynes, 707. the panels on the side of the original stamped calf cover has an escutcheon bearing quarterly France and England, supported by the dragon and Jaell (not a hound), ensigned with the Royal crown, the sun and moon, and the arms of the City of London, the lower half with the Tudor rose and pomegranate. The borders on wood and metal are by Holbein.

Considerable interest

is added by the inscription at the foot of the title : "Ad usum fratris Richardi Risby," without doubt the Warden of the Friars Observant at

the

Coming to more recent times, we note the first edition of The Vicar of Wakefield,' 2 vols., 1766, calf extra by Bedford, 951.; and the first edition of Swinburne's The Queen Mother' and Rosamond,' 1860, 50%. We advise book-collectors to possess themselves of this interesting list, which has over a hundred illustrations.

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BARON BOURGEOIS would be glad if any reader could tell him the present address of Prof. Bang who published many volumes of "Materialien."