quired no particular tafte nor fmell, but had abforbed much gastric juice. The remaining two had not got quite fo far as the above mentioned; did not feem in the leaft altered, but were a little bruifed with chewing. I repeated this experiment fince, and with near the fame effect. The tubes which were in contact with the bile, which is always found in large quantities at the bottom of the laft ftomach, were generally found empty, or what remained was reduced to a foft greyish pulp, and had a very bitter taste. EXPERIMENT THE FIFTH. In order to try whether animals could digeft their food while their gall-ducts were obftructed by ligature, I made the following experiments on frogs. Coldblooded animals feemed well adapted to my purpofe, being moft tenacious of their living principle, and their interior cavities being lefs fufceptible of inflammation when laid open by incifion. I therefore laid open the abdomen of feveral frogs. I then paffed a ligature round the duct which tranfmits the gall into the duodenum, (in frogs it enters the duodenum) at about a third of an inch from the pylorus of the ftomach. Having tied the ligatures pretty tight, I then fewed up the wounds, and allowed them fome time to recover themfelves. In this ftate I fed them with infects, and pieces of earth-worm cut fmall. Two days after this I opened the ftomach of two frogs, and found that there was not the leaft appearance of digeftion having taken place in the infects. The abforbents feemed to have acted a little on fome of the pieces of the earth-worms, but fo little as carcely to be perceptible. The remaining frogs I fed with the gall of other frogs, which I killed for the purpofe. After twelve hours, on opening theie I found the appearances quite different from the foregoing, as I always found their ftomachs empty, and nothing remaining but the wings of the infects, the pieces of earth-worm having entirely difappeared. I could not chferve any alteration in regard to the healthiness of the animals on which I had performe, the operation, as milk put into their tomachs coagulated as in a natural ftate of that cavity." In this experiment I never failed in fucceeding during the fummer, when thofe animals are arrived at their greatest degree of irritability or life. EXPERIMENT THE SIXTH. In order to try the digeftive powers of the bile when out of the animal, and to compare it with that of the gaftric inice, well and I From the foregoing experiments it ap pears, that the gall, and not the gastric juice, is the principle of digeftion in animals. I do not deny that animals may live a confiderable time without the gall finding an entrance into the ftomach, as is often the cafe in the jaundice. Food after maftication may be easily afted os by the abforbents, as we find extraneous fubftances are when put into any cavity of the human body. An animal may be fupported for weeks by clyfter. Gall, as a ftomatick had been long in ufe in France and Italy, and was found of great ufe to people with weak ftomachis; have frequently given it to people who were troubled with uneafinefs after a ful meal, and never failed in relieving the patient. But it feems to have fallen out of ufe through principles of delicacy; but furely no better can fupply its place with equal effect. In fome leis civilized nations, and where much animal food is ufed, gall is reckoned a luxury. (See "Lobo's Voyage to db flat.") The liver is the largest viicus in the body of moft animals ; and no ficiently material ufe has been afcribed to its fecretion. We know of no animal which wants the liver i liver; and in fome voracious fishes it difcharges its fluid immediately into the cavity of the ftomach. Beides, we never ⚫ find that digeftion has taken place in any animal until the food has found its way to the bottom of the ftomach, when it meets with the bile. This is not only feen in men and other animals which feed on flesh meat; but, in the ftomachs of calves, the coagulum of milk is only digefted in proportion as it becomes mixed with the bile in the laft ftomach or ducdenum. In ferpents and me fifhes which fwallow their food whole, it is little altered, except in that part which lies contiguous to the bottom of their ftomachs; and, on examining the ftomachs of thefe animals, we do not find any dif SIR, ference, in regard to the furface, either of the upper or lower ends. On preffure, the tranfuding liquor appears to be the fame in every part: a colours infipid Aud. Gall has a great power of aflimulating animal oils with water, and has been much ufed by dyers to take the greafe out of their wool before the colouring matter is applied; and it is by this fame power of aflimulation that I conceive it aflifts digeftion. On examining the experiments of Spallenzani and Mr. J. Hunter, I do not find any experiment which militates againft this conclufion; which, if proved, would certainly be of the greatet benelit to fociety. To the EDITOR of the EUROPEAN MAGAZINE. I TRANSMIT to you, for infertion in your Magazine, a literal Copy, even to the ipelling, as exactly as can be made out, of an Original Letter, ftill preferved in the family of the perion to whom it was fent, trom Dr. Francis Turner, who was appointed Biflop of Ely in 1684, and deprived at the Revolution, for retuling the caths to the new Government in 1691. It was addreffed to the Rev. Francis Say, the younger fon of a very respectable and ancient family in Northamptonshire, who had been Chaplain to a Regiment which went abroad, and had been quartered fome time at the Hague. I fall only add, that he never had any additional preferment to the day of his death, except a fmall living in Cambridgeshire, given him by a private Patron. I am, &c. Ely, Sept. 11th, 1686. GOOD BROTHER, THE very goed character I recived concerning you from cur R. Mittrets in Holland has given me a particular confidence in y care to putt thos directions of my printed Letter in practice. Your parith, if it be not fo numerous as I luppoled, yet iyes on the great Northern reade; it would be for our Churches honour, and for the confolation of well difpofed travallers, to find daily prayers in y church. I prefs them all over my diccefe, where tis practicable; but at Caxton I would have them by all meanes, tho you begin with a congregation of but a widdow or two: have them, if you -please, at fix or feven in the morning, if that will bee bett for paffengers. My good friend, you have been bredd in a camp to toyle & hardship; I know the putting my orders in execution, that is, the making fo many careless people Chriftians indeed, will coft pou a great deal of labor; but do not grudge, if you A. B. are fure of as great a reward in Heaven, & in good time you may find your account by it here; for I do not f rgett w hir Highnefs commended in favor of you ; & now I give it you under my own hand, that I will remember it to your ad vantage. You fhall not ftay long at Caxton, if I can helpe it; but, in the meane time, do y owne hufinels there with all your might, and fett into it prefently before the Vifitation; by which you will more than a little oblige, Sr, If you have no little fchool in y' towne, I fhall wonder, & you ought to procure one; then you need not want a congregation for both morning & evening prayers. FRAN. ELY. ACCOUNT ACCOUNT of the DELIVERANCE of THREE PERSONS, MESSRS. CARTER, HASKETT, and SHAW, from the SAVAGES of TATE's ISLAND, and their SUBSEQUENT DISTRESSES. PUBLISHED AT CALCUTTA. [Continued from Page 314.] ON the morning of the 9th Mr. Carter was fo much reduced as to be under the neceflity of drinking his own urine, which example was followed by the other two, and notwithstanding its being dif agreeable, they found great relief from it. About nine at night Mr. Shaw and Mr. Hafkett found themfelves fo weak and overcome by fleep, that not being longer able to ftand to the fteer oar, they lafhed the oar, and found the boat went along very fteadily. After joining in a prayer of thankigiving to the Almighty, to whole protection they committed themfelves, they lay down and had a refreshing fleep; occafionally, however, they could not refrain from starting up to look out for land or danger. They refumed their labours at the oar on the morning of the 10th, which were rather increafed by its blowing fresh and by a heavy fwell, which obliged them to reef the fail. It was with the greateft difficulty Mr. Carter's wound could be dreffed. Mr. Shaw's wound in the throat was by this time nearly clofed up. They ftood on this day without any thing material occurring; Mr. Shaw ftill using all his powers to cheer them with the affurances of fecing land in a day or two, although at the fame time he had hardly frength to haul the sheet aft, while Mr. Hafkett lafhed the oar. At ten P. M. they found very fhoal water, with breakers all round, on which Mr. Hafkett took the oar, while Mr. Shaw kept a look out for a channel; in which manner they ran on for the diftance of three or four miles in not more than three or four feet water; the fea frequently breaking over them, which rendered Mr. Carter's fituation truly deplorable, as, from extreme weakneis, he could nct ftir from the bottom of the boat, which was fo full of water that it was with the greatest difficulty he could keep his head above it. To add to their diftrefs, no fooner had they got clear of one fhcal, than from the violence of the oar beating against another Mr. Haskett was knocked out of the boat, which required all the exertions of Mr. Shaw to get him in again, and which he could have accomplifhed by no other mode than that of putting an oar under his arm, and lifting him up as by a lever. On the 11th they felt themselves much relieved by getting clear of the fhoals and launching once more into the ocean; on which occafion, as often before, they addrefied themfelves to that Power to which they trufted for deliverance. Mr. Carter's wound was again washed, and four pieces more taken from the fkull, when they clearly difcovered, that from the blow being given flantways down the back of the head, it had been given by a hatchet, which they had no doubt was the one which had been stolen from the fhip. They ftill however affured him of its looking well and being about to heal. They were now in greater diftress than ever for water: even the laft miferable refource they had confiderably failing them. This threw fuch a damp on their fpirits that they grew difconfolate, and were making up their minds to meet death with becoming fortitude, having given up every hope of furviving another day, when Mr. Hafkett eagerly exclaimed "he faw land." Mr. Shaw likewife perceiving it, they were in an inftant revived. Once more putting their hopes in Providence, they itoed in for the fouthern extremity of the land, which they made no doubt was Timor, and foon got in a few miles to the leeward of the extreme, where they difcovered a bay, at the head of which were cocoa-nut trees. They fhortly after perceived the natives on fhore." Recent circumstances, however, made them fearful of landing; but Mr. Shaw obierved, that they might as fafely truft to the chance of being well received on fhore as perish at fea, which they must inevitably have done in another day. Having refolved, therefore, they ran juto into the bay, when it was proposed that Mr. Haskett fhould remain in the boat, while Mr. Carter and Mr. Shaw went in fearch of water. But on Mr. Carter's being helped out of the boat it was found he could not ftand; he was therefore helped in again, and Mr. Hafkett with Mr. Shaw advanced towards the natives, Mr. Shaw having a water keg and Mr. Hafkett a mufquet, when they were overjoyed by hearing the natives call out, Bligh! Bligh! recollecting that Captain Bligh was very humanely treated at Timor; and they had now no doubt left but they had the good fortune to touch at the fame place. They made motions to the natives for cocoa nuts, who gave them to understand that they did not belong to them; one of them however gave Mr. Shaw a baked yam, which he found it impoffible to eat on account of his throat being fo exceedingly parched. Having made figns for water, the natives led them to a fpring where they quenched their thirft; when, having filled the keg, they ran to Mr. Carter, who was calling out for water, after which they devoured the yam with the greatest eagerness, the natives looking at them the whole of the time in aftonishment. After their lender repaft they mentioned the word Timor to the natives, who repeated it very diftinctly, and pointed towards the point to the fouthward, and then to a prow on the beach, intimating that they would conduct them there; in confequence of which Mr. Shaw gave them two mufquets and a number of knives and fciffars which remained in the boat. The natives made figns to go farther up the bar, which they acquiefced in; but finding they wished to lead them up a very narrow inlet, Mr. Shaw refufed to go in with the boat, representing that it would be highly imprudent, and, as they wished to get to Cupang as foon as poffible, thought it advifeable to make the beft of their way there. This being agreed to, the boat was pushed off, and two oars got out in order to row round the point, expecting, after that, to have a fair wind to Cupang. Finding, however, a prow in chace of them, they lay on their oars, hoifted their fail, and put away before the wind, in order to escape from flavery, which they made no doubt of experiencing if, taken by the prow in chace of them. The prow continued chafing them along the fhore, between a reef and the beach, which extends the whole length of the ifland. Finding the prow ftill in chace they stood over the reef, which is a continued chain of breakers, and the prow not thinking it proper to follow them, they efcaped and coafted it down the ifland. Night approaching, and finding themfelves much fatigued, they hauled the fheet aft, and lahed the oar as before, and found the boat went along fhore very fteadily. They then lay down to fleep, and on waking in the morning were refreshed with the fmell of fpices, which was conveyed by the land wind, and which fo revived Mr. Carter that he feveral times exclaimed, "Keep up your hearts my boys, we shall dine with the Governor of Cupang to-day." Their hopes were however fruftrated by the numerous difficulties they had yet to encounter, owing to the innumerable fhoals and points. The water they had drank tended likewife to increase their appetites. They were forced at night, notwithstanding, to pursue the fame method they had formerly adopted in order to obtain fufficient reft to enable them to go through the fatigues of the enfuing day. On the morning of the 13th, Mr. Shaw took the fteer oar; but the wind being fresh, and the boat going with great velocity through the water, he was, from weakness, unable to stand the force of the oar and fell overboard; luckily, however, he held by the gunnel until Mr. Haskett came to his affiftance, when with great exertions he was got into the boat again. Shortly after this they faw a point a-head, which they found it impoffible to weather while the wind remained the fame way. They, therefore, once more determined to land, and accordingly ran into a fmall bay; when the natives came running towards them, beckoning them to come ashore, and calling out, Bligh! Bligh! They immediately ran the boat on fhore, and Mr. Halkett being helped out of the boat by the natives, they fat him down on the beach, and went immediately to the affiltance of his companions. When they had brought them on fhore, they prefented them with a couple of cocoa nuts, yams, and Indian corn, which they received with unfeigned gratitude. The natives gazed on these three famished mished fufferers in filent aftonishment: nor is it to be wondered at; for their cheeks were thrivelled, their eyes junk almoft into their heads, their beards long, and their whole frames totally emaciated. The natives, far from d'urbing them, made signs for them to eat and drink, which they did with the greatet engernets. Mr. Carter then begged to have his wound dreifed, which was done with freth water. Mr. Shaw having unbound his wourd found it nearly healed. The natives appearing to exprefs fome caricity as to the n anner in which tho.e wounds were received, Mr. Shaw explained it in the belt manner he could, at which they made figns of being much fhocked, which did not however fully fatisiy the three Gentlemen of their pacific intentions; but as they beckened to proceed on towards their huts, they complied, which gave the natives, apparently, great fatisfaction. They then attempted to get up and walk, but found they could not accompih it without fupport, which the natives very kindly afforded them, and led them to their town, which is fituated at the top of a steep hill, acceffible only by two perpendicular ladders, up which they were lifted by their guides. When they arrived they were taken to the Chief's houfe, where were allembled an immenfe concourie, who came to view the ftrangers. Here they were again prefented with corn, yains, and toddy to drink after which the Chiefs preffed them to take reft. Mr. Carter and Mr. Shaw accordingly laid themfelves down there, but Mr. Hafkett was removed to another house, there not being fufficient room for all. They were a little alarmed at feeing two men watching at the door; notwith landing that the Chief placed him1.lf between them and the men, and had a fpear by his fide. Mr. Shaw got up in the night and went out of the door, in order to try if they would prevent him going farther, but was agreeably furprised to find they waited only left any thing fh. uld be wanted by the tran when they again met together, the na tives pre.ented them with Indian corn, yam, and toddy; which when they had taken they made enquiry into the name of the land, and found that it was called Saret, and was leparate from the Timor Land, which was the first place they refrethed at. They were alfo informed that there was another fmall land to the northward called Fardette by them, but which is in our charts called Ternabor. They alfo undertoed that a prow came yearly to trade to Ternabor, and that he would arrive in leven cr eight months. This information greatly relieved them, and they were foon convinced that the natives were of a humane and hofpitable nature. The first and fecond week elapfd without any material occurrence, except that of a pair of fciffars being stolen by one of the children. As they were very ferviceable in cutting the hair round Mr. Carter's wound, the Chief was informed of the circumftance, and be immediately called a council, confitting of the elders of the community; when after an hour's debate they withdrew, and on the day following the fciffars were found. On the 25th of July Mr. Carter's wound was entirely healed, after having had thirteen pieces of the fractured skull taken cut. They remained in perfect health until the 24th of November, when Mr. Carter caught a fever, and died on the roth of December 1793, much regretted by his friends Shaw and Halkett, as well as by the natives of Timor Land. The two furvivors waited in anxious experation for the arrival of the annual trading prow from Banta, and the 25rived, to their great joy, on the 12th of March 1794. They failed from Ternaber on the roth of April, and on the 1ft of May arrived at Banda, where they were received with the utmost hofpitality by the Governor, who supplied them with every thing neceflary for men in their fitu.tion, and procured them a pallage c board an Indiaman bound to Batavs, where they arrived on the 10th of October 1794. |