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the Countefs Dowager of Waldegrave, on whom and her heirs it is entailed.

Lord Orford has died worth 91,000l. 3 per cents, and has given away 50,000l. terling in legacies (which, in the prefent ftate of the funds, will leave nothing to the refiduary-legatee.) His Lordfhip had promifed his niece, the Duchefs of Gloucester, his beautiful villa of Strawberry-hill, at his deceafe; but, offering her the choice of that, or a legacy of ten thousand pounds, fhe has preferred the latter; the intereft of which is left to truitees, for her feparate ufe, during the joint lives of herself and the Duke; and the principal to herself at the Duke's death. He has bequeathed 5000l. and the advowson of Peldon rectory, Effex, to his great niece, Countess Dowager Waldegrave, for life; remainder to her eldeft and other fons; then to the Countefs of Eufton and her fons; then to Lady. Horatio-Anne Seymour Conway and her iffue. To the Counteis Dowager Waidegrave he has allo given his lealehold houfe in Berkeley-fquare, with the use of the furniture for life; then to her eldest fon. To his brother-in-law, Charles Churchill, and to George his fon, 3,500l. in trust to pay the intereft to Mrs. Elizabeth Hunter Daye and Rachel Davifon Daye, in full fatisfaction for their clains against the advowson of Peldon; and after their de ceafe, to pay that fum to his brother-inlaw, Charles C. To Lord Frederick Campbell and Mrs. Damer, 4000l. in trult for Caroline Counters Dowager of Aylesbury, widow of Gen. Conway, and mother of Mrs. Damer, for life; and after to Mrs. D. To his fifter, Lady Maria Churchill, 2000l. and an annuity of 2001.

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and to her two daughters, Lady Cadeyan and Sophia Walpole, 500 l. each. her three nephews, George, Henry, and Horace Churchill, 500l. each. To his niece Laura Keppel, 500l. and to each of her children, Frederick K. AnnaMaria Stapleton, Laura Fitzroy, and Charlotte K. 500l. each. To the Countess of Eufton, Lady Horatio Anne Seymour Conway, Hon. and Rev. R. Cholmondeley 500 1. each; to his great nephew G. James Cholmondeley, 500l.; and 500l. in truft for his mother. To his great nieces, Margaret C. Frances Bellingham, and the Hon. Mrs. Either Lifle, 500l. each. To Sir Horace Mann, 5000l. To his deputy, Charles Bedford, 20001. and to his clerk, William Harris, 15001. To his fervant Philip Colomb, an annuity of 251. and afterwards a legacy of 1500l. all his wearing apparel, and the Walnuttree houfe in Twickenham for ever. To his gardener, John Cowie, an annuity of 201. for his life, and that of Catherine his wife. Legacies (in general, 1001. each) to all his prefent and many of his former fervants. The intereft of 3001. to the poor of Twickenham. To the Duke of Richmond 2001. and to him and the Duchefs, 3001. each, for rings. To Lord Frederick Campbell, 2001. for a ring; and his Lordship and Mrs. Damer are appointed executer and executrix, and Mrs. Damer refiduary legatee.

The Duke of Richmond and Lord George Lennox are trustees for his leafehold manor and lands in Norfolk, held of the Bishop of Norwich and Christ's College, Cambridge, for the ufe of the perfons poffedded of the treehold eftates in Norfolk.

ACCOUNT OF SOLOMON GESSNER, AUTHOR OF THE "DEATH OF ABEL," &c.

THIS very pleafing Writer was born

at Zurich on the 1ft of April 1730. In his youth, little expectations could be formed of him, as he then displayed none of the talents for which he was afterwards -diftinguified. His parents faw nothing to afford them much hope, though Simler, a man of fome learning, affured his father, that the boy had talents which, though now hid, would fooner or later fhew themfelves, and elevate him far above his fchool-fellows. As he had made fo little progress at Zurich, he was fent to Berg, and put under the care of a Clergyman, where retirement and the pitturelque fcenery around him laid the foundation for the change of his character. After a two year's relidence at

Berg, he returned home to his father,

who was a Bookfeller at Zurich, and whole hop was reforted to by fuch men of genius as were then in that city: here his poetical talents in fome flight degree difplayed themselves, though not in fuch a manner as to prevent his father from fending him to Berlin, in the year 1749, to qualify him for his own bufincis. Here he was employed in the bufinefs of the fhop; but he foon became diffatisfied with his mode of life: he eloped from his anafter and hired a chamber for him.elf. To reduce him to order, his patents, according to the ufual mode in fuch cales, withheld every fupply of money. He refolved, however, to be Independent; that himself up in his

chamber;

chamber; and, after fome weeks, went to his friend Hempel, a celebrated artift, whom he requested to return with him to his lodgings. There he fhewed his apartments covered with fresh landscapes, which our Poet had painted with fweet oil, and by which he hoped to make his fortune. The fhrugging up of the houlders of his friend concluded with an affurance, that though his works were not likely to be held in high estimation in their prefent ftate, fome expectations might be raised from them, if he continued the fame application for ten years. Luckily for our young Artist his parents relented, and he was permitted to spend his time as he liked at Berlin. Here he formed acquaintance with artists and men of letters: Kraufe, Hempel, Ramler, Sulzer, were his companions; Ramler was his friend, from the fineness of whofe ear and talte he derived the greatest advantages. With much diffidence he prefented to Ramler fome of his compofitions; but every verfe and every word were criticifed, and very few could pafs through the fiery trial. The Swifs dialect, he found at last, was the obftacle in his way, and the exertions requifite to fatisfy the delicacy of a German ear would be exceffive. Ramler advifed him to clothe his thoughts in harmonious profe; this counfel he followed, and the anecdote may be of ufe in Britain, where many a would-be Poet is probably hammering at a verfe, which, from the circumitances of his birth and education, he can never make agreeable to the ear of taste.

From Berlin, Geffner went to Hamburgh, with letters of recommendation to Hagedorn; but he chose to make himself acquainted with him at a coffee-houfe before the letters were delivered. A clofe intimacy followed, and he had the advantages of the literary fociety which Hamburgh at that time afforded. Thence he returned home, with his tafte much refined; and, fortunately for him, he came back when his countrymen were in fome degree capable of enjoying his future works. Had he produced them twenty years before, his Daphnis would have been hiffed at as immoral; his Abel would have been preached against as prophanation.

This period may be called the Auguftan age of Germany: Klopstock, Ramler, Kleift, Gleim, Utz, Leifing, Wieland, Rabener, were refcuing their country from the farcaims of the great Frederic. Kloplock paid about this

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time a vist to Zurich, and fired every breaft with poetical ardour. He had fcarce left the place when Wieland came, and by both our Poet was well received. After a few anonymous compofitions, he tried his genius on a fubject which was ftarted by the accidental perufal of the tranflations of Longus; and his Daphnis was improved by the remarks of his friend Hirzel, the author of the Ruftic Socrates. Daphnis appeared first without a name in the year 1754; it was followed in 1756, by Inkle and Yarico; and Geffner's reputation was spread in the fame year, over Germany and Switzerland, by his Paftorals, a translation of which into English, in 1762, was published by Dr. Kenrick. His brother poets acknowledged the merit of thefe light compofitions, as they were pleased to call them; but conceived their Author to be incapable of forming a grander plan, or aiming at the dignity of heroic poetry. To thefe critics he foon after opposed his Death of Abel.

In 1762, he collected his Poems in four volumes; in which were fome new pieces that had never before made their appearance in public. In 1772, he produced his fecond volume of Patterais, with fome Letters on Landscape Painting. Thefe met with the most favourable reception in France, where they werz tranflated and imitated; as they were alfo, though with lefs fuccefs, in Italy and England.

We shall now confider Geffner as an Artift: till his thirtieth year, Painting was only an accidental amusement; but at that time he became acquainted with Heidegger, a man of taste, whose collection of paintings and engravings was thus thrown open to him. The daughter made an impreffion on him, but the circumftances of the lovers were not favourable to an union, till, through the activity and friendship of the Burgomafter Heidegger and Hirzel, he was enabled to accomplish his withes. The question then became, how the married couple were to live? The pen is but a flender dependence any where, and fill lefs in Switzerland.

The Poet had too

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elegance, that fingularity, which are the characteristics of his Poetry. His wife was not idle; befides the care of his houfe and the education of his children, for which no one was better qualified, the whole burthen of the fhop (for our Poet was Bookfeller as well as Poet, Engraver, and Painter) was laid upon her shoulders.

In his manners, Geffner was chearful, lively, and at times playful; fond of his wife; fond of his children. He had mall pretenfions to learning, yet he could read the Latin Poets in the original; and of the Greek, he preferred the Latin tranflations to the French. In his early years, he led either a folitary life, or confined himself to men of taste and literature: as he grew older, he accustomed himfelf to general converfation; and in his later years, his houfe was the centre

point of the men of the first rank for talents or fortune in Zurich. Here they met twice a week, and formed a converfazione of a kind feldom, if ever, to be met with in great cities, and very rarely in any place the politics of England defroy fuch mectings in London. Geffner with his friends enjoyed that fimplicity of manners which makes fociety agreeable; and in his rural refidence, in the fummer, a little way out of town, they brought back the memory almost of the Golden Age.

He died of an apoplexy on the 2d of March, 1788; leaving a widow, three children, and a fifter behind. His youngest fon was married to a daughter of his father's friend Weiland. His fellow citizens have erected a ftatue in memory of him on the banks of the Limmot, where it meets the Sihl.

THE BIRTH OF OBSTINACY.

Impulfu et cæca magnaque

IN that era of the world, when the gods of the Heathens overlooked and directed the actions of men, and the deities of Olympus defcending from their celestial abodes, converted with mortals; Mars, the fteady, firm, and inflexible god of war, faw, admired, and grew paffionately enamoured of the nymph Folly. Of all the maidens of Theffalia, none culd vie with Folly in the number of admirers; captivated by the fantastic variety of her motions, the petulance of her difcourfe, and the arch vivacity of her countenance. Her light auburn hair fancifully braided with flowers of a thousand different colours, and her whole drefs curioufly interwoven with a variety of ornaments, created an effect pleafing, though whimfical; and alluring, though grote que.. The god of battles owned the power of Cupid, nor was he long fuffered to repine at her coldness. For though Folly had hitherto turned a deaf ear to the fupplications of her lovers, and fpurned the power of love, her refiftance was the confequence, not of innate virtue, but of cruel and wanton levity; fhe delighted in the fufperce her lovers endured, and while they languifhed under her indifference, exulted in the fuccefs of her charms. Nought could disturb the ferenity of her difpofition, and he was frequently known to join in the laugh which the madness of her conduct provoked from the wife. Pleasure danced in her train, and light VOL. XXXI. JUNE 1797.

Animorum

cupidine dui. Juv.

joy followed her footsteps. But, alas! the foon fell an eafy victim to the feduction of Mars, being betrayed by the fuggeftions of that vanity which had hitherto fupported her, and dazzled by the empty parade of military fplendour.

her

The nymph met the god in a neighbouring grove, and every thing confpired to affift the amorous deity in his enterprife. Nature was hufhed in filence over half the globe, Morpheus hung heavy on the eyes of mortals, and even the chafte Queen of Night indignantly withdrew her beams from the fight. Poffeffed of his foul's defire, Mars from that time had leifure to contemplate the mental perfections of his miftrefs, and at every interview her attractions decreased; laughter, having no rational object, became infipid; her frequent finiles loft their power of pleafing; till, at length, the estranged deity totally forfook the nymph, and wondered at that fafcination which could make him mistake hilarity for wit, and fimiles for fweetnefs. In the mean time, Folly had no fooner quitted the embraces of Mars, than in spite of the leffons of Prudence, the could not forbear boatting of her conqueft, being.urged thereto by Vanity, now her conftant companion. The tale was quickly caught by Echo, and by her conveyed to the ears of Venus, who, enraged at the fuccefs of her rival's charms, loft no opportunity of endeavouring to regain the affections

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of

of the God of War, and in this fucceeded with little or no difficulty. Folly, thus deferted by her admirer, and exposed to the enmity of the Queen of Love, who frequently, but in vain, urged Jupiter to punish the incontinence of her rival, ftill continued her thoughtlefs career, until, in procefs of time, the effects of her crime grew too plain for concealment; her gaiety gradually forfook her, and her boundJels pleafantry was chafed away by the ftings of remorfe and the concioufnefs of guilt; till, wearied with folitude, and dreading detection, in the anguish of her heart the addreffed to Jupiter the following prayer: "Father of gods and men, who vieweft my forlorn and abje&t condition, deign to affift me with thine aid, and fave me from public fhame. Till nty eye met the eye of Mars, no virgin bounded more light and careless through the groves of Theffalia; but now, alas! my every joy decays; I wander diftreffed among thofe rocks which heretofore echoed with my jocund fong, and the vale of Tempé is to me a dreary and comfortless defart!" ---Jove, ever indulgent to female frailty, heard not unmoved the lamentation of Folly, and by a temporary alteration of form fecured her from public reproach. But no fooner was the delivered of a fon, and thus again enabled to excite admiration without pity, and envy without contempt, than the relapfed into her former levity. Her repentance having been exeited not by a fenfe of guilt, but a dread of thame, quickly vanished; and Folly prung, with renewed and elastic force, from the cloud of mitchance that had enveloped her.

In the meanwhile her fon thrived under the affittance of Jupiter, and was foon known to the world by the name of Obiti-, nacy; and never fince the creation of the world was a fon more ftrongly marked by the difpofition of either parent, however

diverfified by accidental circumftances. In the prolecution of any feheme he is indebted to his father for the means, tho' his mother conftantly directs the end. The firm inflexibility of Mars infpires his moft trivial undertakings, and from thefe he is to be diffuaded neither by the dictates of prudence, the fenfe of fear, nor the dread of fhame: he continues his courfe in a cool, though headstrong direc tion; and fuch is the inconfiftency of his difpofition, that he derives new vigour when confcious that he is wandering in the mazes of error. In his progreis he is to be diverted neither to the right nor the left. Pallas in vain points cut the road to happiness; his aim is not to enjoy happinefs himself, but to perfuade others that he enjoys it. His perpetual error is occafioned not by a difpofition naturally depraved, but from an overbearing conceit of the fuperiority of his abilities, caufing him to difdain Advice and reject Affilt

ance.

In his journey through life he perpetu ally stumbles; but seems, like Antæus, to rife ftronger from the fall, and to exult in his fancied fagacity. All those who find the road to Wisdom too fteep and laborious, become the votaries of Obftinacy, though daily experience might convince them of the treachery of their commander. Thus, though fure to create a dislike and diffeminate difpute wherever he appears, Obftinacy thinks to affume the femblance of Wisdom, and at every defeat flies for confolation to the fociety of his mother, (who is frequently feen to wear the garb of age) and who with open arms receives her fon. They then flatter themselves their happiness is complete: fancied adoration is fubftituted for real neglect:... they laugh at the world, and thus are prevented from obferving that the world laughs at them.

CAIUS FITZ-URBAN.

OBSERVATIONS and EXPERIMENTS on the DIGESTIVE POWERS of the BILE in ANIMALS.

BY EAGLESFIELD SMITH, M. D. AND MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF ARTS, MANUFACTURES, &c.

DURING the beginning of the prefent

war, I attended a man who was I troubled with the jaundice, which we thought to proceed from a wound he had received in his liver. His feces were white; no gall could be difcharged by vomiting his appetite was almost as good as formerly, when in health; but his digeftion was in a great meature loft:

for whatever food he took into his fomach, inftead of being digetted into wholefome chyle, entered into fermentation, producing great diftenfion of the ftomach, head-ache, and often vomiting. Nt fucceeding in relieving the patient by the ufual means, and as he was deelining in his ftrength daily, I endeavoured, by a temporary method, to re

lieve him, which was by making him take inwardly the gall of other animals ; as it appeared to me that all the tymptoms of indigeftion proceeded from a want of that Huid finding its way into the ftomach.

I therefore gave him half an ounce of the gall of a fheep, recently killed, in two ounces of water: this, drank after a moderate meal promoted digeftion, and feemed to restore the patient, for a while, to his former state of health. To be fatisfied of this fact, I repeated the experiment feveral times, and thereby upported the patient until the obftruction of the gall into the ftomach was fortunately removed.

This led me to make the following experiments, to afcertain the digeftive powers of the hepatic fecretion.

It is a generally received opinion, formed on the experiments of the Abbé Spallanzani Raumeur, and others, that the digeftion is performed by the folvent power of the gaftric juice; a fluid fecreted from the interior furface of the membranaus, and from the afophagus of animals with ftrong mufcular ftomachs, as in gallenascous fowls, &c.

EXPERIMENT THE FIRST.

Having enclosed fome grains of barley (bruifed fo as to admit of contact with the fluids) in two tin tubes (perforated at each end, and with small boles in the middle), I faftened them to the end of a piece of packthread, and thrust them down the afophagus of a young cock, fo as to lie near the entrance of the mufcular ftomach. But within the cavity of that vifcus, I faftened it by the other end to the beak of the bird, and kept it there for twelve hours, during which time it had increated much in its weight, from the abicrption of the afophageal juice. No digeftion feemed to have taken place, neither was it in any meafure tinged with gall, as the tafte of the inclofed fubftance was entirely infipid, and had acquired no particular colour.

I think it has been proved, and is a general opinion, that there is little or no fecretion from the horny fubftance which lines the ftomach in thefe animals; yet we find their food, before it paffes out of the ftomach into the inteftines, to be entirely changed in its confiftence and appearance: it becomes a fluid of a yellow cineritious colour, and of a bitter take. I repeated this experiment on other birds, as turkeys, pigeons, &c.

EXPERIMENT THE SECOND.

Having bruifed two drachms of boiled veal, I enclosed it in a tin tube fimilar to the former. I thruft it down the afo

phagus of an owl, and faftened it with a piece of packthread to the beak of the bird, fo as to prevent its entering into the ftomach. I kept it there for fourteen hours, during which space it had not loft any thing of its weight, but had increafed, from the abforption of the afophageal juice. It had not acquired any particular tafte, the juice of the afophagus itself being infipid. I then thrrit it down fo far as to enter the ftomach of the bird, but fo as not to reach the bottom, thereby preventing any contact between the meat and the gall, which generally lies at the bottom of the ftomach in all animals. After fourteen hours there appeared not the leait alteration, nor had it acquired any particular smell.

EXPERIMENT THE THIRD.

I inclofed two drachms of boiled veal in the fame tin tube with which I made the former experiment, and thrust it down the afophagus of the fame owl, and allowed it to reach the bottom of the ftomach. After five hours I pulled it up. I found it had loft one half of its weight, and the remainder was entirely changed in its confiftence, being now of a white colour, and reduced to a kind of pulp, and tasted extremely bitter from being impregnated with the bile. I thruft this remainder down the throat of the bird a fecond time. After two hours I pulled it up, and I found the tube quite empty. I have often repeated this experiment, and with the fame fuccefs, on owls, crows, and other birds of prey.

EXPERIMENT THE FOURTH.

To fome fheep which were going to be killed I had an opportunity of making the following experiment : Having bruifed fome leaves of vegetables, I inclofed them in tin tubes, perforated at both ends, as well as in their fides, with finall holes: To one fheep I gave fix of thefe tubes, and at different periods of time, fo that when the animal was killed they might not all have paffed the pyterus of the laft ftomach. After feven hours the animal was killed. I found one tube in the duodenum quite empty; two in the bottom of the fourth ftomach in the fame state. One which feemed recently to have paffed the cardia of the fourth ftomach was fcarcely changed, having acDad a

quired

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