Among the Greeks, the Leipstaci who had refused to go to war, and the Aftratezts who had deferted their ranks, were obliged to fit in the Forum for three days together in a female garb.

I could prove, from many etymologies, that there is a great connection between the language of Pelew and that of ancient Greece. Lee Boo, for inftance, is nothing but the Greek word Libus, the name for an African. The fyllable us in Libar is a Barytonon from which, in the vocative, it is customary to eject the finals. The word then becomes Libu, CI, as we have written it improperly, Leebo. If this is not entirely fatisfactory with refpect to the letters, we mult recollect that the Grammarians tell us, Syæ poteftatis eft litera-a letter that mdo as it likes, and therefore not to be depended upon. The natives of New Guirea, in the neighbourhood of Pelew, have fait curling hair and the African feature; it was therefore very natural for the Greeks of Pelew to call fuch of them as first came among them Libu or African: this would, by degrees, become a common name, and it has the Lime origin with many of our names in Europe. I fhall mention but another intance, though many might be collected, of the refemblance of the two languages :-The title they give at Pelew to a Chieftain and Warrior is Rupack: this is evidently the word Hercules of

The inhabitants of Pelew know nothing of their own origin *; like the Greeks of Attica, they think they are Gegeneis, or fprung from the foil. In this they are entirely mistaken, as appears from what I have already faid on the subject; and more especially, as fuch an origin would not accord with the account that Mofes has given of the World and of Mankind, a perion who had fuch uncommon opportunities of information.

As we have a very authentic relation of fome voyages made by the Carthaginians round the Cape of Good Hope, I think it need not be denied that the fame paffage has alfo in early ages been accomplished by the Grecians, who certainly were not their inferiors in enterprife nor in knowledge. I have now only to regret, that being all my life-time obliged to employ myself in fomething useful, I have not had ability to diffule a larger portion of learning over this differtation, which might have given me better arguments; or, what is the fame thing, made them more unanswerable.

To the EDITOR of the EUROPEAN MAGAZINE. SIR, Borough, February 1797. RELYING upon the Seafon for your favourable reception of the following, which is produced by the fame motives and under the like circumftances with my lait (on SUICIDE), I take the liberty of prefenting a Lucubration

ON THE OBSERVATION OF LENT. THE feafon of LENT, having been appointed by the Primitive Church to commemorate the time when our bleed Lord endured FASTING and TEMPTATION in the Wilderness, has been appropriated to the neceffary exercite of HUMILIATION in every age from that time to the prefent ; and the fpiritual advantages it beftows will be a powerful inducement with fincere chriftians to perform fuch "an acceptable fervice" in "fincerity and truth."

We find it was the conftant practice of devout perfons in all ages, as is recorded in regular fucceffion throughout the whole Scripture Hiftory, which was written for our instruction by hely men of God, who spake as they were moved by the Holy Ghost."

The neceffity and importance of fuch ethods hath ever been acknowledged,

and indeed they cannot be denied, as a very neceflary part of the Chriftian life, fince our Great Redeemer, who was frequent in this exercife, observed to his Difciples, that after he (their Bridegroom) was taken from them, "THEN SHOULD they FAST in thofe days," directing them not to do it from a vain oftentation, or "appearance unto men to fait," by an affected fhow, but conduct themfelves with the fame due propriety as at other times, that they might "do that which was pleafing in the fight of God; and their Heavenly Father, who feeth in fecret," and knoweth all the purposes of the heart," will reward them openly," by the manifestation of his geod pleafure, and make it a powerful means to "attain the end of their hope," by "perfecting holiness in the fight of God."

Father in the primitive Church, " He loleth all that lofeth his foul." We are affured our ipiritual enemy is "continually walking about as a roaring lion, keking whom he may devour," and is ever on the watch to deceive the unwary; therefore it behoveth us to be fupplied with "the whole armour of God," that we may be able to refift" and quench "all the fiery darts of the Devil," and not deceived by evil concupifcence, er led away into the path of the wicked," but zealously "perfevere in this good fight," that we may come off more than conquerors, through him who loved us, and

hath given himself for us, that he might redeem us from all iniquity, and purify unto himself a peculiar people zealous of good works," by "being holy, as he is holy, in all manner of converfation and godlinefs, daily endeavouring to follow the bleffed footsteps of his moft holy life," wherein "he hath left us an example that we bould follow his steps" while on earth, as the most fure and certain way to attain a blessed IMMORTALITY in Heaven, through the merits of his bitter death and paffion.

To the EDITOR of the EUROPEAN MAGAZINE.

JUVENIS.

SIR, THOUGH the following Statement may have the appearance of a private concern, which at the first glance you may be inclined to refufe admiffion to in your refpectable Publication; yet I appeal to your fenfe of propriety, whether it is not of general intereft to the Public, fufficient to claim an exemption from any rule of conduct you may have laid down refpecting private affairs. Though in general a friend to the Tenets of a refpectable Sect, I cannot approve an interference in private concerns, which feems to affume a power of inflicting pains and penalties in a manner not recognized by any legal authority.

I am, &c.

G. H.

To the FRIENDS of the MONTHLY MEETING at EIRMINGHAM. RESPECTED FRIENDS,

HAVE been visited, on the part of your Monthly Meeting, by my worthy Friends, Sampfon Lloyd, Samuel Baker, and Jofeph Gibbins; whofe candid and liberal conduct to me, on this occafion, I acknowledge:-They left with my Father a Copy of your Minute, dated 8th of the 4th Month 1795, and a Narrative of Obfervations that were made in the Yearly Meeting of 1795, on the fubject of the bufinefs in which I am engaged:-And, I understand, that a Process is instituted, tending to the difownment of me, as a Member of your Society, in confequence of a Minute made at the Yearly Meeting of 1790; a Copy of which Minute, together with that of your Meeting, accompany this Addrefs.

In this Procefs, adopted reluctantly, I believe, on your parts (but to which I prefume you conceive yourselves obliged, in compliance with the Minute of the Yearly Meeting of 1790), this is perhaps the only ftage in which I can claim your attention to the following ftatement of FACTS and OBSERVATIONS, or in which I fhall have an opportunity of requefting you to preferve this Letter, and to refer to it in that record which you will have occafion to make in my Cafe. I am very folicitous that you fhould comply with this requeft, in order that my Children, or others, who may feel VOL. XXXI. March 1797.

an intereft in the event, may have an opportunity hereafter of informing themfelves of the circumftances, and of the motives of my conduct; and because, from the rules of your difcipline, I am precluded from every other mode of defence.

FACTS.

ift. The file and entire caufe alledged for this Procefs is, that I am engaged in a Manufactory of Arms, fome of which are applicable to military purposes.

2d. My Grandfather, afterwards my Uncle, then my Father and my Uncle,

and laftly, my Father and myself, have been engaged in this Manufactory for a period of 70 years, without having before received any animadverfions on the part of the Society.

3d. The Trade devolved upon me as if it were an inheritance, and the whole, or nearly the whole, of the fortune which I received from my father, was a capital invested in the Manufatiory; a part of which confifts in appropriated Mills, Erections, and Apparatus, not easily affignable or convertible to other purpoles.

4th. I have, at various times, during my carrying on the said bugins, performed many acts, with the concurrence and at the inftance of the Society, whic Bb

alone would have conftituted me a Member.

5th. I have been engaged in this bufinefs from the year 1777, and it was not until the year 1790 that the Minute was made on which this Procefs against me is founded.

6th. My engagements in the business were not a matter of choice, in the firft instance; and there has never been a time when I would not have withdrawn from it, could I have found a proper opportunity of transferring the concern.

OBSERVATIONS.

ift. I am convinced by my feelings and my reason—(*) THAT THE MANUFACTURE OF ARMS IMPLIES NO APPROBATION OF OFFENSIVE WAR (1) THAT THE DEGREE OF RE

SPONSIBILITY THAT HAS BEEN IM

PUTED ΤΟ THAT MANUFACTURE
DOES NOT ATTACH-(1) AND THAT
IN ITS OBJECT OR ITS TENDENCIES
IT NEITHER PROMOTES WAR NOR
INCREASES ITS CALAMITIES.

zd. I know that there are certain Texts in Scripture, from whith fome of our Society have drawn literal inferences againit all kind of refiflance: but do we not know that there are other paffages and Texts of Scripture which feem to admit of a different construction. Some of there I fhall take the liberty to mention, and refer the comment and the inference to yourfeives.

Does not St. Paul fly, that the Magiftrate beareth not the Sword in vain? ROMANS xiii.-4. Does not Jefus Chrift peak in high terms of approbation of the Centurion (whote profeflion was Arms)? MATT. viii.-10. Corelius, the devout Centurion, is not

lefs diftinguished. ACTS x. Does not Chrift tell Pilate, that if his Kingdom were of this World, then would his Servants fight? JOHN Xviii.—36. In a Parable, does he not ftate to his Difciples, as an example of prudence, the cafe of a King going to War; whom he fuppofes first to confider, whether, with an army of 10,000 men, he can go againft his opponent with 20,000? LUKE XIV.

31. In another Parable he speaks of the Good Man of the Houfe, watching for the hour when the Thief would come, in order to refif him. MATTHEW xxiv.-43. Two of his Difciples were Swords. LUKE xxii.-38. and, in the fame Chapter, Chrift is reprefented as faying, "He that hath no Sword let him fell his Garment and buy one.” The Apoftle Peter is not reprimanded for wearing a Sword, but for ufing it improperly.-He was not told to cast away his Sword, but to put it up again into its place. MATT. xxvi.-52. I mutt, however, in candcur allow, that in the fame verfe it is faid, "All they that take the Sword, fhall perish with the Sword." I hope, in ftating thefe quotations, not to be misunderstood, as attempting to wreft, or even to explain, the fenie of the Scriptures on this head; much less to offer them as an apology for Offenfive War, for which I profefs the molt decided abhorrence.

With regard to the other Texts, from which interences have been deduced against all kind of refiftance-without prefuming to define the nature and the extent of the obligation which thee Texts impofe, or deciding upon the practicability of that conduct (in the prefent itate of Society) which you imagire them to enjoin-Permit me to enquire if

* Will any perfon for a moment fuppofe, that as a Manufacturer it is my object to encourage the practice or the principle of War, or that I propofe to myself any other end than that which all commercial perfons propofe, viz. the acquifition of property?—And although it be true (and I lament the fact) that in too many inftances Fire-arms are employed in Offensive War, yet it ought in candour to be confidered, that they are equally applicable to the purpofes of DEFENSIVE WAR, to the fupport of the CIVIL POWER, to the PREVENTION OF WAR, and to the PRESERVATION OF PEACE.

If arguments from the Abuje are to be admitted against the Ue and the existence of things, objections may be made against almost every institution, fince almoft every inftitution is fufceptible of abufe. Is the Farmer who fows barley,-the Brewer who makes it into beverage,-the Merchant who imports rum, or the Dittiller who makes fpirits ;are they refponfible for the intemperance, the disease, the vice, and mikry, which may enfue from their abufe ?-Upon this principle, who could be innocent ?

No reflecting perfon will contend, that the Manufacture of Fire-arms has ever been the cause or occafion of any War; it is a confequence only, but not a caufe: Neither can it be admitted, that the calamities of War have been increased thereby ; all History, both facred and profane, prove the reverse. Thofe horrid contefts, fince the invention of Fire-arms, are-univerfally allowed to have been lejs jang inary, and less fuscious.