formed, partly by the rains, and partly by the melting of the ice and snow; but the perennial lakes, which neither receive nor emit rivers, are supposed to arise from subterraneous springs, by which they are constantly supplied. The second kind of lakes, which emit without receiving rivers, is very numerous. Many rivers flow from these as out of cisterns: where their springs being situated low within a hollow, first fill the cavity and make it a lake, which not being capacious enough to hold all the water, it overflows and forms a river. Of this kind are Lake Odium, at the head of the Tanais; lake Adac, whence a head water of the Tigris flows; Lake Ozero or White Lake, in Russia, the source of the Shaksna; and the great Lake Chaamay, whence flow four very large rivers, which water the countries of Siam, Pegu, &c., viz. the Menan, the Asa, the Caipoumo, and the Laquia, &c. The third species of lakes, which receive rivers but emit none, apparently owe their origin to those rivers, which, in their progress from their source, falling into some extensive cavity, are collected together, and form a lake of such dimensions as may lose as much by exhalation as it continually receives from these sources; of this kind is that great lake called the Caspian Sea; the lake Asphaltites, also called the Dead Sea; and several others. Of the fourth species, which both receive and emit rivers, are reckoned three kinds, as the quantity they emit is greater, equal, or less, than they receive. If it be greater, they must be supplied by springs at the bottom; if less, the surplus of the water is probably spent in exhalations; and if equal, their springs just supply as much water as runs off, and is evaporated by the sun. Lakes are also distinguished into fresh-water and salt-water lakes. Dr. Halley is of opinion that all great perennial lakes are saline, either in a greater or lesser degree; and that this saltness increases with time. Large lakes answer the most valuable purposes in the northern regions, the warm vapors that arise from them moderating the extreme cold; and in warmer climates, at a great distance from the sea, the exhalations raised from them by the sun cause the countries that border upon them to be refreshed with frequent showers, and consequently prevent their becoming barren deserts. LAKE OF A THOUSAND ISLANDS, is a lake of the St. Lawrence, formed after it leaves Lake Ontario, and so called from the number of islands with which it is interspersed. It is twenty-five miles in length, and about six broad.

LAKE OF THE HILLS a large lake of NorthWest America, in length about 200 miles, and from fifty to twenty-five miles broad.

LAKE OF THE WOODS, or LAKE Du Bois, a lake of North America, seventy miles long, and forty wide. Its name is taken from the quantities of oak, fir, pine, &c., which grow on its banks; and it has a few small islands. Long. 95° 20′ W., lat. 54° 36′ N.

LAKE, n. s. A color. Sce LAC.

I have been told that tungsten has been employed in France to precipitate the coloring matter from certain woods for the purpose of forming lakes for the limners' use.

Parkes's Chemical Catechism. LAKE, a preparation of different substances

into a kind of magistery for the use of painters: one of the finest and first invented of which was gum lacca, or laque, from which all the rest are called by the common name lakes. The principal lakes are carmine, Florence-lake, and lake from madder.

For the preparation of carmine, four ounces of finely pulverised cochineal are to be poured into four or five quarts of distilled water, that has been previously boiled in a pewter kettle, and boiled with it for the space of six minutes longer (some advise to add during the boiling two drachms of pulverised crystals of tartar) Eight scruples of Roman alum in powder are then to be added, and the whole kept upon the fire one minute longer. As soon as the gross powder has subsided to the bottom, and the decoction has become clear, the latter is to be carefully decanted into large cylindrical glasses, covered over, and kept undisturbed, till a fine powder is observed to have settled at the bottom. The superincumbent liquor is then to be poured off from this powder, and the powder gradually dried. From the decanted liquor, which is still much colored, the rest of the coloring matter may be separated by means of the solution of tin, when it yields a carmine but little inferior to the other.

For the preparation of Florentine lake, the sediment of cochineal, that remained in the kettle after the carmine has been taken, may be boiled with the requisite quantity of water, and the red liquor likewise, that remained after the preparation of the carmine, mixed with it, and the whole precipitated with the solution of tin. The red precipitate must be frequently edulcorated with water. Exclusively of this, two ounces of fresh cochineal, and one of crystals of tartar, are to be boiled with a sufficient quantity of water, poured off clear and precipitated with the solution of tin, and the precipitate washed. At the same time two pounds of alum are also to be dissolved in water, precipitated with a lixivium of potassa, and the white earth repeatedly washed with boiling water. Finally, both precipitates are to be mixed together in their liquid state, put upon a filter and dried. For the preparation of a cheaper sort, instead of cochineal, one pound of Brasil wood may be employed in the preceding manner.

For the following process for making a lake from madder, the Society of Arts voted Sir H. C. Englefield their gold medal. Enclose two ounces troy of the finest Dutch crop madder in a bag of fine and strong calico, large enough to hold three or four times as much. Put it into a large marble or porcelain mortar, and pour on it a pint of clear soft water, cold. Press the bag in every direction, and pound and rub it about with a pestle, as much as can be done without tearing it, and, when the water is loaded with color, pour it off. Repeat this process till the water comes off but slightly tinged, for which about five pints will be sufficient. Heat all the liquor in an earthen or silver vessel, till it is near boiling, and then pour it into a large basin, into which a troy ounce of alum dissolved in a pint of boiling soft water has been previously put. Stir the mixture together, and, while stir

ring, pour in gently about an ounce and a half of a saturated solution of subcarbonate of potassa. Let it stand till cold to settle; pour off the clear yellow liquor; add to the precipitate a quart of boiling soft water, stirring it well; and, when cold, separate by filtration the lake, which should weigh half an ounce. If less alum be employed, the color will be somewhat deeper; with less than three-fourths of an ounce, the whole of the coloring matter will not unite with the alumina.

the seed-lac. The lake with Brasil wood mav be also made by adding half an ounce of anotto to each pound of the wood; but the anotto must be dissolved in the solution of pearlashes. There is a kind of beautiful lake brought from China; but as it does not mix well with either water or oil, though it dissolves entirely in spirit of wine, it is of no use in our painting. This has been erroneously called safflower. Orange Lake is the tinging part of anotto precipitated together with the earth of alum. This pigment, which is of a bright orange color, and fit for varnish painting, and also for putting under crystal to imitate the vinegar garnet, may be prepared by boiling four ounces of the best anotto and one pound of pearl-ashes half an hour in a gallon of water, and straining the solution through paper. Mix gradually with this solution a pound and a half of alum in another gallon of water; desisting when ebullition ceases. Treat the sediment in the manner already directed for other kinds of lake, and dry it in square or round lozenges.

Almost all vegetable coloring matters may be precipitated into lakes, more or less beautiful, by ineans of alum or oxide of tin. For instance of turmeric a fine lake may be thus made:-Take a pound of turmeric root in fine powder, three pints of water, and an ounce of salt of tartar; put all into a glazed earthen vessel, and let them boil together over a clear gentle fire, till the water appears highly impregnated with the root, and will stain a paper to a beautiful yellow. Filter this liquor, and gradually add to it a strong solution of rock alum in water, till the yellow matter is all curdled together and precipitated; after this pour the whole into a filter of paper, and the water will run off and leave the yellow matter behind. It is to be washed many times with fresh water, till the water comes off insipid, and then is obtained the beautiful yellow called lake of turmeric, and used in painting. In this manner may a lake be made of any of the tinging substances that are of a strong texture, as madder, logwood, &c. A yellow lake for painting is made from broom flowers thus:-Make a lie of potassa and lime pretty strong; in this boil, at a gentle fire, fresh broom flowers till they are white, the lie having extracted all their color; then take out the flowers, and put the lie to boil in earthen vessels over the fire; add as much alum as the liquor will dissolve; then empty this lie into a vessel of clean water, and it will give a yellow color at the bottom. Let all settle, and decant off the clear liquor. Wash the powder found at the bottom with more water, till all the salts of the lie are washed off; then separate the yellow matter, and dry it in the shade. It proves a very valuable yellow. A beautiful lake may be prepared from Brasil wood, by boiling three pounds of it for an hour in a solution of three pounds of common salt in three gallons of water, and filtering the hot fluid through the paper; add to this a solution of five pounds of alum in three gallons of water. Dissolve three pounds of the best pearl ashes in a gallon and a half of water, and purify it by filtering; put this gradually to the other, till the whole of the color appear to be precipitated, and the fluid be left clear and colorless. But if any appearance of purple be seen, add a fresh quantity of the solution of alum by degrees, till a scarlet hue be produced. Then pursue the directions given in the first process with regard to the sediment. If half a pound of seed-lac be added to the solution of pearl-ashes, and dissolved in it before its purification by the filter, and two pounds of the wood, and a proportional quantity of the common salt and water be used in the colored solution, a lake will be produced that will stand well in oil or water, but is not so transparent in oil as without

LAKTHO, or LACTHO, a province of the interior of India, beyond the Ganges, tributary to Cochin China. It is bounded on the south by Laos, on the north and east by Tungquin, and on the west by China. It has never been explored by any European.

Laktho is described by the Tungquinese as throughout mountainous, rocky, covered with jungle, and destitute of navigable rivers; the air, it is added, is pestilential to the constitutions of strangers, and the water extremely unwholesome. But the climate is cooler than Tungquin. Between Tungquin and Laktho travellers are obliged to traverse for three or four days a wild uninhabited tract, and in the interior of the latter country the population is dispersed in small and savage communities, whose dialects are unintelligible to each other. They are governed by hereditary chiefs, who are engaged in perpetual hostilities.

Salt fish, oil, and some silk stuffs for the chiefs, are imported from Tungquin; the exports are chiefly buffaloes and cotton. There is no coin current here except what is procured from Tungquin, the general traffic being carried on by barter, in which buffaloes are the medium of exchange. But in some parts shells, or cowries, are used in dealing for articles of little value. The Tungquinese speak of several extraordinary natural caverns, which are found here. One is said to be a mile across.

LALAND, or LAALAND, an island of Denmark, at the entrance of the Baltic, the third of the Danish islands in size, is eleven leagues long, and six to three broad, containing 240 square miles, and 40,000 inhabitants. It is so low, that considerable portions of its coasts are inundated during the elevations of the sea, and the climate is not considered healthy; it is, however, so fertile, that it is said to produce as much wheat,, rye, barley, oats, peas, beans, lentils, hops, and flax, as all the other islands together. It has besides considerable forests of oaks, whose acorns feed vast herds of swine, and produces a great quantity of pearl herb. It is also much frequented by aquatic birds, whose feathers

afford a profitable export. It has five towns, viz. Naskow, the chief place, on the west, 1500 inhabitants; Saxekœbing on the north, Nysted on the south-east, Rodby on the south, and Mariabo on a lake in the centre of the island.

LALANDE, a celebrated astronomer, born in France about the middle of the last century. Before the age of twenty-five he was admitted into almost all the learned academies of the world, and pensioned by the principal monarchs of the continent. He travelled through nearly all the states of Europe, and was every where received with demonstrations of the most enthusiastic respect, not only by the learned of every description, but by all who were most distinguished in rank or fortune. In Italy he was overwhelmed with attentions by Clement XIII., and pursued, from the remotest extremities of that country, by its most distinguished ornaments. He found his bust in most of the observatories of Germany. His reception in England was also of the most flattering kind. His works embrace more than sixty ponderous volumes, and correspond, by their learning and utility, to the high reputation which he enjoyed. Lalande, if not the most profound and original, was certainly one of the most learned astronomers France ever produced. But he was remarkable for egregious vanity, and for the broadest eccentricities of character. By a singular perversion of intellect, he became a professed atheist about the commencement of the revolution, pronounced in the year 1793, in the Pantheon, a discourse against the existence of a God, with the bonnet rouge upon his head, and displayed on this subject the most absolute insanity during the rest of his life. This monstrous infatuation betrayed him into the most whimsical acts of extravagance; and particularly into the publication of a Dictionary of Atheists, in which he enregistered not only many of the illustrious dead,' but a great number of his contemporaries, and among these some of the principal dignitaries of the empire. This circumstance led to the following occurrence in the Institute:-At an extraordinary sitting of all the classes convoked for the purpose, when Lalande was present, a letter from the emperor was announced, and read aloud, in which it declared that M. de Lalande had fallen into a state of dotage, and was forbidden to publish thereafter any thing under his own name. The old astronomer rose very solemnly, howed low, and replied, that he would certainly obey the orders of his majesty. His atheistical absurdities deserved, no doubt, to be repressed, but, besides the singularity of this form of interdiction, there was an unnecessary degree of severity in it, as the end might have been attained without so public a humiliation. Lalande had the misfortune of living to see a maxim verified in his own regard, which has been exemplified in every age and country, that some disciples may become superior to their masters But he was, nevertheless, at all times among the luminaries of science, and to him astronomy was indebted for more substantial and unremitted services, than to any one of his contemporaries. He died, we believe, in Paris

in 1810.

LALLY (Thomas Arthur, count), a native of Ireland, who attached himself to the house of Stuart, and entered into the French service. He distinguished himself at the battle of Fontenoy, and became appointed brigadiergeneral. In 1756 he was made governor of Pondicherry, which he was compelled to surrender to the English, when public clamor ran so high against him that he was beheaded by a most unjust sentence in 1766. His son, M. Lally de Tollendal, obtained the restoration of the estates of his father, and a reversal of the proceedings against him.

LALUZERNE (Cæsar William de), cardinal, was descended of an ancient Norman family, and born at Paris in 1738. He studied in the seminary of St. Magloire, and the house of Navarre, and obtained orders in 1762. In 1765 he was elected agent-general of the French clergy. In 1770 Louis XV. nominated him to the ducal episcopal see of Langres; and in 1773 he pronounced his majesty's funeral oration. In 1788 he became a deputy of the clergy to the statesgeneral, and was one of the first who proposed the establishment in France of a representative system. He was president of the constituent assembly on the 31st of August 1789; but soon after emigrated to Switzerland, whence he removed to Italy. In 1802 he published a pastoral letter, announcing his submission to Napoleon's concordat; and, on the return of the Bourbons, was invited to re-assume his rank of duke, soon after which he was made a cardinal. He died at Paris in 1822. His works are numerous, and include Dissertation sur la liberté de l'homme. Sur l'Existence et les Attributs de Dieu. Instructions Pastorales sur le Schisme de France, 1808, 2 vols. 12mo. Dissertation sur les Eglises Catholiques-Protestantes, 1816, 2 vols. 12mo. Dissertation sur la Verité de la Religion, 2 vols. 12mo. Sur la Différence de la Constitution Française de la Constitution Anglaise, 1816,8vo. Sur la Responsibilité des Ministres, 1816, 8vo.

LAMA, the sovereign pontiff, or rather god, of the Asiatic Tartary. The lama is not only adored by the inhabitants of the country, but also by the kings of Tartary, who send him rich presents, and go in pilgrimage to pay him adoration, calling him lama congiu, i. e. god, the everlasting father of heaven. He is never to be seen but in a secret place in his palace, amidst a great number of lamps, sitting cross-legged on a cushion, and adorned with gold and precious stones. They prostrate themselves before him at a distance, it not being lawful for any to kiss even his feet. He is called the great lama, or lama of lamas; that is, priest of priests. The orthodox opinion is, that when the grand lama seems to die, either of old age or infirmity, his soul in fact only quits a crazy habitation to look for another younger or better; and it is discovered again in the body of some child, by certain tokens known only to the lamas or priests, in which order he always appears. A particular account of the pompous ceremonies attending the inauguration of the infant lama in Thibet is given in the first volume of the Asiatic Researches.

LAMA, in zoology. See CAMELUS