STEAM-SHIP ECONOMY. " TO THE EDITORS OF THE MECHANICS' MAGAZINE." GENTLEMEN,-It is very probable, as Mr. Atherton says, "that it is rather a trial of one's patience to repeat explanations in matters of theoretical investigation," but the greater trial of patience to which, notwithstanding, I would again respectfully invite him, is to give an answer to the objections urged against these same explanations, or else to admit their validity. In the V3 D3 formula the objection to the power of Ind. h. p. displacement is, that in the case of vessels which are not of the same form or type of build, it is not identical in value with the midship section, and is therefore erroneously employed instead of it; and that in the case of vessels which are of the same type, and where of course it is admitted that there is a virtual identity in these two expressions, the formula embodying either affords no information concerning the comparative merits of steam-ships as marine constructions, either in point of velocity alone, or in conjunction with carrying capacity. How can it, when they are all alike, except in size? The co-efficient set up for a standard would be common to all, apart from the influence of size. The formula might give some information concerning the comparative efficiency of propellers, but Mr. Atherton repudiates any utility in this direction, by assuming that practically it may be considered to have a constant ratio to the power. The formula affords no information concerning the comparative resultant efficiency of the several means employed in the production of power, for it accepts it as already provided, and as declared by the indicator. What then remains to be determined? and which the co-efficient of performance can in a comparative view be supposed to indicate? Nothing as I can see, except the influence of size, in which item there is no variety, nor any scope for the exercise of skill which can, like form, be tested in this way. Such influence can result only from a diminished ratio of water friction accompanying an increase of displacement under the same type. Now, it would be very desirable to ascertain the rate of augmentation of useful effect, by this dimination of the useless effect; but being once determined for the type, what permanent utility would the formula be to merchants? And yet this is its ostensible purpose. When, indeed, the weight of coals burnt per hour is substituted for the indicated horse power as the denominator in this formula, we do obtain some information on steam-ship economy, in the coal-consuming, though not in the building department; but the duty done per ton of coals could be ascertained more directly, and in a much better manner, if the performance was registered as declared by the indicator, or by a dynamometer; because the influence of all extraneous circum stances would be eliminated, and because neither time nor velocity, which indeed do not belong to it, would be implicated in the estimate of duty. And this leads me to say, that for vessels of the same type, and not differing greatly in size, any difference in the co-efficients of performance observed in practice by application of the V3 DI formula wt. of coal. must be explained as the result of differences in furnaces, fuel, and firing. This modification of the formula may have a certain utility if confined to vessels of the same type, provided we are given to understand what is truly indicated by it, and that we are not informed that "the fact of inferiority being established, the type of form of the hull, with the condition, construction, or management of the boilers and machinery," are equally points where "the fault may be," and that "under this scrutiny all bad types of form will be eradicated." Whence could arise the illusion that the type is the subject of ordeal, when it is so sedulously impressed upon us that the type is a given element in the question? It is the vessels ranking under each type which are tested, and they only in reference to one fault, ton-reel, caused by the spindle, and used in placing the cop on the shuttle. In practice it was found that a great deal of cotton was wasted by the bottoms of the cops being "britted" while being taken from the mules in baskets to the machinery for the next process of manufacture. To obviate the difficulty, gutta-percha foundations for the cops were used; but a more complete remedy was discovered in running a brush of paste along the mules, so as to coat the bottoms of the cops and render them less liable to injury. John Fielden, the plaintiff, and Enoch Fielden were friends, and, in a conversation one Sunday afternoon, the latter suggested that paste would do. John Fielden experimented and took out a patent first. Enoch Fielding stated that before the conversation he had experimented and tested by success the value of his invention. He also took out a patent, and Messrs. Lord defended this action, relying upon Enoch Fielding being the first in We now come to the case of vessels of different types: here the comparative worth of the form is fairly the point at issue, that is, the types themselves are on trial, and therefore we must have a test or formula which is applicable to them all. This is in fact saying, that it must apply to vessels in common, without any classification into types at all, at least as a point of necessity. But here the power of displacement is a misleading quantity, because it is no longer identical in value with the midship section, Now, according to Mr. Atherton's own admission, this section is the true basis of any formula; and so it is if velocity be the sole useful effect to be inquired into; but for some reason which I cannot conceive, he chooses to express it in terms of displacement. If, however, we do so in this case, where such expression is erroneous, both as a substitute for the other and for its own demerits besides, the comparative results of steamship performances so ascertained cannot be other- COURT OF COMMON PLEAS (second court), DEC. 13. wise than false. So then, in fine, for vessels all of one type the formula is useless, and for those of different types worse than worthless. The midship section formula is appropriate for velocity, but to represent the comparative worth of vessels in the aspect of velocity and carrying capacity conjointly, we must, I repeat, make the simple displacement the basis of the formula. With the use of either it will not be necessary to class vessels according to their type. No such classification is imperatively required with the Cornish steam-engines, in order to estimate and register the duty done by them; nor would it even be useful, except as between pumping engines and crank engines, where the difference is too great for a fair comparison. All other minor diversities of construction go themselves as influencing circumstances into the estimate of performance, along with boilers and modes of stoking. In steam ships it would also be useful to divide them into transport and passenger vessels, but without needing any very exact line of demarcation. Either formula would apply to each class, but that based on the simple displacement would be more peculiarly appropriate to the former, and the one based on the midship section to the latter. Mr. Atherton applies the word "duty" to a dynamic performance in which velocity is an element. It is really undesirable that mathematicians should take up with words of practical origin, and expressive of practical but yet scientific, though not at the time mathematical ideas, and make them include what was not at first intended. "Work" and now duty" are invested with time and velocity, although originally expressive of power measured by space alone. Mechanical power and mechanical effect were the terms employed, when the idea of time was involved. Yours, &c. 66 BENJAMIN CHEVERTON. Law Cases. FIELDEN'S PATENT COPS. COURT OF QUEEN'S BENCH, DEC. 13.-(Sittings at Nisi Prius, before Lord Chief Justice Cockburn and a Special Jury.) FIELDEN v. LORD AND OTHERS. Mr. Wilde and Mr. Hindmarch appeared for the plaintiff, and Sir F. Kelly, Mr. M. Smith, and Mr. Aston for the defendants. The plaintiff, a workman employed in a cotton-mill, brought this action against a mill-owner for an infringement of his patent for improvements in the construction and building of cops, and the defendants alleged that one Enoch Fielden was the true and first inventor, and that the plaintiff obtained his patent by fraudulent representations. A cop is the cotton wound off on the spindle in a conical shape at the ends, having a hole throughout, as in an ordinary cot ventor. The case commenced yesterday, and occupied the greater part of to-day, terminating in a verdict for the defendants. OXLEY'S PATENT HINGES, ETC. OXLEY v. HOLDEN. This was an action to recover £50, being the amount claimed for royalty upon the sale of cer tain hinges, elastic cushions, and studs and plates intended to be used in the windows and doors of railway carriages, the object of which was to prevent the noise and jarring usual when trains are in motion. The plaintiff, who claimed to be the inventor of the above articles, had entered into an agreement with the defendant, whereby the latter was permitted to manufacture and sell them, paying upon each a royalty of 4d., it being further stipulated that the plaintiff should be paid at all events £100 per annum by four equal quarterly payments. There were pleas negativing the novelty of the alleged inventions, and that the defendant was induced to enter into the agreement by the fraud and misrepresentation of the plaintiff. The jury found a verdict on both issues for the plaintiff. Mr. Wordsworth, Q.C., and Mr. Henry James appeared for the plaintiff, and Mr. Serjeant Shee, Mr. Hindmarch, Mr. Keane, and Mr. Griffiths for the defendant. Our Weekly Gossip. THE Admiralty have decided upon building two new iron frigates in addition to those now in course of construction by the Thames Iron Shipbuilding Com pany and Messrs. Napier of Glasgow. The new frigates are to be of a similar construction to those already in progress, but of smaller dimensions. ConPalmer, of Jarrow, and the other by Messrs. Westwood tracts for them have just been taken, one by Messrs. and Baillie, of Millwall. It may be well to state that the two new frigates are designed exclusively for home defence. The Queen has granted a pension of £150 a-year out of the civil list pensions to the daughters of Henry Cort, whose inventions in the manufacture of iron have contributed so much to the prosperity of the trade, while his family have been left in deep distress. The Queen has also been pleased to grant à pension on the civil list of £125 a-year to the sisters of the late Dr. Dionysius Lardner, whose contributions to science are so well known. It is a singular fact, and one which illustrates the dependence of trades of almost every kind upon the eccentricities of the devotees of fashion, that since the drawers, and a considerable section of the wireextensive use of crinoline in England, the wireworkers of the kingdom, have been exceedingly busy, and are at this moment obtaining very high wages! It is not easy at once to comprehend the cause of this phenomenon, or to trace the connection between crinoline and brass wire, but a little reflection makes the matter clear. The wearers of crinoline, from the culty of calculating distances, are more exposed in amplitude of their costume and the consequent diffitheir homes to danger from fire than are those other ladies whose dresses project little beyond the limits assigned by nature to their fair forms. Hence the necessity for extra-precaution in the shape of wire fire-guards—hence the pressure on the wire-tradehence the high rate of wages referred to. It is satisfactory to observe, too, that an impulse has been given to art as well as to labour in the matter of fireguards. All will remember the primitive nature of those articles as hitherto used in nurseries, &c., but now that they are required for the protection of "grown-up children," and have to figure "before company," it has been found desirable to vary their forms, materials, and prices, and to impart "style" and taste into their construction. They are at present used in West-end drawing-rooms, as well as in humbler parlours, and must be made consonant, therefore, with the neighbouring furniture, the fitments of the refracting and ornamental stoves, and the richly ornamented fenders. If this were not so they would be pronounced "de-ci-dedly vul-gar," and, despite their preservative value during the mazy dance, a "horrid baw." We have seen some elegant specimens of modern fire guards, and we know that several firms in London are overburdened with orders for them "to be supplied immediately and regardless of cost.' Well may the workers referred to rejoice in the preva. lent fashion, and loudly exclaim, "Vivat crinoline." The following letter suggests an important consideration or two: London, 12th Dec., 1859. GENTLEMEN,-After reading your notice of the termination of the Board of Trade's inquiry upon the loss of the Royal Charter in "Weekly Gossip," page 380, of your last number, I cannot refrain from troubling you with two remarks, in confirmation of the barren results to public good of such inquiries so conducted. First, it is stated: "Her cables were full 2 inches in diameter, and were tested by the makers to 72 tons." Now, Mr. Trotman, in his letter to the Times, stated (correctly) the Admiralty test for such a cable is at least 814 tons. Permit me to say, with some knowledge of the subject, that 72 tons will rarely pull out the worst of work from a cable of that size, particularly if made of inferior rigid iron; 85 tons would be nearer the strain required to dislodge a half-welded link. Again: why not ask if the Royal Charter was brought up within the breakers that parted her cables? Judging from the evidence upon Captain Taylor's seamanship, he brought the ship up in fair water; if so, did she drift from her first position to where she parted? If she did not drag her anchors, why ease them with the screw? and if she did drag until her anchors held in the rocky bottom, which caused the breakers which parted her cables, why not extract this, if possible, by evidence, so that no shadow may be thrown over anchors of one model or another. I am, Gentlemen, a much obliged SUBSCRIBER. A correspondent writes: "The sad destruction of this fine ship (the Royal Charter), and the fearful loss of property-and, above all, of life-attending that and the numerous other shipwrecks that yearly occur, may well lead every one to exert himself to Your corredevise means of preventing them. spondent, Mr. Bendelow, who suggests a method of relieving the strain on cables by means of pulleys, does not, perhaps, remember that the catenary curve of the cable, and the imperfect resistance which the ship opposes to the wave force, do all that can be done at that end of the cable. But at the anchor end thore is an unyielding resistance, and when the anchor does not itself drag or break, the parting of the cable often takes place near it. I believe that the true remedy consists in increasing the strength of both anchors and chains; and now that steel is so much more cheaply and easily made, it is inconceivable that, with the interests at stake, shipowners should not take advantage of a material whose cohesive strength is nearly double that of even the best iron. Iron ranges in cohesive strength between 25 and 30, and steel between 56 and 59, tons per square inch of section." The following letter merits a place here: GENTLEMEN,-Having some time ago experimented during two rough trips at sea, an account of the results may perhaps deserve a spare corner in your valuable publication. The first trip I lay as my fellow-passengers did, with my head towards the stern and my feet towards the engine-room (the centre of motion), and on my right side. The result was very much like that of a stomach pump. On the next trip I lay on my left side, with my head towards the engine-room and feet towards the stern. The result was, that I was the only one in the cabin unaffected with sickness; my fellow-passengers lying the contrary way. The rationale of these results is clear. The esophagus or entrance to the stomach is on the left side, the pylorus or eduction on the right. When lying on the left side as described, the centrifugal force from the rolling was from the esophagus to the, pylorus, promoting digestion. The centrifugal force from the pitching of the vessel was from the head to wards the stomach, tending to keep down my good breakfast, and promote digestion also. These effects were of course reversed on my frst trip. The rule to be observed is therefore simple: "Lay on your left side with your head towards the middle of the vessel." I am, Gentlemen, your very obedient servant, T. Mor. We understand that a new process of galvanizing wire has recently been discovered by a gentleman connected with the Administration of Telegraphs at Paris, and the application of the invention has been successfully made to the galvanization of telegraph wires. The inventor (Mr. Cuche) states that the chief advantage of his improved method over the old one consists in its allowing a very thick coating of zine (which adheres in a most perfect manner) to deposit itself on the wire, which not being afterwards subjected to any friction whatever, prevents any hindrance to the crystallization." The zine deposited on the wire in this way being much thicker than by the usual process, it consequently resists much longer the action of chemical agents, &c. The discovery has been patented for France and foreign countries, and is said to be already patronized by the principal house which supplies the French Administration with telegraph wires. NOTICES. desired size, and the strip of metal passed round it, the link or plate is placed on one of the hooks, and then the other hook is passed through the plate, by which, when the bale is released from pressure, the two hooks will be inwards towards the bale, and will be retained secure by the plate. Patent abandoned. 1090. C. H. G. WILLIAMS. "Improvements in the manufacture of colouring matters, and in applying the same for dyeing and printing fabrics and mate rials." Dated April 30, 1859. By the destructive distillation of quinine, chinchro nine, strychnine, or brucine, a series of liquid basic substances is obtained, and it is from such substances that, according to the present invention, colouring matters suitable for dyeing and printing fabrics are manufactured. In employing these colouring matters for printing fabrics, the patentee prepares a solution of the colouring matter as before, and he thickens it with albumen and applies the compound to the fabrie by blocks or otherwise. Colouring matters may also be obtained by acting on salts or compounds of aniline, toluidine, xylidine, cumidine, or cymidine with per manganate of potash, and afterwards treating the precipitate. Patent completed. 1091. J. SOUQUIERE. "A new or improved pro cess for distilling coal." Dated April 30, 1859. The patentee claims, 1, the calcination, or destraetive distillation of a mixture of pulverized coke and coal in the manufacture of gas for obtaining a larger quantity of gas, and also to render the coke resulting therefrom of more value. 2. The calcination or de structive distillation in coke ovens of a mixture of pulverized coke and coal for producing coke of greater from any kind of coal. Patent completed. 1092. T H. ARROWSMITH, "Improvement in carding engines." Dated May 2, 1859. The MECHANICS' MAGAZINE will be sent free by post to density, which will also produce coke of good quality all subscribers of £1 1s. 8d., annually, payable in advance. Post Office Orders to be made payable to R. A. Brooman, at the Post Office, Fleet Street, London, E.C. all the advantages of a division into classes. It should be This consists in employing one adjusting screw a each end of the flat, for setting which screw the paten tee supports and adjusts a bracket or plate formed to suit the working (technically called the "set of the card"), lateral movement of the bracket or plate being prevented by forming it with a flat surface, and fitting it against the bend of the carding engine, or by a steady pin or other contrivance. Patent com pleted. 1093. A. JUMELAIS. illimited power, so Dated May 2, 1859. "An apparatus yielding called French movement." This apparatus consists of a series of tubes tightly connected with each other, each tube containing a helix of ordinary form which actuates a shaft project. ing from the said tube, and operating an external pulley. The issuing out of the said shaft from the tube is to take place without any intrusion of the air into the interior of the tube, that is to say, with out any leakage, which can easily be obtained by a by a double-piston sucking pump, which actuates une stuffing box-lid. The permanent pressure is obtained THE abridged Specifications of Patents given below are BOILERS AND THEIR FURNACES, &c., 1119. FOOD AND BEVERAGES, including apparatus for preparing food for men and animals, 1445. FIBROUS FABRICS, including machinery for treating fibres, LIGHTING, HEATING, AND VENTILATING, 1098, 1130, 1140. METALS, including apparatus for their manufacture, 1103, CHEMISTRY AND PHOTOGRAPHY, 1099, 1101, 1107, 1139. uses. Dated May 2, 1859. The ordinary fastening bolt is here modified so as to become locked by a catch when pushed home into a socket. Patent abandoned. 1095. W. BAYLIS "Improvements in the manafacture of iron hurdles and fencing." Dated May 2, 1859. The patentee claims so forming the iron for feny rails, either rolling, swaging, or subsequently tr hammering or pressing, that it shall partially clip the intermediate hurdle or fence standard, so as to prevent their having any lateral motion. Also ty manner of shouldering and forming projections at the ends of hurdles or fence rails where they are united t the end standards; likewise the mode of uniting hurdles and fencing together. Patent completed. 1096. R. A. BROOMAN. "Improvements in, and in connection with, electro-magnetic engines." (A communication.) Dated May 2, 1859. The object here is so to construct electro-magnetic engines, and apparatus connected therewith, that the attractive and repulsive forces of electro-magnets may be utilised and caused to act simultaneously upon same part or parts of the engine-that the reciprocal action of fixed and moveable magnets may be male 1104, 1105, 1106, 1108, 1109, 1112, 1114, 1116, 1118, 1123, available in producing motion-that the electro LETTER PRESS PRINTING, &c, 1100, 1110. 1127, 1131, 1134, 1135, 1137, 1138. 1089. J. BULL. " Improvements in apparatus used for securing bales of cotton and other substances." Dated April 30, 1859. This consists in causing the ends of a suitable length of strip metal or of hoop iron to be bent into hooks, and to employ therewith a plate of metal with a rectangular or suitable opening through it, so that when a bale of cotton has by pressure been brought to the magnets employed may be rendered active both by external and internal electrical actions-that the action of the electric current or currents may be practically continuous and that the maximum magnetic forces may be made available for the production of power. Patent completed. 1097. J. BASFORD. "An improvement in the ap paratus used when expressing clay or brick earth through dies." Dated May 3, 1859. This consists in forming the bridge which carrie the core or interior die in a bent or zig-zag form, and so that the clay or plastic brick earth in place of being cut radially is divided in an inclined direction, by which a lap joint is formed in the clay. Patent completed. 1098. J. CHILDS. "Improvements in the manufacture of night-light cases." Dated May 2, 1859. This consists in wrapping or forming the cylinders of paper or wood on to the bottoms of plaster, cement, or other material, thus forming the upper parts on the bottoms. Patent completed. 1099. W. GOSSAGE. "Improvements in the manufacture and useful application of certain alkaline silicates, and in the production of liquor silicis, or liquid fluid. Dated May 2, 1859. This consists, 1, in using in the manufacture of soluble glass carbonate of potash or carbonate of soda, which has been previously deprived of sulphate of potash or sulphate of soda, the liquid flint thus produced being free from alkaline sulphuret. 2. In the application of such solutions to rendering stones, bricks, wood, paper, woven fabrics, and other materials impermeable to water. 3. In the manufacture of silicate of lime by decomposing solutions of silicate of potash or silicate of soda by caustic lime or carbonate of lime, or by boiling such native silica as is readily dissolved by caustic alkali with a mixture of caustic lime and caustic potash or soda dissolved in water, by which means a silicate of lime is obtained in such state as renders it usefully applicable for promoting the growth of plants. Patent abandoned. 1100. D. MOORE. 60 Improvements in machinery for rubbing or dressing types." Dated May 2, 1859. This relates to the manner of feeding the types one by one or in a regular manner to the automatic device which takes the said types and carries them letterend first through or between cutters that rub or cut and remove the projections which remain on the sides of the types and base of the letters after casting. The invention also relates to a device for removing the types from the parts that have carried the said types through the cutters, and receiving the types on an apparatus that reverses their movement or position, and delivers them with their base or lower end first on to an apparatus for setting the types up into line ready for the usual finishing operations. Patent completed. 1101. W. GOSSAGE. "Improvements in the manufacture of caustic soda and carbonate of soda, from certain alkaline liquids." Dated May 2, 1859. The patentee claims, 1, the manufacture of carbonate of soda from caustic soda contained in salts obtained by the concentration of black ash liquors, by exposing such salts mixed with caustic soda to carbenic acid gas. 2. The manufacture of caustic soda (obtained as before stated) by boiling such salts with water and caustic lime. 3. The manufacture of caustic soda by boiling a solution of soluble glass with caustic lime, so as to produce silicate of lime and caustic soda. Patent completed. 1102. C. NUTTALL. "In provements in machinery or apparatus for grinding wire cards." Dated May 2, 1859. This consists in a method of traversing the strickets or other apparatus used for grinding wire cards. The inventor employs a shaft upon which are cut two threads of screws in opposite directions so as to eross each other, whereby the strickle is caused to travel first in one direction and then in the other. Pateat abandoned. 1103. F. W. EMERSON. "Improvements in treating ores to obtain a new metallic substance and its salts, and in the application of such matters, and also certain products of tungsten in dyeing, printing, and painting." Dated May 2, 1859. This consists, 1, in the separation of a metallic substance, which the inventor designates "chrolithineum," from wolfram tungstate of lime, tungstic oxide, and other ores of tungsten, and in the manufacture and application of its various salts to dyeing textile fabrics, painting on porcelain, and the production of paints and pigments. 2. In the manufacture and ap plication of the blue oxide of tungsten as a dyeing substance for textile fabrics, and as a paint or pig. ment. 3. In the production of paratungstate of alkali, metatungstate of alkali, isotungstate of alkali, and polytungstate of alkali, which may be used in the preparation of paints and pigments, and for dyeing textile fabrics, and for other purposes, and in the combination of paratungstic, metatungstic, isotungstic, and polytungstic acids with any suitable metallic oxide or mixtures of metallic oxides as a base, such as the oxides of lead, zinc, barytes, lime and others, to form paints and pigments. Patent completed. 1104. A. G. FRANKLIN. "Improvements in the manufacture of crayons." (A communication.) Dated May 3, 1869. The required primary colour is mixed with clay, (bolus) well ground together in water, and dried. 1105. W. JOHNSON. "Improvements in the manu- This relates to the production of oil, oleaginous water acidulated with sulphuric acid, and the excess of acids subsequently saturated by an alkali. Some dark matters will be precipitated, and after filtration a crystallized block of sulphate of quinine will be obtained by cooling, which block may be purified as usual. Patent completed. 66 1108. W. SELLERS. Improvements in couplings for shafting." (Partly a communication.) Dated May 3, 1859. This coupling consists of an external sleeve into the opposite ends of which are fitted two other sleeves in the forms of frustrums of cones, the apex of the cones being towards each other. These conical sleeves are bored to fit the shafts intended to be coupled, and are divided by one or two longitudinal cuts to enable them to be closed on the shafts. The sleeves are prevented from turning on the shafts by keys which lock them to the outer sleeve, and they are drawn together by square bolts which pass through part of the ex. ternal sleeve, and when the nuts on the bolts are screwed up, the bolts will prevent the two internal conical sleeves from turning in the external sleeve. Patent completed. 1109. W. SELLERS. "Improved machinery for making screw bolts and nuts.' Dated May 3, 1859. The object here is to prevent the necessity of reversing the motion of the cutting dies, or of stopping the machines to change the bolts, and to so arrange the die and top holder as to admit of greater facility in changing from one size thread to another. Patent completed. 1110. J. MORSE. "An improved power-printing press." Dated May 3, 1859. This invention comprises various features which are not fully described apart from the drawings. Patent completed. 1111. L. R. BLAKE. "A new and useful or improved machine for sewing a sole on a boot or shoe." Dated May 3, 1859. This consists, 1, in arranging the shoe rest on the end of an arm extending from the supporting frame of the machine, and capable of entering the shoe, the said rest entering the interior of the shoe that an outer sole may be stitched upon the innner sole and upper of the shoe or boot. 2. In arranging the thread passage, or looper, or both, within, or so as to operate with, the shoe-supporting arm. 3. In the application of the feeding mechanism to the needle or its carrier, so as to enable the feeding mechanism to be revolved around, or with the said needles and its carrier, in order to change the direction in which the shoe is to be fed along. Patent completed. 1112. H. CHAPMAN. "An improved military campcooking apparatus." Dated May 3, 1859. The patentee claims, 1, the construction and arrangement as described of tubes, flues, or sheet spaces for the passage of the heat and products of combustion in a marine or other boiler having several furnaces, laterally and transversely to the lengths of the furnaces, and above or over the bars of each furnace, so that the products of combustion from the first furnace shall pass over the several furnaces between it and the uptake or chimney or outlet, and in like manner the products of combustion from the intermediate furnaces between the first furnace and the uptake or chimney or outlet shall pass over the sev eral furnaces and the fuel therein contained. 2. The arrangement of tubes, flues, or sheet spaces for the passage of the heat or products of combustion in a marine or other boiler having more than one furnace, whether the same be arranged laterally and transversely to the length of the furnaces, or longitudinally, or lengthwise with the length of the furnaces, but above or over the bars of the furnaces, so that instead of passing the products of combustion the first over the second, and second over the third, and so on, they may be alternated and the total length of the furnace be divided into two or more parts, so that the products of combustion from one furnace to another may be led or divided laterally from the front, from the back, and from the centre part of such furnace to the next or to the next but one, or to any other furnace in the series further therefrom. 3. The use and employment of a series of tubes, pipes, or sheet spaces with a suitable entrance pipe and conducting chamber, for the passage through them of the moist steam generated in a boiler, by which the steam in its pro- The object here is the obtaining of a large amount gress to the main steam pipe of a steam engine be- of heating surface with a small quantity of fuel. The comes dried, or the water held in suspension becomes apparatus is composed of three principal parts, which vapourised, whether tubes, pipes, or sheet spaces be are intended to contain water at the lower part thereof, arranged longitudinally or transversely, or in other except the bottom of the third or middle compartment, direction in the upper or in any other part abore the which may be used for roasting coffee. At or near the level of the water line of a marine or other description division of each of the aforesaid compartments a dome of boiler, or in a steam chest open to or separate from or other shaped opening is to be formed, from whence a boiler, by which the series of pipes, tubes, or sheet proceed tiles or pipes passing respectively through the spaces may be surrounded by steam from the boiler several compartments in a horizontal direction. The and be kept or maintained at the highest temperature ends of those tubes which come through the outer due to their position. 4. The novel construction and casing have valves or dampers for opening and closing arrangement of the interior structural parts, as well the ends of the tubes for regulating the intensity of as the mode of applying surface condensers or refrig- the heat in the apparatus. The before-mentioned erators as described, when such condensers or compartments are intended to be fitted with shelves, refrigerators are attached to steam engines or boilers trays, hocks, strainers, and such-like apparatus for for the purpose of obtaining fresh water from the ex-performing the operations of boiling or steaming meat, hausted steam, or steam otherwise discharged from vegetables, and other articles of food. To use this boilers containing salt or sea water, or water impreg- apparatus it is only necessary to place over two nated with impurities, rendering its use destructive to braziers containing fire, the heat from which traversboilers, or from boilers fed with pure and fresh water." ing the several tubes of the apparatus, will be given Patent completed. off, and speedily raise the temperature of the water therein. Patent abandoned. 1113. H. CHAPMAN. 66 Improvements in the construction of kettles." Dated May 3, 1859. This consists in forming the bottom of the kettle partly flat and partly of a dome shape; from the top of such said dome a tube or pipe extends in a horizontal direction through the body of the kettle and back part thereof, the outer end of the said tube being furnished with a damper or valve for regulating the intensity of the heat. The inside of the kettle at the bottom of the spout thereof may also be fitted with a valve. By thus constructing kettles the fire is not deadened or prevented from burning, but by opening the outer valve aforesaid a draught will be established through the kettle, and thereby cause the fire to burn brightly so that if a fire should be nearly out, it will draw it up, at the same time the heat from the fire, being directed to and through the kettle, will speedily boil the water contained in the kettle. Patent abandoned. 1114. E. W. SCALE. Improvements in railway signals." Dated May 3, 1859. 1107. W.CLARK. "Improvements in obtaining or extracting quinine and the principal organic alkalies." (A communication.) Dated May 3, 1859. Here a decoction is obtained from the bark by hydrochloric or sulphuric acids; an alkali or alkaline carburet is then added until precipitation ceases. The liquor holding the precipitate in suspension is then boiled, and a certain quantity of solid fatty acids added; these acids then melt and form a layer on the surface with which all parts of the liquid under the influence of ebullition come in contact successively, and the quinine being dissolved in the water combines with the fatty acids and forms with it a perfectly insoluble soap. After a certain time the precipitate becomes of a blackish colour, and the alkaline liquor is transformed into quinine acid. The liquor is then allowed to cool, when the fatty acids become solidified on the surface, and are removed in the form of a cake and then boiled with distilled water for removing any impurities with which it may be mechanically combined. This is continued until the fatty matter yields nothing more to the pure water; it is then boiled in Here the flanges of the wheels of the engines come in contact with and thereby depress the end of a vibrat. ing lever, at the same time raising the opposite end of the lever and pushing a fan signal out of its box; the fan expanding to a semicircular shape simultane ously with this raising of the signal a pneumatic collapsible bag or bellows will be distended and admit air thereinto, and after the flanges of the several wheels in the train of carriages have ceased to act upon the end of the lever, the weight of the rod to which the fan is affixed will cause the pneumatic bag or bellows to collapse and force out gradually the air contained therein, the stop-cocks or valves being so arranged as to cause the signal to be a certain time in descending, thus indicating to a following train the fact of a forward train having recently passed. Patent completed. 1115. R. MUSHET. "An improvement in the manufacture of cast steel." Dated May 3, 1859. This consists in producing a superior quality of cast steel by melting malleable iron together with carbonaceous matter and ores, or oxides of titanium, or titaniferous iron ores, or titanic acid, or deoxidized titaniferous iron ores. Patent completed. 1116. W. H. KINGSTON. "Improved means of communication between the passengers and guards, and guards and engine drivers of railway trains.' Dated May 4, 1859. This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed. 1117. C. F. VASSEROT. "An improved form of tuyere for blast furnaces." (A communication.) Dated May 4, 1859. This consists in a box or air reservoir of cast iron having two elbow pipes, and an opening to receive a cap of cast iron in which is formed the aperture which communicates with the furnace. One of the elbow pipes is fixed to the bellows or the fan; the other passes vertically through the arched masonry into the interior of the furnace. Patent abandoned. 1118. J. ADOLPHUS. "An improvement in locks, bolts, and latches." Dated May 4, 1859. This improvement as applied to locks and bolts consists of a pin, peg, or screw (which when it is desired to secure the lock or bolt) is passed through the fixed part of the lock or bolt, and into, through, or behind the sliding bolt in such a manner that the said bolt cannot possibly be shot back until such pin, peg, or screw has been withdrawn by some person on the inner side of the door, gate, or shutter. Also, as applied to latches in the use of a similar pin, peg, or screw, which when it is desired to secure the latch is passed into, through, or above the latch and into the back plate or the fixed of the latch for the purpose described. Patent abandoned. 1119. W. E. NEWTON. "Improvements in steamboilers." (A communication) Dated May 4, 1859. Here the objects are the economic employment of high pressure steam which has been generated by any suitable means, by using it in the highest degree expansively in low pressure engines, and also in the economical treatment of the steam after it has performed its work in the cylinder or cylinders of a steam engine by the employment of surface condensation, effected by a novel arrangement of surface condenser and centrifugal water-circulating apparatus; also economizing fuel, and securing the continuous supply exclusively of fresh feed water to the boilers of marine and other engines by making up the waste arising from leakages and other causes. It relates more particularly but not exclusively to marine steam engines, and consists in constructing and fitting steam cylinders of larger diameter than ordinarily employed on board ships, and by certain apparatus admitting and employing and using the steam within the cylinder or cylinders from the steam pipe or expansion box at any suitable pressure for only a very small part or portion of the travel of the piston within such cylinder, after which it is allowed again to expand, and being aided by the vacuum on its opposite side the piston moves or travels to the end of the cylinder and thus performs its full stroke; but instead of employing the ordinary air pump and injection condenser he substitutes an apparatus by the introduction of which he is enabled to effect considerable economy in boiler room and the consumption of fuel necessary for generating or producing a given amount of power in engines constructed and worked as heretofore. The details are voluminous. Patent completed. 1123. J. F. ALLENDER and D. ROWLEY. "Improvements in shears for cutting boiler plates and sheets, and for other like purposes." Dated May 5, 1859. This invention is not described apart from the drawings. Patent completed. 1124. J. SCHOLFIELD, and W. CUDWORTH. "Certain improvements in machinery or apparatus for spinning cotton and other fibrous materials." Dated May 5, 1859. This relates to that class of spinning machines known as "mules," "tiviners," &c., and consists in making that part of the mule which regulates the speed of the spindles when winding on self-acting. Patent completed. 1125. H. CHAPMAN. "Improved means or appliances for protecting ships against injury from shots, shells, or other warlike projectiles." Dated May 5, 1859. This consists in adapting a contrivance which the inventor terms a "naval shield" to the sides of the ships, the said shield being capable of being raised or lowered either into or out of the water by a ship's tackle so as to cover any particular part of a ship. Patent completed. the tractive force not being made use of in distribut. ing the seed. For this purpose a special apparatus having a separate motion is adapted to the imple ments consisting of a spring and train which imparts a rotary movement to a distributor depositing a certain quantity of seed in the ground supplied from a hopper. Patent completed. 1130. A. KNOX. Improvements in gas regula tors." Dated May 5, 1859. This relates to such gas regulators as have a weighted flexible diaphragm upon which the gas ad. mitted to a small chamber acts, and by such action increases or lessens the passage of gas to the burners. The improvements consist, 1, in the arrangement of two or more valves in combination with each other for the admission of the gas to the diaphragn chamber, so that their weight and the pressure of the gas on them counterbalances each other, by reason of which the regulator will work with great uniformity even at the lowest pressures. To effect this the inventor connects the valves by a light lever mounted on a suitable fulcrum, faces the valves with leather and con structs the central spindle supported by the diaphragm of the low pressure chamber hollow. Pa tent abandoned. 1131. H. REYNOLDS. "Improvements in refining sugar and other saccharine substances." Dated May 5, 1859. The patentee claims, 1, the dissolution of sugar and other saccharine substances by means of an ascending and descending current of fluid propelled by mechani cal means. 2. The employment of the salts of tungsten, either as the oxide or in combination with a base, for example, lime or soda, in the refining of sugar and other saccharine substances. Patent com pleted. 1132. R. A. BROOMAN. "Improvements in cannon and other fire-arms, and in projectiles, wads, and car tridges to be used therewith. (A communication.) Dated May 5, 1859. The patentee claims, 1, the covering of projectile with an elastic material or soft wire cloth. 2. The employment of an elastic wad or ring attached to the rear end of the projectile. 3. The forming of car tridges of wire cloth or perforated metal plate. Pa tent completed. 1133. H. FLETCHER. "A machine for scutching and carding tow, oakum, or waste cordage." (A com munication.) Dated May 5, 1859. The inventor constructs a machine with a framework of cast-iron, and at one end he has a platforra furnished with spikes, amongst which the tow, &c.. is drawn and passed by a feed-roller covered with card to a series of four-grooved rollers, which are weighted at the bearings so as to grip the material firmly; it is then subjected to the action of a beater or scutcher which has six bars, three plain and threa jagged, so as to beat and spread the material, which is then passed to two carding cylinders, and thence to This consists in adapting to fortifications a contri- a doffing cylinder, from which it is combed and passed vance for protecting the same against injury from to a large drum, upon which it is tightly lapped by shots, shells, &c., the object being to present a yield-weighted roller. The various speeds of the rollers, ing surface to the action of the projectiles for destroy-beater, and cylinders are obtained by wheels and ing the effect thereof. Patent abandoned. pulleys, and he makes the beater shaft the prime mover, and provides the same with a fly-wheel to give the machine a uniform motion. Patent abandoned. 1126. H. CHAPMAN. "Improvements in the construction of fortifications." Dated May 5, 1859. This consists in the employment of perforated airtubes in the fire-chamber, and above the fuel, which tubes receive atmospheric air from outside the firechamber, and discharge its numerous small jets among the gaseous products of combustion. The perforated air tubes are each endorsed within, or are surrounded by, a water-tube connected with the water legs or other spaces of the boiler. The air-tubes are also provided with hollow stay bolts, which form passages for the discharge of the numerous jets of atmospheric 1127. W. F. BATHо and E. M. BAUER. "Im. air among the gaseous products of combustion.provements in drills for recessing, cutting slots, keyPatent abandoned. ways, and cotter holes." Dated May 5, 1859. The inventors employ an improved drill or cutting tool having three or more cutting edges, and they form the cutting edges by making spiral grooves on the exterior of the drill in connection with a closed taper recess in the centre. Patent abandoned. 1128. E. J. HUGHES. 'Improvements in the manufacture of sheet-iron. (A communication.) Dated May 5, 1859. 1120. J. G. WILLANS. "Improvements in utilizing bog stuff or peat, when applied for treating metals and certain mineral and alkaline substances." Dated May 4, 1859. The patentee claims, 1, the mixing bog stuff or peat, in the state above defined as undried, with pig or cast iron in a divided state, also the moulding of the same preparatory to its being exposed to heat in contact with the said bog stuff or peat intermixed therewith. 2. The collecting of tar, and other condensable products given off from hog stuff or peat whilst being used as fuel in lime-kilns. 3. The adding to, and intermixing with, ores of iron previously broken or pulverized bog stuff or peat in the state above defined as undried; also the moulding of the said mixture preparatory to its being exposed to heat. 4. The use of bog stuff or peat in the state above defined as undried for mixing with sulphate of baryta or sulphate of soda, preparatory to such sulphates being reduced to sulphurets by the application of heat, all as described. Patent abandoned. 1121. J. C. WILSON. "Improvements in machinery for cleaning cotton." Dated May 4, 1859. Here two rollers are employed in combination with a blade or bar which constantly vibrates or oscillates so as to keep or push back the seeds until they are freed from the cotton and fall down below the rollers. Patent abandoned. 1122. H. TURNER. "Improvements in steamengines and apparatus connected therewith." Dated May 5, 1859. This consists, 1, in procuring well carburetted charcoal pig iron cold black, and in purifying it either in the refining or puddling furnace by a flux or compound of reagents. 2. In working the iron thus produced in the puddling oven, and with hammers, and afterwards reducing the same into sheets. 3. In passing the sheets through etched or mottled rollers. 4. In enclosing the said sheets in an airtight iron case and heating them up to a bright cherry red, and then subjecting them to the action of a gang of heavy hammers until they are no longer red; charcoal is used in this process to maintain the heat as long as possible. 5. In submitting the said sheets a second time to the same operation, the amount of heat communicated to them previously being somewhat less, and the hammers of more powerful operation. 6. In enclosing them a third time in an air-tight case for being annealed in a properly constructed furnace. Patent abandoned 1129. W. CLARK. 66 Improvements in seed depositors or drills." (A communication.) Dated May 6, 1859. The particular feature in this invention consists in 1134. W. E. NEWTON. "An improved steam gauge." (A communication.) Dated May 5, 1859. This consists in arranging or connecting an adjust able weighted index or lever (which travels over a curved scale) to a piston placed in a tube which extends from the outside of the boiler down into the water-space thereof. The pressure exerted by the water in the boiler on the piston will force the latter up in the tube, and this pressure will be indicated or the scale. To the tube is connected a branch pipe or tube provided with a whistle and an escape pipe se that when the piston in the tube is forced up beyon a certain point, and if the water begins to get low in the boiler, the whistle is blown and the surplus stea finds an escape. The piston rod is adjustable by a screw, so that the point when this blowing-off eg alarm will take place can be adjusted in accordanc with the strength of the boiler. Patent completed. 1135. W. E. NEWTON. "Certain improvement in fish-hooks." (A communication.) Dated May 1859. This consists in arranging between the main hooks and connected to the same by two arms, a bait hook so that by forcing the two arms up to a horizonts position the main hooks are spread open or set, th arms being so arranged that they cannot be force open up beyond a horizontal position. The top por tion of the main hooks is made elastic, so that t the action of this portion the main hooks when » will spring together directly a strain on the bait ha disturbs the horizontal position of the two arms, an thus hold the fish firmly. Patent completed. 1136. J. H. JOHNSON. "Improvements in piano. fortes." (A communication.) Dated May 5, 1859. This relates to a peculiar construction and arrangement of the "rest" and "bridge" of pianofortes, whereby the impediments to the direct vibration of the strings are obviated. Patent completed. 1137 W. KELLINGLEY. "Improvements in the mode of lubricating the journals of the axles of locomotive engines, of carriages, and machinery." Dated May 6, 1859. The patentee uses what he calls a lubricating shield fixed by preference on the axle at the inner end of the journal This shield is so formed that while it prevents the escape of the lubricating matter at the axle, it throws up such lubricating matter into a receptacle, from which it is conducted to any part of the bearing intended to receive the lubricating matter. The shield is formed of brass, gutta-percha, or hard india rubber. We cannot quote the details. Fatent completed. 1138. F. ANGERSTEIN, R. CLEGG, and G. THORRINGTON. "Improvements in apparatus for obtaining motive power." Dated May 6, 1859. One object here is great speed. This is obtained by the use of diagonal arms working on centres, which, by their reciprocal action, produce an increase of speed in proportion to the number employed, the same diagonal motion being converted into a revolving by one or more cog-wheels upon a shaft revolving motion loose with a rim or rims at the side; on the side of the rim or rims a ratchet star or pawl is affixed to a shaft on a square box to fit two or more pawls, which are affixed or allowed to slide on the shaft to catch the top or inner rim of the cog which runs loose each way of its axis; these pawls or ratchets are so fixed as to reverse the motion by any suitable contrivance for throwing the pawls ultimately out of gear. Patent completed. 1139. F. W. HART. "Improvements in photographic apparatus." Dated May 6, 1859. This consists, 1, in constructing a photographic printing frame so as to admit of adjusting thereby the negative stencil or mask on the prepared paper or surface, and securing the same thereon as required. 2. In constructing the said frame so as to adapt it for holding tablets or surfaces to be printed from of varying sizes. 3. In applying vulcanized india-rubber to the bed or back board for the prepared surface to rest upon, to facilitate the bringing of the printing and the prepared surfaces into the required close contact. Patent abandoned. 1140. S. WRIGHT. "An improved gas governor or regulator." Dated May 6, 1859. The patentec governs or regulates the pressure by passing and diffusing the gas through a woven texture of lines, cotton, silk, hair, or it may be a metal fabric into a chamber or chambers to which the burner is attached; the pressure of the gas at the jet of the burner thereby governed and regulated as required. Patent completed. 2645. C. G. Hill. An improved goffering machine, together with the apparatus connected therewith. Dated Nov. 23, 1859. 2647. W. H. Ward. A system of signal flags. 2649. E. T. Hughes. Improvements in the manufacture of a certain substance to supersede blasting powder. (A communication.) 2651. E. T. Hughes. An improved chemical combination to supersede blasting powder. (A communication.) 2652. J. T. Smith. An improvement or improvements in heating, puddling, and other reverberatory furnaces used in the manufacture of iron. 2653. B. Bagster. Improvements in means or apparatus for giving surface finish to paper, which improvements are applicable to copper-plate and other printing, as also to embossing. 2654. T. Eastman. Improved means of raising the blades of screws employed to propel ships, and apparatus for getting at such screws, and for performing other operations under water. 2655. T. Lister. Improvements in the construction of sanatory privies and water-closets, part of which improvements is applicable as a tap for drawing off liquids. 2656. J. Knowles, jun. An improved apparatus for the prevention of accidents in winding from mines, which apparatus is also applicable for other similar purposes. Dated Nov. 24, 1859. the distance travelled, and the amount of fares. (A communication.) 2682. W. Mac Naught and J. L. Taylor. An improved method of increasing the temperature of water for feeding steam boilers or vessels for generating steam, and in apparatus connected therewith. Dated Nov. 28, 1859. 2683. J. Eastwood. Improvements in steam hammers, and in valves to be used therewith. 2684. J. Eastwood. Improvements in lathes. 2685. E. Tomey. Improvements in apparatus for insulating telegraphic wires or conductors. 2686. A. W. Williamson and L. Perkins. Improvements in machinery for propelling vessels. 2687. T. Luck. Improvements in apparatus for removing straw from thrashing machines. 2688. P. R. Hodge. The treatment and use of a new material in making of paper or other compounds of vegetable pulp. 2689. E. H. Bentall. Improvements in machinery for cutting vegetable substances. 2690. E. H. Bentall. Improvements in apparatus for crushing or grinding grain or seeds. 2691. J. Bower. An improved method of preparing clay for the manufacture of crucibles, pots, and earthenware. 2692. C. Sells. Improvements in steam-engines. 2693. R. A. Brooman. An improved poultry wagon. (A communication.) 2657. F. Preston and H. W. Garrett. Improve-paration of red colouring matters or dyes. (A com2694. R. A. Brooman. Improvements in the prements in the construction of cartridges. 2658. J. Langford. Improvements in inkstands, and in combining with instands instruments for holding and damping stamps, labels, and other articles. 2659. W. C. Maniece. Improvements in cop tubes used in machinery for spinning fibrous substances. 2660. F. Prince. Improved apparatus for reducing the resistance of the atmosphere to the progress of railway trains. 2661. J. Fyfe. Improvements in apparatus for regulating and adjusting the flow and pressure of liquids. 2662. W. Eassie. An improved joint for boarding and planking of all kinds. 2663. A. Hubart and V. Cantillon. Improvements in the manufacture of casks, barrels, and other like vessels of glass, and in machinery or apparatus employed therein. 2664. W. S. Losh. Improvements in the manufacture of paper, and in the preparation of a substance to be employed therein. 2665. W. S. Collins, jun., and F. J. Chard. Improvements in apparatus for propelling vessels. Dated Nov. 25, 1859. in looms for weaving, and in apparatus for cutting the 2667. C., I., and J. Smith. Certain improvements loops to form pile fabrics. 2668. T. Carr. Improvements in arrangements and mechanism for drying glue, moulded clay, sugar, white lead, and various other substances and articles of manufacture. 2669. J. Sim. Improvements in measuring and registering the flow or discharge of liquids. 2670. I. A. Read and W. Rennie. An improvement or improvements in connecting brooms with their sticks or handles. 2671. H. Lindon. Machinery or apparatus for raising and forcing fluids, which is also applicable for other useful purposes. 2672. M. Tildesley. Improvements in locks and latches. (Partly a communication.) 2873. G. E. Donisthorpe. Improvements in apparatus for hackling, dressing, and combing silk waste, 2572. R. Howson. Improvements in bells and and other fibres. gongs, and in their manufacture. Dated Nov. 26, 1859. 2674. A. S. Lukin. Improvements in apparatus for drawing window blinds. 2675. F. Scheithauer. An improved machine for printing woollen and other fabrics. 2677. C. Bedells. Improvements in the manufacture of shoes and boots, and in fabrics suitable for use in this manufacture. 2678. W. Moseley. Improvements in fountain pens. 2679. M. Auerbach. Improved apparatus to be applied to omnibuses, stage-coaches, and other similar vehicles, to indicate the distance each passenger travels and the amount of his fare. (A communication.) 2680. T. Watson and G. Healey. Certain improvements in the manufacture of silk velvets. 2681. M. Auerbach. Improved apparatus to be applied to cabs, hackney-carriages, and other similar vehicles, to indicate the number of persons carried, munication.) Dated Nov. 29, 1859. 2695. F. H. Wenham. Certain improvements in steam-engines. 2696. H. Sharpe. Improvements in the mode of preparing wool for the purpose of carding or combing it with a view to its being afterwards wove into thread. (A communication). 2697. J. King and J. Sutcliffe. Certain improve. ments in and applicable to mules for spinning. 2698. H. O. Robinson. Improvements in machinery and apparatus for the manufacture of sugar. 2699. J. B. Berger. An improved mode of and apparatus for facilitating the calculations required for navigating ships or vessels. 2700. L. N. Dejean. Improvements in hydraulic motive power. 2701. C. Colwell. An improved means of propelling sea-going vessels without the use of either paddlewheel or screw propeller now adopted. 2702. T. Richardson. Improvements in the manufacture of certain compounds of soda and potash. 2703. M. L. J. Lavater. Improvements in vul. canized india rubber bands. Dated Nov. 30, 1859. 2705. T. Fitton. Improvements in the slide valves of steam-engines. 2707. S. Mortimer and G. Swaine. Improvements in machinery or apparatus for spinning and doubling wool or other fibrous substances. 2709. J. M. Wilson. Improvements in finishing woven fabrics called Arabian stripes or scarfs. 2711. J. B. Teil. Improvements in the construction of umbrellas and parasols. 2713. G. J. Firmin. Improvements in the manufacture of tartaric and citric acids, and certain salts in connection therewith. Dated Dec. 1, 1859. 2717. C. A. Fournier. A process and apparatuses intended to find out the escapes of lighting gas from the conveying pipes, and to determine the precise leaking places of the said pipes. 2719. T. Silver. Improvements in apparatus for governing or regulating the speed of steam and other engines. 2721. T. Till. Improvements in machinery for the manufacture of horse-nails and other wrought nails. 2723. J. Paton. Improvements in valves. 2725. J. H. Johnson. Improvements in apparatus for preserving and cooking food. (A communication.) |