From The Economist, 29 Sept.
ITALIAN AGITATION.

couraged or aided, by Great Britain. Those who have been among our constant readers well know that we have more than once spokIt seems singularly difficult for foreigners- en in a way which should have prevented even for those who have resided long among any such inference being drawn; but we are us to comprehend the degree of freedom not sorry to have an opportunity of repeating and individualism which pervades the speak- the warning now. It is not possible for any ing and acting of nearly all classes of Eng- one with an English heart in his bosom not to lishmen. On the Continent men's thoughts feel a burning indignation when he reads of and utterances are so generally under Gov- gentlemen being hourly subjected to the inerment inspiration, or fettered by Government solence of the lowest soirri and bastinadoed to control, or checked by the dread of Gover-death for venturing to resent or rebuke those ment interference or retribution, that what is insolences. It is impossible not to pour forthsaid (or at least what is published) is usually our feelings of contempt and anger against conceived to have more or less of an official the monarch who authorizes, and of pity for character, or at all events not to be wholly the unhappy people who are called to endure, devoid of official sanction or connivance. Nor such extremities of barbarism. It would be is the inference there a very unjust one; for impossible not to feel, if the people did resist, when authority so perpetually interposes its that they had right on their side, and to wish preventive arm, it may not unfairly be held that they might have success also. There is answerable for what it does not prevent. no reason why these sentiments should be Moreover, this ceaseless sense of supervision concealed; there is every reason why they and restraint from powers above imparts a should be trumpeted forth as loud and far character of caution and design to all their as language can send them;-for even the political writing of which we in our free wickedest monarch is not wholly insensiland know little; few authors (on public sub-ble to what Europe thinks of him, and the jects at least) are quite without an arrière silliest may be frightened back into decency pensé; they seldom can give way to the epan- by plain and uncompromising warnings of the chement de cœur which is as natural to us as perils which his enormities are preparing for the air we breathe. Hence when foreigners him. We shall never hesitate to tell King read, in any of our more popular or widely Ferdinand that if his people do rise and decirculated English journals, articles at all re- throne and punish him, they will act and he markable for opinion or expression, they are will suffer justly; but neither shall we ever too apt to jump to the conclusion that these cease from urging Neapolitan patriots to enarticles either indicate the secret designs or dure and wait till the fit opportunity shall tendencies of Ministers, or at all events the arise, and not to compromise their cause or deliberate feelings and policy of the nation. ruin their prospects by popular movements at They read with deep interest and sanguine a time when such movements can be of no hopes the utterances of some warm-hearted avail. To be silent on the first head, would writer with regard to the atrocities of King Bomba or the follies of Cardinal Antonelli ;they say to themselves-judging by continental rules-" this would not have appeared without some serious meaning, and scarcely without the permission of authority," and Mazzini has just issued a proclamation to the what is merely the spontaneous sympathy of Neapolitans, urging them to rise, and promising an individual which he is certain will be shared that they shall be supported by a simultaneous by thousands, they interpret as encouragement rising in the North. Doubts have been given either by the Government or the nation. expressed as to the genuineness of this docuIn a great number of instances this is a ment. We wish we could share these doubts, complete misapprehension; and it is one which but they are not grounded. The proclamation it is important to set right, in order to prevent is authentic; and we should regard it as one mischief first, and reproach and disappoint- of the saddest blunders of a man whose blun ment afterwards. We refer to this subject ders have done almost as much to mar the now, in consequence of finding that the re- Italian cause as his fiery zeal and indomitable marks which have appeared in the leading perseverance have done to aid it,-were it journal and in our own columns, holding up not that we believe that the great agitator is the brutalities of the King of Naples to the now-like most who have followed a similar execration they deserve, have been represent-course-rather the led than the leader of the ed in some quarters and are regarded by some insurrectionary party. If King Ferdinand is hasty Italians as proofs that a rising and resist-playing the game of the patriots, this misance in that oppressed country would be wel- taken patriot seems to us to be playing alcomed and applauded, if not positively en-most as perversely the game of the despots.

be to do a violence to our feelings of humanity and right for which we see no call:-to be silent on the second head, would be to countenance a delusion as to the fatal nature of which there can be no doubt whatever.

To incite a rising in Italy now, at a moment recent events and declarations will have when the French troops still garrison Rome, awakened his Majesty of Naples.

and when Austria has her vast armies on a What must awaken most alarm throughout war footing but not engaged in war, and when the small despotic courts of Italy is the posiher position would give her singular facility in tion, boldly assumed and gallantly kept by making her own terms with the Allies, and Sardinia, fighting by the side of the allied when, moreover, vivid as are the sympathies Powers, admitted to their councils, and enof Englishmen with Italian wrongs, the policy titled to share in the consequences of their of England with reference to them is at best triumph. One of the permanent demands of undecided, this does, we confess, seem to us the Court of France is, that Italian soldiers, a folly so reckless as almost to verge upon a not foreign ones, should keep the peace there; crime. We know well how hard and cold it and Cavour is known to entertain the same seems to preach waiting and endurance under sufferings which we ourselves would not tolerate for an hour; but the movements of statesmen, and the advice they give to those who trust in them, ought to be governed by prudence and foresight, not by feelings, however just, natural, vehement, and universal.

opinion as Gioberti, that a Piedmontese, not a French garrison in Rome, should uphold the Pope. But we need not say that this idea is contemplated with horror by the Papal Court and its Minister, Antonelli, who would of course greatly prefer Austrian soldiers to either French or Piedmontese. But Austria's continued retention of so large a part of Italy it is impossible to prolong. She now holds Lombardy, the Duchies, Tuscany, and the Legations, by far the richest portions of the AN early rising in South Italy, against the peninsula; an augmentation of Austrian intolerable and almost burlesque tyranny of keeping down revolution, France and Engpower which, assumed under pretence of King Bomba, would seem to be looked for land will not be likely long to tolerate. An both in France and in England. Yet we do arrangement must be come to at no distant not think the Neapolitans likely to do any-period. And no arrangement is possible that thing rash. Revolutionary ideas and passions does not restore something of independence do not descend there to the mass of the pop- and nationality to Italy.

ment.

From the Examiner, 29 Sept.
ITALY.

ulation as in Tuscany and Rome. The men It is the wish of the more rational of Italian who lead and direct the liberal cause against patriots to wait for this. They cannot but see Ferdinand and his police are educated per- that in the war struggle of the day the West sons, not ignorant of politics or of prospects, triumphs over the East, and is hourly taking and they are not men to make both French, ascendency from it; and that the end must and Austrians at once their enemies by an be the increased power of England and ill-advised or ill-timed insurrectionary move- France, if not in actual conquest or extension of territory, in certainly the power of dictat Some have sought to obviate this by resus-ing to imbecile tyrannies like those of Central citating the Muratist party; but it has receiv- and Southern Italy a system of at least hued no encouragement from France, while one mane and rational government. There may of its inevitable results, in alienating Sicily, be no doubt that, were Italy of one mind, and must make all Italian patriots averse to the were its millions to rise as one man, they notion. Napoleon the Third seems to have might even at this present hour secure readopted what has been the deliberate and spect, freedom, and independence for their sane conviction of all historians, that the minor country. But where is the hope or the possiBonapartist dynasties in different parts of bility of this? Mazzini, despite his energy Europe weakened instead of strengthening and honesty, has lost his influence. Nor has the main trunk of the dynasty in France; his watchword, Dio e Popolo, even the sway it and this conviction has actuated the Cabinet might have exercised some time back. Italian of the Tuileries in its dealings and its coun- democracy has found other watchwords and sels towards Spain and Italy. It would be other leaders. In a Mazzinian insurrection impossible for a government to take more we do not believe, and the middle and intellipains to conciliate the respect of all surround- gent classes are not at this moment ripe for ing countries, and at the same time to inspire any other. them with confidence, than France has done. Indeed this has perhaps been carried even too far. The Courts of Naples and Madrid have been too prone to derive from it the belief not only of impunity but of support from "THE Pasha means to travel!" The anFrance, and this has encouraged tyranny in nouncement creates no surprise, for Said Pasha the one, and attempts at it in the other. But is given to journeying, suddenly visiting parts

From The Spectator, 22 Sept.

SAID PASHA.

of his dominions surrounded by a band of sol-yet more pressing, others yet more magnifi diers. It is after the fashion of Haroun Al- cent. That same Suez Canal has before its raschid, but not secretly, not attended only by existence occasioned 'vexation and trouble to Giaffer and Mesrour, or alone. For, much as Said Pasha. He obtained his firman from a dignified deportment might be accounted the Constantinople, but not readily. It was, as it chief characteristic of Said's ample form, there were, rung out by importunity, and he has had is an indomitable activity; as might, indeed be to pay for it, Heaven knows what, but cerguessed from the sanguine complexion of his tainly some penalty in the coldness remaining cheeks, his black beard and flashing eye. He in the Constantinopolitan Government. What means to travel, however, even unto Paris and if he comes also to obtain Anglo-Gallican moLondon, suddenly as the idea seems to have ral support to sustain him before his master been formed, his journey has no less an extent the Sultan, and to counteract the hostile mathan that; and for once his subjects are sur-noeuvres of the statesmen who succeed each prised. Haroun Alraschid never ventured so other so rapidly in the Turkish capital? And far as Paris, and his widest wanderings left the some extraneous support undoubtedly is reCassiterides unexplored. Whenever they ven-quired; for if one thing is more remarkable ture on journeys of state, the Eastern mon- than another at a place like Constantinople, it archs usually require more preparation; but is, so to speak, the coherence and continuity Said Pasha is hereditary Viceroy of Egypt, of the spirit of government. One clique suealmost a Sultan-perhaps some day to be quite a Sultan-and his subjects must obey.

ceeds another, and yet on the whole the Porte does manage to preserve a certain consistency Said is not inexperienced in travelling. He and connectedness in its acts before the world, has already visited this country some few years just as if the sovereign were an active entiback, and he intends to repeat the same route. ty, or the alternating cliques had something He will come through Paris, he will return like the stable traditions of our political parthrough Berlin and Vienna,-that seems to be ties. Amongst their consistencies is one printhe established Egyptian grand tour. Last ciple-that of making Egypt pay. Perhaps time when he came, he enjoyed the hospitality the consistency has been imparted to Constanof Sir Moses Montefiore: Sir Moses and his tinopolitan councils ab extra. They do say, lady have lately been receiving the affable that at one time an English mind, at another hospitality of the Viceroy, who gave them a time a French, has infused a vital principle mansion wherein to live, Kawasses to guard into the Divan; and if so, we can underthem and keep in order their path-in short, stand the plain common sense of the course accorded to them all the distinctions which taken by Said Pasha when he leaves the viceregal hospitality could afford. Now, Said banks of the Nile for those of the Seine or is a man who, sudden and active as he is, sel- the Thames, in order to get himself righted dom moves without a purpose; and, as cer- politically between the Cabinet and the Sultan tainly as he has a laudable object in cultivat- his master. ing an entente cordiale with the benevolent "The Sultan his master!"-the phrase has Montefiore, so certain is it that London and in it a savor of the disagreeable, which, in Paris, yea, and perhaps Berlin and Vienna, spite of Oriental humility, a man like Said have objects at which he intends to aim. Pasha is sure to feel. Besides, the suzerainty What, then, can be those objects which create is accompanied by practical inconveniences. sudden movements? The readiest conjecture It is true that the tribute is not much-only is, that he intends to beat up support for some £300,000 a year; which Egypt can better of his projects; say for instance, that he in- afford to give than Turkey to lose. True, tends to cultivate the already accruing French that Said's progenitor obtained the fief of assistance for the Suez Canal-that striking Egypt, never before hereditary, on very far. imagination of modern days, a great canal with vorable terms; and that a rent of £300,000 a what we may call its submarine Mediterranean year is, after all, but a quit or pepper-corn } branch and its inland port. It is surmised rent for so magnificent and so improvable that he also intends to conciliate doubtful Eng-an estate. There was one advantage in the lish opinion to engender that which has not hideous rule of Mehemet Ali-that it gave been yet so hastily held out-substantial Eng- his successors ample room for improvement; lish aid. For Great Britain is the land of and whether it be by Mahmoudeyeh Canal, capital; and France herself, or even Ferdi- or Suez Railway, or Suez Canal, or "barrage nand de Lesseps, can hardly count upon unit- du Nil" for raising the water by impeding it, ing the Red Sea and the Mediterranean with- or any other of the projects that come into s out English sovereigns that pretty yellow existence or do not, an intelligent Viceroy coin, stamped by the most accurate mint in the with efficient help may get Egyptian reve world, which seems likely to become the cur-nues and honors that the Sultan himself never rency of all Europe. Such objects are worth enjoyed. But the tribute has its supple the journey; but perhaps there may be others ment; and there lies the sting of the impost

Nothing is to be done at Constantinople with- | Sabatier, the French Consul-General; and he out buksheesh-vails. Even in such a thing speaks the language fluently-far better than as this firman-that is, permission to give any other foreign tongue. He may count upon Lesseps permission-sums must be paid that English support, especially by favor of the alare not told and could with difficulty be con-liance; but manifestly his ideas run more in jectured. Certain it is that the supplemen- the French channel than the English-and no tal tribute called buksheesh exceeds the other blame to him. France, however, could not in amount and in vexatious characteristics. at this moment think of dismembering the Surely a right understanding on many points Turkish empire even to oblige Said Pasha. will free a Viceroy of Egypt from that impost The favor has been denied to Nicholas and to without any wrong to the revenue of the Sul- Alexander. Still, men, especially Orientaltan, without any injury to Turkey, without ists and Bonapartes, are much governed even any loss of real power to Turkish statesmen, by the remotest of dreams. nay, with a profitable gain even to the very The Pasha embarks, he traverses the sea, he incomes of those distinguished persons. For lands at Marseilles, and he goes-back again are not English noblemen wealthier than the to Alexandria! Why? Was not his recepTurkish; though we believe English noble- tion to have been adequate to his hopes? Or men, as a general rule, have long since discon- does he mistrust the consequences of his abtinued the acceptance of buksheesh? sence? Philosophers tell us that there is And there are more inconveniences: Said nothing so difficult to account for as thunder Pasha cannot travel to London, for instance, and lightning: the Egyptian Pasha is somewithout the question arising how he is to ap- thing like thunder and lightning incarnate. pear at Court unless presented by the Turk

ish Ambassador-the Ambassador of another reigning Sovereign; a necessity which places him on the footing of an ordinary subject. True, he is but a Viceroy; but he is a vassal almost by consent, and there is some degree of humiliation in waiting the introduction by the Turkish Ambassador.

From the Times, 28 Sept. we copy a leading article. THE FUTURE OF TURKEY. THE fall of Sebastopol and the admission of the Turkish State into the European system, under the counsels, if not the tutelage, of the Western Powers, will probably put a stop The humiliation must be measured, not by during many years to all designs of the Czar. the past, nor by the present alone, but in some The aggressive instinct of Russia may turn to degree by the future. The dreams of the the borders of the Chinese Empire, to the Egyptian dynasty are well known-for Egypt Caspian provinces of Persia, or even, by rehas a dynasty. Practically its independence newed activity among the Slavonic nationis considerable, certainly much greater than it alities, threaten Austria herself, whom the used to be in the days of Mehemet Ali, or Czar may consider that there will be none to even of Abbas Pasha. The late Viceroy help. But, unless the established alliance of would never have ventured upon such a step France and England on what is now a ques as that now taken by Said in leaving his tion settled by Europe be broken by improkingdom in charge of a brother; the very bable discord, unless naval power and unman who, according to Eastern precedent, bounded resources shall cease to avail, unless should seize the advantage offered by the ab- the memory of past sacrifices and exertions sence of his lord and take possession of the shall pass from the minds of the Western nathrone. Said must not only count his power tions, the Czar can hardly hope in the present solid, and his independence real, but must generation, the relative strength of his empire think that his dynasty is so sufficiently united being the same, to undertake with success an to the established order of things in Europe invasion of the Principalities or an attack on that he can travel without fearing the loss of Constantinople. The Christian subjects 'of his throne as soon as it is out of his sight. So the Porte must therefore resign themselves to far Egypt has made a decided progress; but the supremacy of the Western Powers, who even Mehemet Ali, vassal as he was, unrecog- have undergone many sacrifices and incurred nized by the Powers of Europe, dreamed a the responsibility of a great war from a deterdream; and it was, that Egypt should be the mination to defend the territory now ruled by metropolitan state of an "Arab empire." Na- the Sultan from partition or gradual absorption poleon used to have the same dream; and why into the dominions of his northern neighbor. should the reigning representatives of Napo- They must submit themselves to Western leon and Mehemet Ali not realize the joint guidance and Western influences, and learn reverie?For Said Pasha has many sympa- to trust the assurances they have received thies with the French. Several of his Minis- that, whatever may have been the shortcomters are of the race. At this moment Suley-ings of past policy, the allies have now clearly man Pasha is only kept from him by illness. in view the rights, the well-being, and the fuThe Pasha is accompanied to France by M. ture progress of the Christian races. Such

advice need hardly be addressed to the vota-pean nations have to some extent made the ries of those Christian sects which are less ex- Greek what he is. The old Philhellene had tended or whose geographical position renders scarcely a lower idea of his favorites than they them less dangerous adherents of the power have of themselves. The revolutionary move we oppose. The Catholics are, of course, ment found active supporters in every counstanch partisans of France, and their unscru- try. Old Mahmoud was busy in other quarters, pulous zeal requires rather to be checked than and ignorant that those insurgents in the Pa encouraged. Armenians and Nestorians have shalic of Janina had ancestors who wrote political sympathies for the only Christian poetry 2,000 years ago, and therefore now had State which they have heard of as a protector, poetry written about them, and all the West but these divergent schismatics have much less eager in their cause. He neglected the inaversion to each other's creeds than to the surrection, and independent. Greece was the orthodoxy which lies between them. Of result. The spoiled child now proved illthese sects the Armenians alone are nume-behaved and ungrateful; its guardians in turn rous, and they show much less sympathy with became angry and severe. Russia, the only Russia than might be expected from the influ- protector who was never enthusiastic, yet ence exerted by the Czar in the appointment never peevish, gained rapidly on all thes of their Primate and higher clergy. It is to others. National vanity, as well as religious the disciples of the church in communion with feeling, wedded the Hellenes, and through the Russian, and to the Greeks in particular, them the Rayah Greeks, to Muscovite inte that we recommend acquiescence in what ne- rests. In the meantime instruction rapidly cessity imposes and reason commands. It advanced. In the midst of political intrigue must be plain that the Czar is now debarred, and dissension the people of the new kingdom probably for ever, from that exclusive inter- devoted themselves to education with all the ference which has brought the land they live ardor of the race, in which are united in a in almost to ruin, while it has done so little singular manner the greed of gain and the for themselves. The similarity of their reli- thirst for learning. Among no people is edugious doctrines to those of the Russians ought cation of a high class more extended. At the not to blind them to what others can see so University of Paris there are more than 300 well-that if their country were brought Greek students, and their numbers are prowithin the chain of Russian fortresses their portionate at Vienna and Berlin. They atchances of restored nationality would be tain distinction, become capable of high pur crushed under a dominion more fatal than the suits, and return home, where there is nothing Ottoman, because each point of resemblance for them to do. They are unfitted for busito the ruling race would render more easy the ness, a profession is poverty, they must look process of amalgamation and absorption. As to Government. This places a large number to material prosperity, it is difficult to believe that any privileges conferred by Catharine or Nicholas can balance the advantages which the protection and intercourse of the Western nations hold out.

We

of clever needy men at the service of Otho, and of a greater potentate than Otho. There can be no doubt that the Czar, the King, and the body of men they influence, have of late years very much increased the sympathy of which a common religion is the basis.

But it is perhaps useless to combat by argument the deepseated feelings of a race. But, as the influence of Russia over Greece, must be content to act, and to place the and even over Turkey, may now be regarded Rayahs under influences calculated to remove as at an end, it is evident that the Greek must the prejudices, which are perhaps only deep- accommodate himself to these new circum ened by reasoning and advice. The Greek is stances. That the race is intellectually gifted the most inveterate, and in the present gene- beyond any other in the East there can be no ration will not lose his sympathy for Russia; doubt, and, should free scope be given them, but this sentiment is hardly likely to have they would in no long time monopolize every practical results, and has probably never im- post in Turkey, except where the Frenchman peded business with the hostile commissariats. came in contact. General education and the Long after Wallachians and Slaves are con- mastery of the European languages will give tent the Phanariote and Hellene will continue them an advantage over every other native to declaim against the enmity and calumnies race. Even now a Greek scarcely above the of the Western Powers, and to point out to rank of a peasant sends his son to Athens their auditors that the early Christians also Miltiades has gone to sea; Themistocles is to suffered persecution. The Greek has a strong have the piece of ground; Pericles, the clever desire for the fanie of martyrdom, if it can be one, a disputatious and dogmatical youth, who attained without any personal inconvenience. deafens every one with his arguments on the A new grievance is a valuable discovery, and Eastern question and his explanations of what is instantly communicated to every colony, Gortschakoff ought to have done, must go to from Calcutta to New York. But the Euro- the University, and his parents eat bread and