men

his countrymen, who view in him the cham-cates, and the theological law which the Cadi pion of their interests and the preserver of enforces. Its members preach, and sometimes their honor, when meaner hands strove to stain practise, obedience to the Koran; but, as usual and tarnish it. Nor ought we to forget, when with the votaries of a dominant creed, those acquitting this debt of gratitude, the services texts are most frequently remembered which of the Marquis of Lansdowne, Lord Claren- indicate their own superiority and the duty of don, and Sir William Molesworth, who have excluding the infidel, and even the lukewarm adhered to the national cause with the same believer, from the worldly power and wealth firmness and constancy, and are therefore which should be the reward of those carnest worthy of all honor in this the moment of for the faith. The other party has not a pubtriumph. We have just passed through an lic, if that term can be applied to the porters, ordeal which has tried by a searching test the boatmen, and peasants, who form the Mussulmetal of which our statesmen are made, and man population. It is composed of men more we should be neglecting the lessons of expe- instructed than their brother Pashas rience if we did not carefully and minutely who speak French and are capable of discusrecord the result for future use. But, while sing with Europeans questions of policy in a we find so much to blame and so little to praise manner which surprises a stranger. A Pasha among the class of professional statesmen, it is of this limited class disappoints the expecstrange that out of that charmed circle every tation both of those who ignorantly admire one is deserving of the like commendation and those who too much depreciate his nawith the PREMIER. In the nation at large tion. He is neither the majestic Ottoman, there has been no wavering or flinching, no with calm and innate dignity, which the vacillations of purpose, no over-estimate of tourist has imagined, nor the semi-barbarous difficulties and disasters, no under-estimate of satrap which a reaction from Turcomania has resources with which to meet them. The Mi-caused many to picture him to themselves. nister has represented the people faithfully, He is not unlike a Frenchman in his manand in that has been his strength. We are Victorious because we have found a magnanimous leader, but also because as a nation we also have shown our full share of magnanimity.

From the Times, 20 Sept.
TURKISH GOVERNMENT.

ners and turns of thought, is ready with all the newest cant of civilization, and is gifted above all men with a quiet engaging duplicity, which is the highest boon of nature to a politician in Stamboul, though probably not without value in other capitals. But the enlightened Pasha is not a favorite with his countryTHE appointment of Mehemet Ali, the Sul-men, who are unable to find that he resists the tan's brother-in-law, to the high office of Capu- temptations of power and wealth better than dan Pasha is an event which, though not im- those who talk less about progress and regeneportant to the world, or likely to obtain much ration. There is nothing in the character of the attention at such a moment, is interesting to men who have caught up and who parade the those who wish to learn something of the state sentiments of London platforms and the manof Turkey, and of the principles which guide ners of Parisian drawing-rooms which can inits sovereign and leading men. At a time fluence the mass of the Turks, and compensate when the armies of the West were preparing for their supposed desertion of sound Mussulfor their great final effort against the enemy's man opinions. They are known to be a class stronghold when danger was supposed so to of shrewd politicians called into existence by threaten the Asiatic provinces as to call for the the knowledge that the European embassies services of an approved General—when the rule the destinies of the country, and that to means of continuing the war had just been ob- stand well with them will lead to power and tained through the guarantee of the two great fortune. Power and fortune they have, most Powers- -an exercise of the Sultan's will of them, achieved; what real benefit they have placed near his person and high in the State conferred on their country, we have yet to the man who, above all others, represents the learn. untamed and fanatical spirit of his race and The popularity of Mehemet Ali Pasha arises creed. Two parties divide the adherence of the from his position as the acknowledged leader official world in Stamboul, though the mass of of the Mussulman party. Education or politithe people is one in its prejudices, its hatreds, cal knowledge he has none; yet he is enand its fears. These parties are analogous to dowed with a force of character which has prothose which are found in every country, and duced no small results. His origin is obscure, the necessary existence of which may be predi- like that of most of the Pashas; for, in Turkey a cated wherever opinions are formed and ex- governing class has never existed, and the capressed by even a small section of the commu- reer has been always open to adroitness and sernity. The one represents Islamism in all its vility. The common story is, that Mahmoud, intolerance and love of isolation; it upholds on his way through Tophaneh, saw Mehemet the arrogant doctrines which the Moollah incul- Ali at work in a carpenter's shop, was struck

with the beauty of his person, and sent for him confined to great matters and rare occasions; to the palace. When he grew up, he received it is not the result of a communication with in marriage his master's daughter, the sister of Governments at home, still less of consultation the present Sultan, a lady who is said to have and concurrence between the Embassies themused her influence in her husband's favor on selves. The diplomatic potentate is, above all more than one occasion. He has held high dig- things, anxious to gain for himself power or nities, and enjoyed in an especial degree the the semblance of it, and to increase his own favor of his Imperial brother-in-law. He held importance among his Levantine adulators. the post of Seraskier when Menschikoff ar- The representations which should carry with rived on his arrogant mission. His conduct in them a dignity worthy of a great nation take the ensuing contest endeared him to the Turks, the form of intrigue, and by intrigue they are and must receive the praise even of Europeans. met. It is the highest praise of an AmbassaUnterrified by the threats of the Russian, he dor and his dragoman to have foiled the inroused the courage of others who were inclined mates of some other palace about a patch of to yield, spoke openly with contempt of the ground in Pera or a priestly quarrel in DaAmbassador, declared that the country could mascus. To eject a Grand Vizer is an exbe defended, and immediately commenced the ploit to which a new representative with a levying of troops and the preparations for a proper ambition will immediately devote himconflict. Since then he has equally distin- self; the Envoys and Ministers of the smaller guished himself among those who have in- States have, of course, to content themselves veighed against the increasing interference of with persecuting minor Pashas and Beys, while the Western Powers in domestic concerns, and a Chargé d'affaires of Hesse Homburg could is accordingly regarded by the orthodox among only aspire to influence the destinies of cavashis countrymen as the only man who has ses. But the great triumph is to supplant a equally opposed all their enemies. In the rival. A diplomatist of 40 years' standing respring he was summarily banished to Asia members the Ambassadors whose recall he has through the influence of the opposite party; obtained with the same complacency that a but during the absence of the British Ambassa- Cherokee counts his scalps. What all this has dor in the Crimea, he was as suddenly recalled; and, though the Sultan is said to have declared his intention not to employ him, there can be no doubt that he was received with even more than former favor. Lord Stratford de Redcliffe visited the Crimea a second time to conduct an important ceremony; and within a few days of his departure Mehemet Ali was raised to the high dignity of Capudan Pasha, or Chief Admiral, and is now in rank the First Minister of the Porte after the Grand Vizier. The immediate incidents of his elevation are hidden in the recesses of the palace; but the personal favor of the Sovereign, the popularity of the Pasha among the Turks, especially among that class of dependents with whom Aboul Medjid is in constant intercourse, and the ties of relationship, were no doubt among the causes of so sudden a reinstatement.

led to we know. The fact is evident, that as soon as the pressure of the foreigner is withdrawn the Sultan's councils are likely to be directed by men chosen for their attachment to the old Mussulman policy. How little the system which has been practised for so many years has changed the hereditary spirit of Turkish rule we shall learn if ever the State be again abandoned to its own guidance. The power of Mehemet Ali may be of short duration-the news of his appointment may even be premature-but if he has gained power and can keep it, he is likely to be more troublesome to the busy palaces of Pera than really hostile to the just and friendly intentions of the Western Governments.

It is for those Governments now, with earnestness and with a common accord, to devote themselves to the improvement of the instituThe public need have no fear of evil conse- tions which, in spite of speeches and despatchquences from the presence of this proud and es, we find to remain unchanged. Till lately stubborn Turk in the Sultan's council. The Turkey, though much spoken about, was realtime is past when the influence of a Pasha ly unknown. Its destinies were the theme of could change the policy of the Ottoman State; many a pamphlet and many a discussion. The nor do we believe that the dislike of Mehemet statesman's sleep might well be disturbed by Ali and his followers is directed against the the contemplation of the dangers that would Western Governments so much as against the follow its downfall. All this time the interests system of diplomatic interference, which every of England, and of the world so far as depenone feels to be an evil. The quick succession ded on her, were committed to one man. The of Turkish Ministers, the rise or fall, the pen- British Ambassador held a position which sioning or banishment of every high official, is might fairly be called irresponsible; the auspoken of, and generally with truth, as con- thorities at home trusted him because their nected with the representations of some Euro- ignorance of the East precluded their interfepean Embassy. Of this the Turk is heartily, rence; no Opposition inquired into his intenand with reason, tired. Interference is not tions, distorted his motives, or made his schemes

abortive. Great energy and more than aver- great questions of future policy will be decided age talents were united in him to an intimate in a purer and less heated atmosphere; but knowledge of the country, and of the individ- the internal affairs of the empire must be reguals who ruled it. It was in the power of such ulated in its own capital, and it is for this that a man, in such a position, to do much for Tur- the long and abiding alliance of the Western key; how little has been accomplished, there Powers is to be hoped for, even after the triare now hundreds who can say. From the umphs of war are at an end. No longer trusting lowness of view and the littleness of purpose an individual, the Governments must seek infor which we have described the Dean of Orien-mation wherever it is to be found, and those tal diplomacy has been no exception. In fact, who are able to teach them are daily increasfew men can withstand for a lifetime such in- ing. United and earnest, with high resolves fluences as prevail in Pera and at the Porte. and clear views, they may see with indifferThe allies have wisely taken away almost all ence the domestic intrigues of the State political power from Constantinople, and the

From The Spectator, 15 Sept.
MOTIVES OF ITALY.

|tically, but has lately asserted it with a roundness and explicitness which derive new political force and effect from being communicated A MISTAKE which might induce the reader to the great bulk of the town population of the daily journals totally to misconceive through a press. Sardinia has not only bravthe actual state of Italy would be to con- ed excommunication, but has opened her press sider the present period of time separately to a discussion on the rights of the Church, from the past. That error would make which is even more fatal to the authority of him either exaggerate the appearance of the Pope than a direct hostility would be. movements, and anticipate some happy coup- The comparative merits of clerical and civil de-théatre, converting "the oppressed nation- jurisdiction in temporal matters is discussed alities " into happy peoples, and turning with a freedom and an analytical vigor, and King Bomba" into Pantaloon, the Czar Alex- defended by an indiscretion and rancorous ander into the Clown of the European panto- bigotry, that must place the hundreds of thoumime; or it would make the reader who takes sands of the reading population in a very fair repose in an easy scepticism disbelieve that position to be judges, and that in an Italian there can be "anything in it," and dismiss the state where a political constitution, with selfoutward signs of the time as superficial changes government, is in actual working. Under the that signify nothing. The fact is, that the impulse o Pontifical Government, the same principal movement at Naples, the appearance discussion has begun to show itsel in a fantasof some war-ship French or English to awake tical and alarming manner before the very eyes the placid echoes of the Bay and to shake of the Pope. King Ferdinand's diaphragm with an unes- On Monday week, the Pope had resolved capeable tremor, has little to do in working the to take a walk outside the Porta del Popolo; change that unquestionably goes forward in and he had descended from his carriage, when Italy; but the real progress belongs to abid- suddenly a crowd of skin-dressers, who had asing causes long resident in the peninsula and sembled in joyous bands to celebrate in a faninherent in the genius of the people. The tastical manner the day of their Saint, Barvery letter of Lucien Murat, which has been tholomew, came along the road in full career. published in the London papers only in a mu- The attendants of the Pope endeavored to artilated form, belongs to 1854. It is an effusion rest the career of the carriages in which some of confidences" to a relation," intended pro- of the skin-dressers were; but the servants bably for a rather extensive "private" circu- were jostled out of the way, and the holiday lation; and it simply points out Prince Lucien makers galloped on with utter disregard of the as a person who considers himself "the only Holy Father; who showed some alarm on the solution of the Neapolitan question, but decid- occasion. A coachman was afterwards arrestedly disposed to await an invitation before he ed; but no punishment of the driver can ef takes any step. Prince Lucien is not a leading agitator, but only pretends to be an historical personage, transmitted from the past, and available for the future if occasion should arise. He is decidedly not an active element in the Vesuvian commotion. The wrongs of the exMinister Saliceti, "spretaque injuria forma," were equally perennial, and were only brought into activity by the exciting causes of King Ferdinand's own restless, cowardly cruelty. It is the Bourbon crown that is the blister; but it is a blister upon the mildest and most inert people on earth, and the Neapolitans themselves will only be an adjective in any larger and more energetic movement that may arise elsewhere. Those signs which point to the most positive, and perhaps even speediest results, belong to the perennial movements. We have oftener A pamphlet that has been put forward as than once pointed to the quasi-Protestantism the organ of the Muratist party in Naples which is arising in Italy, not by a severance of looks anxiously for a union between Piedmont the people from the Roman Catholic commu- and Naples. This is natural. Prince Lucien nion, but by a practical independence in tem- declares himself in favor of constitutional govporal matters from the jurisdiction of the Pope, ernment; constitutional government is estabwhose authority in such matters is gradually lished in the Sardinian states, but the position placed under that of the civil powers. Spain of the Sardinian states, even in reference to has always adhered to that theory dogma- their international relations, belongs to a series

face the disclosure of popular disregard for
the Pontiff. Nor was that the only adventure
which he met on the same day. Passing along
the Via di Ripetta, he found a number of peo-
ple assembled, who began to cry for "Bread!"
and when he
gave them his benediction, cries
were heard of "Anything beside benediction
-we want bread!" Not the "super-substan-
tial bread" of which the Douay Testament
speaks, but the plain bread which the baker
prepares, and which in Rome is officially sold
under price to the poorest. This is drawing
the comparison between spiritual and tempo-
ral jurisdiction in a manner to bring it pain-
fully close to the Sovereign Pontiff; particu-
larly as he has more blessings than pence or
bread.

та

of causes infinitely more extended than the temporaries, both daily and weekly, with enpresent day, going far beyond 1848. A cor-couraging the Italian patriots to insurrection respondence has just been published which by holding out to them hopes of English astook place in 1783-4 between the Government sistance. We need not tell the readers of the of the King of Sardinia and its representa- ECONOMIST that never was charge made with tives in Paris and Berlin. Whether the mo- less shadow of foundation. On the contrary, tive of the correspondence originated with the we have on several occasions, expressly and King, Victor Amadeus the Third, or with his parenthetically, deprecated any revolutionary Minister, Count Peronne, does not appear movements in the Peninsula, for this reason from the passages that have come before us; among many others—that we saw little ground but it would seem that the King had the larger for supposing either that the policy of the Britshare in suggesting it. His attention was ish Government was sufficiently fixed and dedrawn to the state of the Crimea, where the cisive to insure their interfering at all or Khan Gueray appeared to be re-established, interfering on the right side or that the symbut where he was menaced by the military pathies of the British nation were sufficiently preparations of Austria and Russia in a man- vivid and enduring to ensure their untiring ner unmistakable. The King sees in these interest in the popular cause after they had preparations a decided intention to make ap- once embarked in it. A few months ago, proaches upon Turkey; he points out that when the question of "evoking the nationali Spain and the Western Powers, in common ties," as it is termed, was much discussed, we with Italy, have an interest in defending the did violence to our own feelings and aspiraindependence of Turkey and preventing Rus- tions out of regard to the maintenance of the sia from establishing herself on the Mediter- English character for justice and consistency, ranean; he tells his ministers at the French and argued at some length that no one who and Prussian courts to explain his sentiments, and if they can to bring about a league for the protection of Turkey by stopping the progress of Russia and Austria in the Crimea. "It would not be wonderful," writes the King, on the 8th of April, 1783, "if Austria were not to act hostilely in the first instance, but were to limit herself to the prudent precautions of watching over her own frontier, ready in the sequel to take her part according to events; so that in that guise she might have the air of conceding to the insinuations made to her by the powers interested for the Porte, and at the same time would make a true diversion favorable to Russia." King Victor Amadeus sees only ore difficulty in the league that he recommends, that of securing the naval assistance of England, who could scarcely be brought to act concurrently with France.

knew our people's tendencies would trust their continued and unflagging sympathies with any struggle for liberty in foreign lands, and that no one who had our people's reputation sincerely at heart would urge them to encourage or engage in a struggle of which they were likely to grow sick and weary before victory had crowned it. We are of this opinion still. But we cannot on that account abstain from holding up to execration follies, brutalities, and oppressions which would provoke any pa tience and justify any retaliation; nor do we feel ourselves called upon, by any apprehension of the consequences, to shrink from depicting in the plainest language what are the obvious inferences to be drawn from the events passing under our eyes, and what must be the inevitable result of the blind and stupid barbarity with which Ferdinand of Naples is afflicting his people, outraging his kind, filling the measure of his crimes, and storing up wrath against the day of wrath.

The parallel with the present day is remarkable; the differences are equally striking. England and France act as one; the league is complete by the naval assistance of Eng- We say, therefore, again, and we say it with land,—a grand compensation for that defec- alarm and grief, that in the South of Italy tion of Prussia which has made her forfeit her affairs seem to have reached a crisis which place in Europe. But by whom is this corres- warrants the belief that a convulsion may pondence published? By Signor Castelli, the every moment take place. The wretched Director of the National Archives of Sar- King of Naples and his brutal and absurd dinia; the publication being therefore a quasi- Minister of Police, not content with manifestofficial act sanctioned by Count Peronne's ing their Russian sympathies as plainly as they successor, Count Cavour. Thus it is not only dare, appear bent upon trying an experimen a parallel, but a continuance of those causes which have elevated the noble house of Savoy to take a lead amongst the statesmen and powers of Europe.

From The Economist, 15 Sept.
THE CLOUD IN THE SOUTH.
We have been charged by some of our con-

tum crucis upon the patience and long-suffering of the people. There are few extremes of steady tyranny that would not be endured there in silence; the upper ranks are not as a body either very energetic or very liberal; the middle classes have long been broken into slavery and silence; the army has till lately | been a sort of a spoilt child of the Sovereign;