And yet no meritorious deed Avails them; for they lack'd Baptismal grace, The door of faith, according to thy Creed. Lord Vernon, in his magnificent Italian edition (a copy of which was presented by his son a few years back to our Free Reference Library) of 1858, gives porta in the text, and says in his prose (and very useful) Espozione':

"Si perdettero perchè eglino non ebbero battesimo, che è la porta principale della fede-religione cristiana -che-la quale-tu credi-tu professi." Whether the qualifying adjective principale was inserted expressly as such I cannot say, though it would suggest the hypothesis. But how the word porta found its way into his text is what I cannot understand in the light of these words excerpted from the preface :—

"Il testo da me adottato è quello dell' Edizione Padovana (Lombardi's, 1822), non perchè possa dirsi perfetto, ma perchè, nella mancanza dell' autografo, passa per migliore."

I have not seen the Paduan edition of Lombardi, but it is passing strange that the third Roman edition (1820) has parte, while in that of 1822 at Padua porta is found. Lombardi must either have communicated his change of opinion at some séance to his Paduan editor, or an unwarrantable liberty had been taken with the text. Wright (1859) shows his courage in deviating from the beaten track, together with his orthodox theology and respect for authority by his rendering:

They sinned not; but the good they may have wrought, For want of baptism is of no avail;

A doctrine of the faith thou hast been taught.

I have not seen Dean Plumptre's translation, and cannot, therefore, add his version to the above. J. B. S.

Manchester.

[Dayman, 1865, has porta in the Italian text, and translates it portal. Cayley, 1851, renders it portal. In the edition of Francesco Samovino, 1578, it is parte.]

SAXON, ATTEMPT AT MEANING OF THE NAME. -The name Saxon was unknown to Tacitus, these folk appearing later on in the district which he assigns to the Chauci, Cherusci, Catti, &c. Pliny's

description of the Chauci, &c., is that of a race of pile-dwellers, as are, in fact, still the modern Dutch. The title Saxon, as I understand it, is exactly equivalent to such, and would be a fitting appellation to all marsh-dwellers. There is a much overlooked Teutonic word, syke or sike, meaning marsh (Dan. syg). In an auctioneer's catalogue on the north-east coast I lately noticed, "all that black surname, Sykes, also comes from this word. I syke lying in a ring fence." The well-known submit this gives the meaning of the first syllable of Saxon. The second syllable on or one is a shortened shape of woner= =dweller; the whole word meaning marsh-dweller. For one-dweller, cf. Ingævones, Estivones, Vangiones, &c. F. T. NORRIS.

Finsbury Park,

SIR JOHN HAWKINS, OR Hawkyns (1532– 1595), NAVAL COMMANDER.-In the account of this renowned seaman appearing in 'Dict. Nat. Biog.,' vol. xxv. p. 219, it is said that he "married secondly Margaret, daughter of Charles Vaughan of Hergest Court in Herefordshire, but had by her no issue. She died in 1619."

It may be of interest in this connexion to note that an abstract of the will of Dame Margaret Hawkins, widow, dated April 23, 1619, and enrolled, Roll 298 (5), the Monday next after the Feast of SS. Tiburcius and Valerian (April 14), 19 James I. (1621), appears in Dr. Reginald R. Sharpe's Calendar of Wills Proved and Enrolled in the Court of Husting,' London, 1890, part ii. P. 745. DANIEL HIPWELL.

17, Hilldrop Crescent, Camden Road, N.

'ADESTE FIDELES.'-In the Fifth and Sixth Series there was an extended correspondence regarding this tune; but nothing certain seems to have been elicited. If the question may be reopened, I should like to draw attention to a statement which many compilers of tune-books in the United States seem to regard as conclusive. According to Duffield's English Hymns' (third edition, New York, 1888), there is a statement in the ninth edition of Fletcher's 'Brazil and the Brazilians' that the tune was composed by Marcas Portugal, and that this Marcas Portugal died at Rio Janeiro, in 1834. I need hardly say that the person intended is Marc Antoine Šimao, who when he went from Portugal to Italy was nicknamed by the Italians "Il Portogallo," and the nickname appears to have almost universally taken the place of his real name. Musical authorities agree that he returned from Brazil, and brought out some operas in Italy, and returned to Lisbon, where he died; at least, so say Fétis, Grove's 'Dictionary of Music,' and Macfarren's Musical History.' Fétis says he composed a large quantity of church music, and also says that he had a brother who composed for the church. It has been asserted

that the tune was performed at the Antient Concerts in 1785. If this was so, and the rule governing those concerts, that all music performed must be over twenty years old, was adhered to, his claim must go by the board, as he was born in 1763. The Rev. Henry Parr, in his 'Church of England Psalmody,' quotes a letter from Dr. Gauntlett giving the date of the tune as 1770, which would also shut out Simao. I do not find that Simao was ever in England (although some of his operas were performed there), but I somewhere saw it stated that his brother was. It would seem to me that if the tune was composed by one of these brothers the lesser known one is the more likely. Can any one throw light on the subject? JAMES WARRINGTON.

Moorestown, N. J., U.S.

INITIAL EPITAPHS. - Two instances of these

from Scotland may be worth recording. 1. In Dunningstone Church, in the apse is a tablet of the date of 1603, with the inscription, "Dies

mortis æternæ vitæ natalis est fidelibus," and over it a coat of arms surrounded by the following letters, large but roughly eut, M. A. M. T. P.

2. In the old burying ground called the Howff, at Dundee, is a remarkable one to a quondam hangman; the original date is of the early part of this century, but having been lately restored by a granddaughter settled in Boston, it is very legible. The headstone is chiefly decorated by two shields, on one of which for bearings are three gagged heads, and on the other three constructions symbolizing gaols; under them is the Gaelic memento mori often met with elsewhere, "Cuimhnich am bas." Above runs the following inscription, entirely represented by initials. I may not have copied it quite exactly, as it was nearly dark when I visited it, but it is sufficiently correct to serve as an example of my meaning :

Brown, the Biblical commentator, and other local celebrities, I introduced the subject of Mrs. Carlyle's burial-place, and was conducted towards the enclosure. "Carlyle," I said, as we slowly advanced, "would, of course, come in his latter years to visit his wife's grave?" "Oh, yes!" was the laconic reply. "And you would have some talk with him, no doubt, as he passed to and fro ?" "Ay," quoth the observant guide, with grave significance of tone; "an'a gey soor tyke he was!" This was at once so concise and exhaustive that there was no need to press for particulars, and I passed within the consecrated precincts, feeling less reverential, I am afraid, than was exactly becoming. THOMAS BAYNE. Helensburgh, N.B.

WALES: NIGHT COURTSHIP.-Welsh anthroAnthropological Institute (vol. xxi. No. 2, p. 129), pologists will find in the last Journal of the an interesting account of the night courtship of the young women of the Dyaks in Borneo. They records. It begins (p. 129) :may be able to compare this account with Welsh

night; they sleep apart from their parents, sometimes "The young women receive their male visitors at in the same room, but more often in the loft. The young men are not invited to sleep with them, unless they are old friends, but they may sit with them and chat," &c.

HYDE CLARKE,

ORIGINAL DRAWINGS OF CATHEDRALS. — I quote the following passage from Horace Marryat's Year in Sweden,' vol. i. p. 264 :

"It was the custom in early times to submit to the Pope plans and drawings of the cathedrals previous to their foundation. A very large collection of these drawings is still preserved in the library of the Vatican. artist, resident in Rome, gained access to the archives, During the revolution of 1848 and 1849, a Swedish and found the originals of Skara, Upsala, Tronyem, and other great northern churches, together with those of the most celebrated ecclesiastical buildings in Europe."

R. H. BUSK.

CARLYLE AT HADDINGTON.-In an appendix to her 'Life of Jane Welsh Carlyle,' Mrs. Alexander Ireland gives Mr. John Swinton's account of an interview with the sexton of Haddington regarding a visit of Carlyle to his wife's grave. The graphic and affecting report of what the attendant functionary saw on the occasion is a powerful testimony not only to Carlyle's deep sorrow, but to the gift of sympathetic and picturesque delineation possessed by the narrator himself. As I once interviewed probably the same official, the result of my inquiries may here be set down as complementary to the episode given by Mrs. Ireland. After showing a reasonable amount of interest in the tombs of John

Is it possible that Mr. Marryat can have been rightly informed? If so, no time should be lost in making application to the proper quarter for permission to copy these drawings. ASTARTE.

JUBILEE.-When reading, a few days ago, an old magazine, I came accross the following:-In 1733, when Christian IV., King of Denmark, and his wife, Sophia Magadalena, visited their Norwegian dominion, they resided with Lieut-Col. Colbiornson, in Frederickshald, who, with a view to entertain his royal visitors, got up " what they call a jubilee wedding." Now this jubilee wedding was the marriage of four couples, none of them being under a hundred years of age. Among the Hebrews every fiftieth year was called the year of jubilee, for it was then bondmen of their own country were made free. It was Boni

face VIII., in 1300, who ordained that every hundredth year should be observed as a jubilee one. Clement VI. changed the jubilee to the fiftieth. Urban IV. reduced it to thirty, Sixtus IV. still further reduced it to the twenty-fifth. In 1617 the Protestant jubilee was celebrated a hundred years after the Reformation. Now it seems clear that a jubilee year observed by Christians may be any year, almost, one likes to fix upon. The significance of the word being so altered from its known origin, I venture to think that it would be much more sensible and Englishlike if the fiftieth anniversary of Her Majesty's reign had been so called, than by the very ambiguous term jubilee year, which cannot correctly have any exact meaning without the addition of the period. ALFRED CHARLES JONAS. Swansea.

Queries.

We must request correspondents desiring information on family matters of only private interest to affix their names and addresses to their queries, in order that the answers may be addressed to them direct.

PORTRAIT OF HENRY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.I shall be glad to get information as to the artist and the probable date of a life-size three-quarters portrait of Henry, Duke of Gloucester (1639-60), and his tutor, Mr. Lovell, the latter a seated figure, with flaxen hair and "Vandyke hand," dressed in cassock and skull-cap; the prince, a boy seemingly of ten, standing with a scroll in his hand inscribed "Reliquiæ Carolina." My father, the late Archdeacon Groome, bought it some forty years ago out of a cottage in his parish of Monk Soham, in Suffolk, from a woman who had got it from her former mistress (I think an old Norfolk lady). My father, I believe, discovered that there is a sketch or a reduced copy of the picture in the Bodleian, where also he learned the name of the ecclesiastic, Lovell. He was a Scotchman, I think. Is there anywhere an account of him?

FRANCIS HINDES GROOME.

HOUBRAKEN PRINTS.-I should be glad if some one would tell me what are the different states of these prints, and whether the one usually termed "proof before letters" is the first state (ie., with Houbraken's name, but without inscription). Also whether this proof state ever appeared in book form, as the ordinary prints did; and whether the difficulty of procuring them is due to a very limited number having been struck off.

EVY.

CARRIAGE OF MARSHAL SOULT. After one of the battles in the Pyrenees, in the course of the Peninsular War, Marshal Soult's carriage was captured and looted. I shall be greatly obliged for exact information as to when this happened. F. C. D. W.

MAPS OF HUNDRED DIVISIONS.-Can any of your readers inform me whether there is procurable an atlas containing the counties of Wales showing the divisions into hundreds? Valuable maps are sometimes contained in Parliamentary Blue-books and returns, and if there have been issued such as I am inquiring about I should be glad of the reference. Ě. OWEN.

THE SACRED PLANT OF THE DRUIDS. — I observe that one of the members of the Edinburgh Naturalists' Society is endeavouring to prove that the beefsteak fungus, Fistulina hepatica, and not the mistletoe, Viscum album, as is commonly believed, was the sacred plant of the Druids. His premises are that the fungus grows on the oak, while the mistletoe does not, and that when sacrifices were abolished at their ceremonials the Druids shed the red juice of the fungus in lieu of the human blood which could not be obtained. Can any of your readers throw any light on this interesting subject? G. W.

BOWYER BOOK-PLATE.-Can any reader identify for me the "William Bowyer of Denham in y County of Buck, Esq," who made use of a bookplate bearing the following arms?-Dexter, Quarterly 1 and 4, Argent, a bend vairée sanguine and or; 2 and 3, Argent, three spades sable; sinister, Or, fretty argent, a fess of the field. F. D.

GENEALOGICAL.-I have traced the pedigree of a certain family up to about 1720 by means of the parish register of a small village in the East Riding of Yorkshire. This register only extends back as far as 1713, so that source of information is cut off, leaving the family still in the same village. Can any readers of N. & Q.' kindly tell me what would be the easiest and cheapest way of making further investigations into the family? M.

CHARLES I.-Would some correspondent have the kindness to tell me in what work I can find a detailed account of King Charles's progress to Scotland in 1633 for the purpose of being crowned in Edinburgh? I want to know the exact road taken, and all the houses in which the king was entertained during his journey. I am also anxious to know what English noblemen accompanied the

king. Isaac D'Israeli in his 'Commentaries' states that the Mercure François has recorded their names. Is this list accessible? JUNO.

BARON BUNSEN.-What was the occasion on which Bunsen "dared one evening to contradict a crown prince to his face, and fairly conquer him in argument, and thereby bind the truly royal heart to him for ever" (Kingsley,' Alton Locke,' chap. xxvi.)? Kingsley speaks of him as "the ambassador," as Bunsen was living at the time when Kingsley wrote, but it is obviously Bunsen who is meant. Further on it is stated that Bunsen W&S a "young student" when the foregoing incident occurred. JONATHAN BOUCHIER.

COWDEN FAMILY. -I wish to inquire concerning the ancient Cowden family in England and Scotland. What are the present locations of descendants? When, and after whom, were the Cowdenknowes and Cowden Peel, near Abbotsford, named? Does the stone Clack na Couddin, at Inverness, refer to the same name? Where was the ancient location of the Cowden family in England? A part of the family records have been lost, and I am seeking to restore them so far as possible, and to add such information as may be interesting in a family register.

Bohun, also Carey, of Careysville (Ireland), originally derived from De Mortain? The town of Boulogne was associated with the honour of De Mortain. The crest of the former is a swan. Was the De Joinville family identical with that of De Boleyn? Eustace, Count of Bologne (Bouliane), created his son William Seigneur de Joinville, in Champagne. Was the crest of the De Boleyns a swan? The arms were A chev. entre three bulls' heads couped, in allusion to the T. W. CAREY.

name.

WHEAT THROWN AT WEDDINGS.-In Herrick's
time wheat seems to have been thrown :-
Glide by the banks of Virgins then, and passe
The Shewers of Roses, lucky four-leav'd grasse:
The while the cloud of youngling's sing,
And drown yee with a flowrie spring.
While some repeat'
Your praise, and bless you, sprinkling you with Wheat.
Hesperides, A Nuptiall Song, or Epithalamie, on
Sir Clipseby Crew and his Lady,' st. v.

Is it known when rice took the place of wheat?
F. C. BIRKBECK TERRY.

ALLUSION IN JEFFREY.-In Cockburn's 'Life of Jeffrey' is a letter from the latter to Cockburn, of Feb. 24, 1833, à propos of the writer's having just returned from a levée at St. James's; and the following passage occurs in it: "But the star of all stars, in my eyes, is -—, who wants nothing but wings and immortality to be an angel." Is it known to what particular star Jeffrey here alludes? THOMAS J. EWING. Leamington,

CHILD'S BOOK.-In 1876 I met with a duodecimo volume containing in simple words four stories from the Greek mythology. One of them, I recollect, was that of Jason and the Golden Fleece.' A coloured illustration accompanied each story, one of which represented a little boy afloat in a tub at sea. It was printed in large type, well spaced out, and was evidently intended as a book for children. Can any of your readers give me the clue I desire for identification of the work? M. W. BEAZELEY.

ARMS OF MALTA.-Looking over the portfolio of a friend who engraves notes, coupons, and stamps for nearly all the world except England, I was startled to find that the arms of Malta are the

same as those of the Isle of Man, viz., three legs, though with the slight difference of having a face at the centre, or point of junction. Can any of your readers give me an explanation of this remarktheir independence of the three kingdoms of Engable coincidence? The Manx say that it indicates land, Scotland, and Ireland. Has it a like signification in the case of the Maltese; and, if so, which are the three powers whom they defy ? EDWARD F. WILLOUGHBY.

Green Lanes, N.