or ocean-current, a small branch of the Gulf Stream, which, passing along the coasts of southwestern Greenland, gets lost in Davis' Strait.1 Some ancient ruins were found on this island.

East of Hvarf lay the channel Spalsund and the island Drangey.2

Between this islet and the mainland, a little northward, we enter Austfjord or Östfjord, probably the same as Austkarsfjord.3

On this bay was located a church named Höfdi, Hofdis or Höfdio.*

A couple of miles' sailing farther north brings us to the mouth of Slettufjord, a narrow but deep inlet, on whose head-waters ruins were found of a Scandinavian settlement.5

The adjoining large bay was called Rompnesford, Rumpeyarfjord or Raven-inlet, and, more commonly, Hrafns or Rafnsfjord, and corresponds to the Ounartok of to-day. Rafn, one of Greenland's pioneers, was the first to settle on the firth; and, if we may judge from the number of ancient ruins scattered along its shore, many colonists followed him to this spot."

By the innermost or northeastern shore stood at the time a religious institution for sacred virgins, that was

1 Cf. supra, p. 145; Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vi. p. 36; Reeves, p. 166, n. 25; Map of Östrebygd according to C. C. Rafn.

2 Björn of Skardza, ap. Moosmüller, S. 72.

Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. x. p. 77; cap. xvii. p. 129; Map of Östrebygd according to C. C. Rafn.

Map of Östrebygd according to C. C. Rafn; Moosmüller, S. 71; Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. x. p. 77; cap. xvii. p. 129; Rafn, Antiq. Amer., p. 282.

5 Map of Östrebygd according to C. C. Rafn; Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vi. p. 36.

6 De Costa, Sailing Directions, p. 61 or seq.; Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vi. p. 36; cap. vii. p. 45; Major, ap. Gaffarel, Histoire, t. i. p. 390; Crantz, vol. i. p. 245; Rafn, in Mémoires des Antiq., 1845-49, and Antiq. Amer., p. 410.

7

Supra, p. 146; Map of Östrebygd according to C. C. Rafn.

called St. Benedict's Convent and was dedicated to St. Olaf. To the church of this nunnery, which probably was also a parish church, belonged the whole bay and all the land comprised between it and the mountains as far as the parish of Vog, on the next firth. One-half of the islands in Rafnsfjord were property of the convent; and the others, of the cathedral. On several of these islands there were then, as to-day, a number of hot springs, so hot in winter, says Bardson, that no one could go near them, but more temperate in summer, so that many persons bathed in them and got cured of divers sicknesses. The springs of Ounartok still reach from 58.5° to 75.5° Fahrenheit.2 The learned R. H. Major thinks that the Ounartok thermæ are the hot springs which are represented in the Zeno narrative as doing most wonderful service in a Greenland monastery called after St. Thomas, which we shall soon more attentively notice.3

4

Rafnsfjord is separated by a narrow headland from the next Siglufjord, a deep inlet, called Agluistok at present, and covered still on every side with numerous ruins of ancient settlements, among which is remarkable the village of Vog or Vogar about the head of the firth. Its church, the Wegen-Kerke or Voge-Kierche, was under the invocation of St. Olaf, and a portion of its walls is still standing."

1 Moosmüller, S. 72, 76; De Costa, Sailing Directions, p. 61 or seq.; Crantz, vol. i. p. 245; Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vii. p. 45; cap. x. p. 78.

Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vii. p. 46; De Costa, Sailing Directions, p. 61 or seq.

R. H. Major, The Site of the Lost Colony of Greenland Determined; cf. Archivio Storico Itali

ano, serie iv. t. ii. p. 389; t. xvi. p. 205.

4

Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. x. p. 79; Rafn, in Mémoires des Antiq., 1845-49, p. 130, Antiq. Amer., p. 410, and Map of Östrebygd.

5 Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vii. p. 45; cap. x. p. 79; cap. xvii. p. 129; De Costa, Sailing Directions, p. 61 or seq.; Rafn, in Mémoires des. Antiq., 1845-49; p. 130; Antiq.

Mr. Müller discovered, between Siglufjord and another inlet called Einarsfjord, the ruins of a large house, on the bank of a river which fell at this place to a depth of two hundred feet, for which reason it was named Foss, that is, waterfall. It was a villa of the king of Norway, who had built there also a magnificent church dedicated to St. Nicholas, and had a right of presenting its rectors.'

2

We have already mentioned the lake near by, which abounded in fish brought on by the tide.

Bardson does not mention the next following bays upon whose coasts several ancient ruins have been found. They are, as we sail to the Northwest, Steinesfjord, Thorvalsfjord, and Kollufjord, which latter is separated by a cape from one of the three most important of all Greenland's inlets,-namely, Einarsfjord.3

Einarsfjord, also called Einetsfjord and Emestnes Ford, is the same as Linis or Lunesfjord, identified with the modern Igalikko.*

Sailing up this firth, we have to our left an arm of the sea named Thorwaldswig, into which projects a small promontory known by the name of Klining, where ancient ruins are to be seen.

5

Next, on the same side, are the remains of another Scandinavian colony called Gravik, Granevich, Granavig, Grantevig, Granwike."

Amer., p. 282; Moosmüller, S. 71, Peyrère, p. 90; De Costa, Sailing 72, 76.

1 Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vii. p. 46; Rafn, in Mémoires des Antiq., 1845-49, p. 130; Moosmüller, S. 72, 76.

Directions, p. 61 or seq.; Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vii. p. 46; Mallet, p. 249.

5 Moosmüller, S. 76; Peyrère, p. 190; Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vii.

Farther and a little deeper in the land stands a magnificent gaard or villa, a property of the cathedral of Gardar and enjoying the appellation of Dalr or Daller, Dans, Daleth.1

Higher still up the firth lie many old ruins, among which are those of Hardsteinaberg or Hardsteinabeng, a place once favored with a parish church."

On the eastern side of Einarsfjord are situated extensive birch-woods, pertaining with all the rest of this shore to the cathedral church, whose cattle, both large and small, graze here in summer.3

At a dozen of miles up the firth can be seen the remains of a colony named Langanes, whose church was dedicated under tragical circumstances by Arnold, the first resident bishop of Gardar, as we shall notice farther on.*

A little north of Langanes Einarsfjord divided into two branches. The eastern seems to have borne the particular name of Ofundinnfjord, at the head of which was located the episcopal see.

5

It is probable that the cathedral church of Gardar, called sometimes Garda or Gardhs, Górdhum in Icelandic, was erected before the arrival of its first resident bishop. It is said to have been a beautiful structure dedicated to St. Nicholas. Its ruins cover an area of one hundred by one hundred and twenty feet, near the present Kaksiarsuk."

6

1 Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vii. p. 46; Peyrère, p. 190; Moosmüller, S. 76; De Costa, Sailing Directions, p. 61 or seq.

Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. x. p. 77; cap. xvii. p. 129; Moosmüller, S. 71.

Supra, p. 162; De Costa, Sailing Directions, p. 61 or seq.; Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vii. p. 46.

4 Map of Östrebygd according to C. C. Rafn.

5 Moosmüller, S. 73.

6 Rafn, Mémoire, p. 52; Antiq. Amer., p. 282; Moosmüller, S. 71, 72, 76; Beamish, Discovery, p. 114; Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. x. p. 77; von Spruner, Nordische Reiche, no. 1.

'Mallet, p. 249; Rafn, in Mémoires des Antiq., 1845-49, p. 130.

The shores of both branches of northern Einarsfjord are thickly covered with ancient ruins, among which Rafn distinguishes those of another Vik, of Stokkanes, where Tjodhilda, the wife of Eric the Red, built the first Christian chapel in Greenland, and of Gamlabygd or Old Settlement.1

To proceed farther, we must once more retrace our course to the mouth of Einarsfjord, where we run on the islet Einarsey or Raymos Hayth, named also Rinsey and Rensoa, "because that on those hills doe runne many Roe Deere or Reyne Deer, which they use to hunt, but not without the bishop's leave." Here also was found the fireproof stone that could be worked and carved into vats and vases of any size.2

Farther in the ocean to the West lay Langey, Langoa or Langen, that is, Long-island,-on which were eight orchards or farms belonging to the cathedral, yet paying tithes to the Hvalsey church. According to the description of Einar Sokkeson, this island had also its own house of worship.*

3

To the Northwest of this island lay one or, rather, several smaller ones named Lambey or Lambeyar, pertaining to Eiriksfjord, and separated from the former by the Langeyar Sound."

Turning from these islands to the coast of the mainland again, we come, just west of the mouth of Einarsfjord and north of Einarsey, to an inlet variously called Hvalseyarfjord, Hualsöarfjörder, and Hralseyarfjord, the Kakortok of to-day,-on whose border a

1

Map of Östrebygd according to rections, p. seq. 61; Peyrère, p. C. C. Rafn; supra, p. 183.

2 De Costa, Sailing Directions, p. seq. 61; Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vii. p. 46; supra, p. 157.

3 Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. vii. p. 46 or 47; De Costa, Sailing Di

190.

Torfæus, Gronl. Ant., cap. xvii.

p. 129.

5 Ibid., cap. vii. p. 49; Map of Östrebygd according to C. C. Rafn. Rafn, Antiq. Amer., p. 410.