Grimer, in the year 1321.1

Jonas Halthorson, O. S. D., consecrated August 1, 1322; died February 2, 1339.

Jonas II. Endridson, consecrated July 25, 1339; died March 16, 1341.

Jonas III. Sigurdson, consecrated in A.D. 1343; died June 1, 1348.

Gyrdur or Gyrder Ivarson, consecrated in the 1349; died, shipwrecked, in the year 1360.

year

Thorar or Thorarin made his entry in Skalholt in the year 1363, and died towards the end of 1364.

Odgeir or Adageir Thorsteinson entered his diocese in A.D. 1366, and died on the ocean, August 15, 1381. Michael, consecrated in Rome about the year 1383, occupied his see nearly seven years.

Vilchinus or William entered his diocese in A.D. 1394; died in 1406.

Jonas IV., formerly an abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Munkleine, appointed by Innocent VII. on the 14th of May, 1406,3 made his entry in Skalholt in September, 1408; died in A.D. 1413.

Arner, Arno, or Arnas III. Olafson, consecrated October 10, 1414, died on the 7th of July, in or before the year 1425.

Jonas V. Gerichinson, who, removed from the metropolis of Upsala in Sweden in A.D. 1422, was promoted to the see of Skalholt by Pope Martin V. on the 6th of March, 1426,* made his entry in the year 1430, and was killed July 18, 1433.5

1 This name given by Moosmüller, S. 50, is lacking in the series of Gams.

1348, according to Torfæus, and 1352, according to Messenius.

Archivium Lateranense: Innocentii VII., t. cxxv. fo. 258.

Archiv. Apostol. Secret. Vati

can., Armarium xii. No. 121, fo. 198.

5 Moosmüller, S. 51, leaves out Jonas IV., ascribing the numeral to this bishop. Consequently his dates of this period also greatly differ from ours.

John or Jonas VI. Williamson was promoted from Holar on January 5, 1435.1

Gotsvinus or Goswin entered upon his see in the same year, 1435, and sat until 1448.

2

Marcellus, appointed on the 15th of April, 1448, as bishop of Skalholt, was raised to the metropolitan see of Drontheim in A.D. 1452.

Jonas VII. Stephenson Krabbe, appointed in the year 1462, after the demise of his predecessor on February 27 of that same year; died February 27, 1465.

Sueno Prudens, elected in 1466; died in 1475 or 1476.

Magnus III. Ejulfson filled the see in the year 1477, and died in 1489 or 1490.

Stephen Jonasson was elected in A.D. 1491, and died on October 16, 1518.

Augmund Paulson, the last of Skalholt's bishops, was consecrated October 28, 1521, and died in the summer of 1542.3

Following is the catalogue of the bishops of Holar:

St. John or Jonas Augmundson had for successors: Ketill Thorsteinson, consecrated February 12, 1122; died July 7, 1145.

Bjoern Gilson, consecrated May 4, 1147; died October 20, 1162.

Brand Saemundarson was consecrated September 8, 1163, and died August 6, 1201.

Gudmund Arasson, consecrated February 22, 1203; died March 16, 1237.

1 Archiv. Apostol. Secret. Vatican., Obligationes, t. lxvi. fo. 16. 2 Ibid., t. lxxii. fo. 31.

3 Gams, p. 336, and Authentic Roman Documents regarding the history of the bishops of Greenland farther on.

Botolphus, consecrated in the year 1238; left in 1243, and died in 1246.

Henry Karson, consecrated A.D. 1247; died in 1260. Brand II. Jónson, consecrated March 4, 1263; died May 26, 1264.

Joerund Thorsteinson, consecrated about the feast of Pentecost, in A.D. 1267; died February 1, 1313. Augdun or Audin the Red, elected November 28, 1313; died January 27, 1321.

Lawrence Kalfson, O. S. B., consecrated June 24, 1323; died April 16, 1331.

Egill Ejulfson followed in the year 1331, and died August 12, 1341.

Orm Aslakson was bishop in A.D. 1343, and died November 1, 1356.

Jonas II. Eirikson Skalle, transferred from the see of Gardar in Greenland in the year 1358; died August 10, 1390.

Peter Nicolson, of the Order of St. Dominic, and apostolic penitentiary of St. Peter's basilica, was, after the death of John Skalle, appointed on the 23d of January, A.D. 1391,' and occupied the see yet in 1401, but it is not known how much longer. It is said by some authors that the see of Holar remained vacant for a few years after his death.

Jonas III. or John Tovason, Tribuoris, or Repelvolgh, was appointed on December 23, 1411,2 and died 1423.

Trudon or Truto, a Minorite, was promoted May 25, 1425,3 but his appointment was cancelled shortly after.

Jonas IV. Jonasson was appointed about A.D. 1427.

1 Archiv. Lateran.: Bonifacii IX.,

anno i., lib. ii. fo. 271.

2 Archiv. Apostol. Secret. Vati

can., Armarium XII., No. 121, fo.

56.

3 Ibid., fo. 188.

Jonas V. Williamson was bishop of Holar in 1429 and till 1435, when he was promoted to the see of Skalholt.

John Bloxwich, a Carmelite monk and apostolic penitentiary, was proclaimed on the 5th of January, A.D. 1435,' but had not yet redeemed his bulls in 1438,2 and was obliged to resign.

Robert, an Augustinian hermit, was on the 14th of July, 1441, named to the see of Holar.3

Godschalk Godschalkson made his entry in Holar in A.D. 1444, held a synod in 1451, and died before September 8, 1457.

Olaus Rognvaldson, consecrated in the year 1459; died July 15, 1495.

Godschalk II. Nicolson, elected about May, 1497; died December 8, 1520.

Jonas VI. Arassen, elected December 22, 1520, was consecrated in 1524, cast into prison in 1540, and beheaded on November 7, 1550,* by the Reformers. He was the last of Iceland's bishops. His blood may, however, yet be the seed of a renewed Icelandic hierarchy, as two priests lately set out, at the bidding of Leo XIII., to minister there to the spiritual wants of the few Catholics who remained faithful unto this day, and to prepare the return to Catholicity, which is progressing in the other Scandinavian countries.

The reader might desire a more particular and complete narrative of both the religious and the civil history of Iceland. But he will easily find ample literature to obtain full satisfaction; and therefore, since it is our main object to cast more light upon the begin

1 Archiv. Apostol. Secret. Vatican., Obligationes, t. lxvi. fo. 16.

2

Rymer, t. x. p. 711; see Document LXX.

Archiv. Apostol. Secret. Vatican., Obligationes, t. lxvi. fo. 56.

Gams, p. 334; Authentic Roman Documents regarding the history of the bishops of Greenland farther on; cf. Moosmüller, S. 52.

nings and such portions of our ancient American history as are but little known, we shall be permitted to restrict our further information concerning the interesting northern isle to the numerous remarks which we will find occasion to make in regard to it when treating of its sister country, Greenland; from which, moreover, it hardly differed, whether in material or moral features, or in religious or political fortunes. Close neighbors as they were, under the same climatic conditions, alike in religion, husbandry, commerce, and government, these two colonies of the same Scandinavian race prospered, suffered, and fell together, in such a manner that their general history is almost identical.