It 'Half its houses are empty, and their architec ture, solid, roomy, and with some incipient tendency to ornament, speaks of a greater trade than any that survives. Its comfortable shopkeepers, seated at ease on their cushions within the stout walls that defy the incessant rains of the mountain-top, will tell you that when they were boys Klissoura was the second city of Macedonia,' London, 1905, p. 177. Macedonia, hardly distanced by Salonica." importance stood once Moschópoli. possessed a high school under the name of Ακαδημία, and a printing house the second established in Turkey after that of Constantinople-where Vlachian books in Greek character, besides many others, were printed, showing the existence of a national consciousness before any thought in this direction had ever occurred to their kinsI mention but a few of the relatively folk of the Danubian principalities. In the recent works. One has to be rather careful 'Akadηuía were professors like Theodore with these. Since the starting of different Cavalioti, author of a Greek-Vlach-Albanian propaganda in Turkey, English travellers, vocabulary and various other works, whom though more impartial, could not altogether Sathas calls γραμματικὸς ἄριστος (Βιογραφίαι, escape the prevailing turbulent atmosphere. ἐν Αθήναις, 1868, p. 496). His pupil Unconsciously-some even with purposeConstantine Teheagani, a writer himself, they take sides: facts are inverted, figures in order to improve his knowledge and be vitiated; much more so in the case of the thus of more use to his own people, had Vlachs, who had no separate Church, by visited London, Cambridge, and other which the people were distinguished and places of learning (Iohann Thunmann, classified in the Turkish system. There are Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der exceptions indeed, such as the fluently östlichen europäischen Völker, vol. i., Leip- written, but none the less scholarly book zig, 1774, p. 179, note K). There was also of A. J. B. Wace and M. S. Thompson, going on an extensive commerce, mainly The Nomads of the Balkans' (London, with Venice at her period of glory. Vlach 1914). The authors lived a good deal folk-songs tell us about long, long lines of amongst the Vlachs, to the extent of learncaravans passing day and night, laden with ing their vernacular tongue. Beyond what silks of all descriptions; and this vague they had to say in The Nomads of the reminiscence of bygone times is amply Balkans,' they called attention* to the fact confirmed by evidences found in the that, since the way of living and the habits Venetian archives.* After the plunder and of these people had changed but very little partial ruin of Moschópoli, its noble tradi- from immemorial times, their study would tions were taken and carried on by towns perhaps enlighten us concerning what had like Krushevo, Vlacho-Clissura, Ñevesca, occurred long ago, in the distant past, and the large Vlachian colonies in Tran- with regard to which no documents of any sylvania. kind are available. M. BEZA. PAULUS AMBROSIUS CROKE: Rarely, here and there, one meets this side of life being dealt with by English travellers-in Leake, for instance, or in such a passage of Stuart Glennie as the A SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY ACCOUNT following, which affords a glimpse of a Vlach interior : "Most snugly furnished, but in Eastern fashion, was the room in which I was installed. There was neither chair nor table, but the floor was covered with thick, richly coloured rugs, the handiwork of the household; and along the wall on either side of the hearth, and under the windows, was a range of comfortable cushions. All the wall opposite the hearth was occupied by a most artistically designed and elaborately carved wardrobe, also of native workmanship."† A more direct allusion is that by H. N. Brailsford, when he comes to write about Vlacho-Clissura : * In the Drum Drept, Nos. 3-6, 1914, Prof. N. Iorga refers to many letters of Vlach merchants which he recently examined in Venice. † Quoted by Lucy M. J. Garnett in 'The Women of Turkey,' London, 1890, vol. i. p. 8. BOOK. PAULUS AMBROSIUS CROKE, from whose account book the following notes are taken, was a younger son of Sir John Croke of Chilton and the Lady Elizabeth, his wife. The date of his birth is not known to me, but he was admitted to the Inner Temple on Feb. 18, 1582, and rose to be a Bencher of that society. He married first Frances, daughter (and coheir with her sister Anne) of Francis Welsborne of East Hanney, Berks. This lady died in 1605. He then married Susanna, daughter of Thomas Coo of Boxford in Suffolk, who had previously * See in The Geographical Journal, No. 5, May, 1911, The Distribution of Early Civilization in Northern Greece,' a paper read by the authors before the Royal Geographical Society. married twice, and was destined to bury her third husband. This old account book is in parlous condition, very ragged and mildewed, but contains much of interest-sufficient, indeed, to give a somewhat intimate knowledge of the life and personality of a worthy lawyer of the day. In it we see a man of careful habit, but not ungenerous; profoundly religious, but no fanatic; a genial soul, fond of good cheer, and distinctly popular among his lady friends, if we may judge from the care they took of his creature comforts; a man of observation, both of natural phenomena and current events, yet homely withal. The Bencher notes the dangers of his rides to his country house at Hackney, and spends much time on that great highway of London life, the river. At Hackney he is interested in his farm and garden, and buys books on the subject. Occasionally he goes into the country with his family and relations, and often borrows a coach to take him there, but does not forget to reward the dependents for the trouble given. He is also extremely particular about his food, fond of delicacies, and almost every day pays something for "Bottling.' He is equally particular about his clothing. The manuscript portrays the man, and incidentally throws much light on the manners and customs of the day. GENEALOGICAL MEMORANDA. 29 Janry, 1623[/4].-Sir George Croke, my brother, knighted. January, 1623/4.-2. To the cocheman of my cosen Coventrie in whose coche I came from the further end of Moorefeld to the Temple gate, 3d. 9. For a paire of knives for my brother William his daughter Elizabeth, 2s. 6d. For a silke string unto them with tasselles, 8d. 12. To the Steward for a monethes coens [commons] for my nephew Unton Croke, he being farre in the steward's debt....4. 16. For a paire of woosted stockins for my neice Eliz: 4s. 6d. 27. For 2 oz. of Dr Anth: his water, for my sister Wingferly, the one of the stronger, the other of the weaker sort, 158. November, 1611.-3. To the carriar of Brill for a cake, a collar of brawne, and a quarter of Lambe sent to my wife from my brother William, 12d. 14. Tho: Davison that brought me puddings from my sister Trello, 6d. December, 1611.-For a sugar-lofe for my brother Justice Croke, 158. 8d. 4. For a lofe of double refined sugar for my sister Tirrell, weighing 5 li. 6 oz., at 22d. the pound, 158, [sic[. Januarie, 1611.-10. To my nephew Charles Croke, 108. April, 1612.-10. To my nephew Rich: Wingfield a little before his intended Journey into Denmark, 208. Maye, 1612.-Md the 30th of this instant month I and my wife went to Hearn in Essex in the companie of my brother George and his wife. brother George when the Judges dined wth him. 9. For a Marchpane bestowed uppon my October, 1612.-14. To my nephewe Alexander Croke, 18. Maye, 1613.-18. To my brother Milward his maid Anne, lieing in his house yesternight, 6d. Thomas, who was baptized this daye, I being a July, 1613.-1. To my brother George his son speciall witness thereto a standing cup wth a cover, both silver and guilt, weighing 9 li., 178. To my sister's midwife the same by me in gold, 118. To Mrs. Foster her then milch nurse in gold,' 58. 6d. To Mrs. Isaacke my sister's keeper in childbed, 48. May, 1614.-22. To my Cosen Izsard for bringing me newes of the safe dese [delivery] of his Mr of a daughter between five and sixe a clocke this eveninge. June, 1614.-6. For a Marchpane given to my brother Geo: at the baptizing of his daughter Mary, who was baptized upon Ascention daye last, being the 2nd daye of this instant June, 128. July, 1614.-2. To the footman of my sister ladie Croke yt brought a haunch of venison from her to me, 12d. October, 1614.-10. To John Rolles, who first brought me word of the safe deliverie of my wife of my yung sonne, 58. To my sister Bennet Croke for Xs. which I reof my first child. ceived of her to double the same upon the birth 22. To the sexton at Hackney the daye my sonne was baptized, 12d. To my father Coo his men for paines taken that day, 12d. 27. To Vañ for his tidings of the save defe [delivery] of neece Biones of a sonne, wch was borne this morning, about fower of the clock, 28. Januarie, 1614[15].-14. To my wives father for a weekes coēns for myselfe, my wife her daughter, and five servaunts, 388. May, 1615.-4. To my nephew Hen. Croke junr, 28. 6d. 26. For a lre [letter] sent my sister Clerke, 4d. June, 1615.-1. For a skinker pot of silver p'cell [parcel] guilt wch I gave to Richard Davies at the tyme of his marriage wth my neece Catherin Croke, weighing 38 oz., £10 198. 5. To my wife to bestowe in the exchaunge,. going together with my sisters from my nephew Davies his house, 108. To my sister Tirell and my three yonger sisters in law and my cosen Fra. Brawne, then in jest for the same purpose, 12d. November, 1615.-1. To my sonne Samuel his nurse for her wages for a moneth ending uppon Mondaie next, 138. 4d. sixe oranges for my cozen Tate, 12d. November, 1616.-12. For three limons and 15. To Sr Wm Tate his man who brought blackes from his Mr [master] for myselfe and my man to mourne for my cosen Fra. Tate, who died this daie. December, 1616.-4. For fower_gigs, two for Sar: and Sam: the other two for Tho: and Mar: two of my brother George his children. 26. To a Ire [letter] sent to my brother Wm, 2d. April, 1617.-13. For 12 silver spoones given to the marriage of my nephue Alexander Croke, 5li. 178. 19. To my nephue Roger Wingfield, 11s. Julie, 1817.-11. To the poore men, their box, for being admitted a free man of the East India Companie, wch I was this day, 108. To Mr. Francis Sadler the Secretaire to that Companie, being his due fee uppon my admission thereunto, 18. To a servaunt of Sr Tho: Smith the governor of that Companie, 1s. October, 1617.-To the nurse that nurseth my brother his daughter Elizabeth, 28. Januarie, 1618.-10. To Dr. Jo: Bainbridge sent for to my sonne Samuel, being sicke as is thought of the small pocke, 10d. April, 1619. To my brother Wm Coo his daughter Marie, at whose baptisme I was a speciall witness, a standing cup silver and guilt, To my cosen Anne Brise, who was midwife to £5 68. the mother, 118. May, 1620.-15. To two maides at my Uncle Leake his house, 108. Februarie, sonne Tho., 12d. 1620.-To my brother Geo: his To his daughters Marie and Eliz., 12d. May, 1621.-31. For two ewen bowes wth the stringes, th' one for Tho: Croke, th' other for W Coo, 10d. For 12 headed arrowes for the said boyes and Samuel Croke, 12d. For 6 balles of lether for Lucie Croke, 3d. August, 1621. To my sister Bennet Croke to be payed five pounds....when her sonne Walton shall be sheriff of oure countie, 108. Feb 1622.-1. For three wheeling toppes for my sonne and daughter and Wm Coo, 6d. 6. For a baby in childbed for my daughter Lucie, 28. October, 1823.-31. For a boke for my daughter Lucie entituled a Posey of Prayers, 12d. November, 1623.-28. For a muffe for my April 1624.-26. To my sister Bridget Coo to buy her a paire of gloves, 28. sister Lady Geo: Croke, 348. June, 1625.-For two silver forks for my sister Tirell and neice Lady Eyre, 8s. 4d. May, 1626.-(?) For nephue Tho: Croke and his sisters Marie, Eliz. and Frances.... The receipts are not of much interest, but the following genealogical notices occur: Februarie 2, 1620-Of my cosen Jo Newdigate for a speciall admittance of him into the Inner Temple for my reading, Lent, 1608, £5. 138. 4d. February, 1621.-Of Sr Jn Croke, an annuity granted at the time of death of his brother Sir Jn. Croke by his father. 1624.-Mention made of nephew Sir John Croke of Kelham and Sir Jon Croke his father; Cousin Edward Bulstrod; Francis, brother William his son; Cousin Alban Pygot. The following is unfortunately much damaged : M4 that the first sonne and first childe of George Croke, ad of the Inner Temple, and Mary his wife, was borne in Fleet St. in the Parish of St. Dunstans in the....Saturday the 26 of June, 1613, about one quarter of an hower after two of the clocke in the morning of the same daye....was baptyzed one Thursday following being....st of July in the Church of St. Dunstanes....The speciall witnesses of the....were St Thomas Bennet, my [self], and Lady Katherine Croke, wife of ....est brother. J. HARVEY BLOOM. (To be concluded.) THE THIRD CLASS OF BRITISH ORDERS. THE notice published in The London Gazette on the most recent birthday of the King, that members of the third class or Com panions of British Orders should wear the insignia suspended by a ribbon round the neck, instead of on the breast as before, is perhaps worthy of a note in these pages. This class, though the lowest of the older British Orders, is in reality a distinction of no small merit, the C.B. or Companion Cross of the Military division of the Bath being limited to senior officers of the services, whilst this class of the other Orders seldom falls to any save well-seasoned officials. The junior Orders, the Victorian and the recently instituted British Empire Orders, have each five classes, the third class being styled Commander, the members wearing the badge at the neck. Most foreign Orders have, similarly five classes, the fourth and fifth classes being those of Officer and Chevalier, and this division has been until recently the Companions of the third followed in the junior British Orders. But class of the senior British Orders wore the assigned to the fourth and fifth classes only cross or badge on the breast, the place of other Orders. The members of the third class of these disadvantage, the wearing of the cross at senior Orders were thus at an apparent the neck, or en cravate as it is termed, being generally recognized as a mark of the higher class. For long years, commencing with a representation made by me on the occasion of Queen Victoria's Jubilee, a change which would cost nothing was urged by me, so as to bring the members of Orders into line in this respect. But although the late King was in sympathy with the proposal, it hung fire for years, difficulties regarding the statutes of the Orders and other objections being in the way. The War has given us allies, resulting in the exchange of military decorations. Returning to the charge, I was able to represent that a French general on whom the C.B. was conferred, although he would value highly this distinguished decoration, would much prefer to wear it at the neck, with the high class of the Commander of the Legion of Honour, rather than have to place it on the breast, where the fourth and fifth classes of decorations only are worn. The new British Orders with their five classes also assisted the argument, as none could hold that the decorations of the Companion class were inferior to the third or Commander class of the Victorian and British Empire Orders. So the proposal has at last been accepted, and although the old designation of Companion is retained, the members of the third class of the Orders of the Bath, Star of India, St. Michael and St. George, and Indian Empire, now wear the decoration at the neck, and have precedence of the Commanders of the junior Orders. This change has only been secured after repeated representations carried on during many years, as was the case in the long-fought effort to secure to the Briton the right to fly the Union Jack-a struggle in which I had, ultimately, the support of my good friend the late Mr. John Collins Francis in carrying the long-denied claim to a victorious conclusion. J. H. RIVETT-CARNAC. Vevey. 'TOM BROWN'S SCHOOL DAYS': A LITERARY ERROR.-At the heading of chap. iv. of part ii., The Bird-fanciers,' the following quotation appears : I have found out a gift for my fair, I have found where the wood pigeons breed; She would say 'twas a barbarous deed. This is attributed by the author to Rowe. Many of your roaders will no doubt recognize the lines as being by Shenstone (Pastoral II., 'Hope'). The remainder of the verse is worth repeating :— For he ne'er could be true, she aver'd [sic], Thomas Hughes, the author of 'Tom Brown,' had a great literary reputation. He was a Bencher of this Inn, and Master of the Library in 1889. It is an astonishing fact that in his well-known work, which must have been read by an enormous number of people of all ranks, the error I mention should never have been corrected. The author no doubt quoted from memory, as the words given by him are not exactly correct. J. E. LATTON PICKERING. Inner Temple Library. "This seems to refer to the sacrifice of the mass, when the saints feed upon Christ's body, literally, must directly refer to the time of the crucifixion, according to the Romish belief....The expression when Christ's blood was shed upon the cross." Yet he puzzles over this recondite matter as to the hour for mass, and cites Rock to support the information that " midday was, however, not the usual time for celebration; it was generally much earlier." But is not all this annotating beside the question? For is not the meaning simply that saints broke their fast about midday ! So in Passus vi. 147 the saints of Piers's bequest are ascetics with modern Trappist fare: kersley Park in Yorkshire, on Saturday, at 2 o'clock afternoon, on the 9th day of October, 1653. She was baptized by Mr. Graves, parson of that parish, Mr. Edmonds her godfather, the Lady Rookeby and my cousin Boswell her godmothers." -P. 216. "9. Margaret Fanshawe was born at Tan This is quoted from the edition of the 66 The Memoirs published in 1907, so fully and excellently annotated by Mr. H. C. Fanshawe. In his note on this passage, after identifying Lady Rookeby and Mr. Graves, and offering a doubtful identification of Cousin Boswell, the editor fails altogether with Mr. Edmonds, of whom he says, name has not been found in any public or family papers of the time" (p. 594). Surely this would be Thomas Edmunds of Worsborough Hall, formerly secretary to the first Lord Strafford, from whose son Sir R. Fanshawe had rented Tankersley Hall, distant about 3 miles from Worsborough Hall. Both families were Royalist and attached to the Straffords; they would naturally be drawn into friendly association. Much may be read of Thomas Edmunds both in " public and family papers of the time." See Hunter's South Yorkshire,' E. G. B. THE INGHAMITES.-The New International Encyclopædia,' published in New York (Dodd, Mead & Co.) in 1915, contains a curious slip in connexion with the religious sect founded by Benjamin Ingham in 1742. A very short biographical notice ends with the statement that" in 1759 the greater part of his followers deserted him and went over to Sandeman, and in 1760 Ingham himself joined the Sandemanians and the Inghamites disappeared." This is incorrect as the sect still flourishes in North Lancashire, seven churches at least being in existence: six within a three-mile radius of Colne, and one in Kendal. They are all small when compared with the Methodist chapels in the neighbourhood, the seating capacity of the lot being not above 2,000. At Colne a new church was erected in 1908, and the graveyard in Wheatley Lane (Pendle Forest) is extensive, though many interred there were not adherents to this particular faith. There is also a chapel in existence at Salterforth, near Barnoldswick (Yorks), and this was, I believe, the first to be formed; whilst the Colne emigrants to Ontario (Canada) have founded a meeting-house at Farringdon, 2 miles from Brentford in that State, the preacher and lesson-reader at a service two years ago being both Colne men. The Inghamites are an offshoot of the Methodists, it being clear that Benjamin Ingham was associated with both John and Charles Wesley, and accompanied them in 1737 on a visit to the Moravians in Germany. He became so strongly attached to their doctrines that he broke with the Wesleys and founded the sect which now bears his name, but to which he gave the name of Moravian Methodists.' deavoured to unite in this organization the He enchief doctrines of the Moravians and Methodists, and so successful was he as general overseer that in a few years there were 84 of these congregations in England." It is curious that he should have married a sister of the Earl of Huntingdon (1741) whose wife's name is connected with another Methodist sect, known as the "Countess of Huntingdon's Connexion." with the Methodists. A few, however, remained loyal to the faith of their founder, and, it may be presumed, have come down to us practically unweakened since Ingham's death in 1772. A collection of hymns was published at Leeds in 1748 for the use of his congregations. that the "Inghamites" are still in existence. From these few particulars it will be seen ARCHIBALD SPARKE, F.R.S.L. NAPOLEON AND WELLINGTON: DID THEY EVER MEET? (See 11 S. vi. 349 ; x. 195.)—At the first reference this question is asked; at the second ROCKINGHAM gives a reply which almost establishes a negative, by inference. In Temple Bar, vol. lxxxii., JanuaryApril, 1888, is an article giving ⚫ Conversations with the Duke of Wellington. The article says: from the unpublished commonplace books of "The following extracts have....been made the Rev. J. Mitford of Benhall, who appears to have collected them from his diaries after the Duke's death in 1852." On p. 510 is the following "I never saw Buonaparte,' observed the Duke, though he was once, during the battle of According to the Dictionary of National N. & Q.' for November last (p. 479) a slip BULWER LYTTON'S PELHAM.'-I notice in in the date of the publication of this novel, which is given as 1827, whereas the real date was May 10, 1828. The Athenæum for May 14 has Pelham' in its list of new books of the week, and has also a review of it. by his son, the first Earl of Lytton, the date "LETTER A, No. 1."-The N.E.D.' quotes Pickwick' for "A 1," and Mrs. Stowe for " A, No. 1," but gives no example of the phrase above. It may therefore be It was not until 1760 that Ingham largely worth while to record that Disraeli used it adopted the hazy views of Robert Sandeman, in 1844 in Coningsby,' bk. ii. chap. vi. :— and this ultimately led to bitter controversy "I tell you what, Mr. Taper, the time is gone and the disruption of many of the Inghamite by when a Marquess of Monmouth was Letter A, churches, most of which became incorporated | No. 1." JOHN B. WAINEWRIGHT. |