Tiber, the salubrity of the air at Rome, epidemic disorders, the 24th aphorism of Hippocrates, which he thought had been long misunderstood, and on the cure of fevers as practised at Rome. His knowledge appeared also in his four books of "Observations," Rome, 1587, inserted afterwards in the third volume of Gruter's "Thesaurus Criticus," 1604, 8vo. In 1603 a quarto volume was published of his "Dissertations" on various medical topics. He died in 1610.1

CAIET, or CAYET (PETER VICTOR PALMA), was born in 1525 at Montrichard in Touraine, of a poor family, and was at first a protestant divine, attached to Catherine of Bourbon, sister of Henry IV. but was deposed in a synod on a charge of practising the arts of magic, and for having written a book in favour of public stews. This sentence accelerated his abjuration, which he delivered at Paris in 1595, and died in 1610, at the age of eighty-five, doctor of Sorbonne, and professor of Hebrew in the college royal. Caiet was of a kind and officious disposition, and was so unfortunate as to have for his enemies all whom he had obliged. His slovenly dress, his manner of life, and hist absurd attempts to discover the philosopher's stone, drew upon him no less contempt than his learning brought him respect. Notwithstanding his humble and shabby exterior, Henry IV. continued to admit him to court, not without wishing, however, to avoid it, which he shewed by presenting him with a small estate in the country, a philosophical retreat sufficient to satisfy the ambition of a scholar. The Calvinists, whom he had deserted, endeavoured to expose his principles and conduct, and as after his abjuration he had had a conference with Du Moulin, this was a fresh reason for their animosity. Caiet did not remain silent, but published, in 1603, against Du Moulin, the book emphatically entitled "The fiery Furnace, and the reverberatory Furnace, for evaporating the pretended waters of Siloam (the title of Du Moulin's work), and for strengthening the fire of purgatory." The intimacy between the count de Soissons and the sister of Henry IV. proceeded such lengths, that they ordered Caiet to marry them immediately. On his refusal to do it, the prince threatened to kill him. "Kill me then," replied Caiet;

1 Moreri.-Haller and Manget.-Erythræi Pinacotheca.-Dict. Hist.-Saxii Onomasticon.

"I had much rather die by the hand of a prince than by that of the hangman."

He left behind him several controversial pieces, far less consulted than his "Chronologie septennaire," 1606, 8vo, from the peace of Vervins in 1598 to 1604. The reception this work met with obliged him to add to the history of the peace that of the war that went before it. We have this additional history in the 3 vols. of his "Chronologie novennaire," 1608, 8vo, from 1589 to 1598. The abbé d'Artigny has collected the principal particulars of it in his "Nouveaux Memoires de Litterature." Dr. Caiet enters into all the details that may furnish amusement to curiosity, and matter of reflection to philosophy. In the "Chronologie septennaire" are contained relations, poems, manifestos, instructions, letters, pleadings, and other pieces, of which the greater part would have been lost to posterity. Besides these public pieces, we find a great number of private anecdotes, unknown to other writers, which the author was enabled to pick up at the court of Catherine de Bourbon, and that of Henry IV. with whom he was on a familiar footing.'

CAJETAN, a cardinal, was born in 1469, at Cajeta, a town in the kingdom of Naples. His proper name was Thomas de Vio, but he took that of Cajetan from the place of his nativity. He was entered of the order of Dominic, of which he became an illustrious ornament; and having taken a doctor's degree when he was about twenty-two years of age, he taught philosophy and divinity first at Paris, and afterwards at Rome. He went regularly through all the honours of his order, till he was made general of it; which office he exercised for ten years. He defended the authority of the pope, which suffered greatly at the council of Nice, in a work entitled "Of the Power of the Pope ;" and for his zeal upon this occasion, was made bishop of Cajeta. Then he was raised to the archiepiscopal see of Palermo; and in 1517 was made a cardinal by pope Leo X. The year after he was sent a legate into Germany, to quell the commotions which Luther had raised by his opposition to Leo's indulgences: but Luther, being under the particular protection of Frederic elector of Saxony, set him at defiance; and though, in obedience to the cardinal's summons, he repaired to Augsburg, yet

1 Gen. Dict. in Cayet.-Moreri.-Dict. Hist.

he rendered his endeavours of no effect. Cajetan indeed was the most improper person that could have been selected to oppose Luther, having nothing to advance but the arrogant dictates of mere authority. He was, however, more advantageously employed in several other negotiations and transactions, being not only a man of letters, but having a peculiar turn for business; and at length died, in 1534, when he was sixty-five years old.

Sixtus Senensis tells us, that he was a most subtle logician, an admirable philosopher, and an incomparable divine. He wrote commentaries upon Aristotle's philosophy, and upon Thomas Aquinas's theology; the latter, however, by no means calculated to give us a favourable idea of his logic, or his perspicuity. He gave a literal translation of all the books of the Old and New Testaments from the originals, excepting Solomon's Song and the Prophets, which he had begun, but did not live to proceed far in; and the Revelations of St. John, which he designedly omitted, saying, that to explain them, it was necessary for a man to be endued; not with parts and learning, but with the spirit of prophecy. Father Simon's account of him, as a translator of the Bible, is critical and historical: "Cardinal Cajetan," says he, "was very fond of translations of the Bible purely literal; being persuaded, that the Scripture could not be translated too literally, it being the word of God, to which it is expressly forbid either to add or diminish any thing. This cardinal, in his preface to the Psalms, largely explains the method he observed in his translation of that book; and he affirms, that although he knew nothing of the Hebrew, yet he had translated part of the Bible word for word from it. For this purpose he made use of two persons, who understood the language well, the one a Jew, the other a Christian, whom he desired to trauslate the Hebrew words exactly according to the letter and grammar, although their translation might appear to make no sense at all. I own, says he, that my interpreters were often saying to me, this Hebrew diction is literally so; but then the sense will not be clear unless it is changed so: to whom I, when I heard all the different significations, constantly replied, Never trouble yourselves about the sense, if it does not appear to you; because it is not your business to expound, but to interpret: do you interpret it exactly as it lies, and leave to the expositors the care of making sense of it." Cardinal Pallavicini, who

looked upon this as too bold, says, that Cajetan, "who has succeeded to the admiration of the whole world in his other works, got no reputation by what he did upon the Bible, because he followed the prejudices of those who stuck close to the Hebrew grammar." But father Simon is of opinion that he " may in some measure be justified: for he did not, says he, pretend to condemn the ancient Latin translator, or the other translators of the Bible; but would only have translations of the Bible to be made from the original as literally as can be, because there are only these originals, which can be called the pure word of God; and because in translations, which are not literal, there are always some things which do not thoroughly express the original." These "Commentaries on the Holy Scriptures," if they deserve the name, were published at Lyons in 5 vols. fol. 1639.1

CAILLE (NICHOLAS LEWIS DE LA), an eminent French mathematician and astronomer, was born at Rumigny in the diocese of Rheims on March 15, 1713. His father having quitted the army, in which he had served, amused himself in his retirement with studying mathematics and mechanics, in which he proved the author of several inventions of considerable use to the public. From this example of his father, our author almost in his infancy took a fancy to mechanics, which proved of signal service to him in his maturer years. At school he discovered early tokens of genius. He came to Paris in 1729; where he studied. the classics, philosophy, and mathematics, and afterwards divinity in the college de Navarre, with a view to the church, but he never entered into priest's orders, apprehending that his astronomical studies, to which he had become much devoted, might too much interfere with his religious duties. His turn for astronomy soon connected him with the celebrated Cassini, who procured him an apartment in the observatory; where, assisted by the counsels of this master, he soon acquired a name among the astronomers. In 1739 he was joined with M. Cassini de Thury, son to M. Cassini, in verifying the meridian through the whole extent of France; and in the same year he was named professor of mathematics in the college of Mazarine. In 1741 our author was admitted into the academy of sciences as an adjoint member for astronomy; and had

1 Moreri and Dict. Hist. in Vio.--Mosheim.-Du Pin,

many excellent papers inserted in their memoirs; beside which he published several useful treatises, viz. Elements of Geometry, Astronomy, Mechanics, and Optics. He also carefully computed all the eclipses of the sun and moon that had happened since the Christian æra, which were printed in the work entitled "L'Art de verifier les dates," &c. Paris, 1750, 4to. He also compiled a volume of astronomical ephemerides for the years 1745 to 1755; another for the years 1755 to 1765; and a third for the years 1765 to 1775; as also the most correct solar tables of any; and an excellent work entitled "Astronomiæ fundamenta novissimis solis et stellarum observationibus stabilita."

Having gone through a seven years series of astronomical observations in his own observatory in the Mazarine college, he formed the project of going to observe the southern stars at the Cape of Good Hope. This expedition being countenanced by the court, he set out in 1750, and in the space of two years he observed there the places of about ten thousand stars in the southern hemisphere that are not visible in our latitudes, as well as many other important elements, viz. the parallaxes of the sun, moon, and some of the planets, the obliquity of the ecliptic, the refractions, &c. Having thus executed the purpose of his voyage, and no present opportunity offering for his return, he thought of employing the vacant time in another arduous attempt; no less than that of taking the measure of the earth, as he had already done that of the heavens. This indeed had been done before by different sets of learned men both in Europe and America; some determining the quantity of a degree at the equator, and others at the arctic circle: but it had not as yet been decided whether in the southern parallels of latitude the same dimensions obtained as in the northern. His labours were rewarded with the satisfaction he wished for; having determined a distance of 410,814 feet from a place called Klip-Fontyn to the Cape, by means of a base of 38,802 feet, three times actually measured: whence he discovered a new secret of nature, namely, that the radii of the parallels in south latitude are not the same length as those of the corresponding parallels in north latitude. About the 23d degree of south latitude he found a degree on the meridian to contain 342,222 Paris feet. The court of Versailles also sent him an order to go and fix the situation of the Isles of France and of Bourbon. While at the Cape too he observed a wonderful effect of the atmosphere