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2. Write a short note upon "The seriousness of errors in war,'

ing your illustrations from this play.

draw

3. Write brief accounts of Messala, Lucilius, Flavius and Marullus,

Volumnius.

4. Describe the death of (1) Young Cato, (2) Brutus. (See Introduction.) 5. Enlarge upon this theme:

All the conspirators, save only he,

Did that they did in envy of great Cæsar.

6. By whom, to whom, and under what circumstances are the following lines spoken? Explain where necessary:

7.

(a) In Parthia did I take thee prisoner.

(b) The sun of Rome is set!

(c) Why, now thou diest as bravely as Titinius.

Show how Shakespeare uses the following words, and explain them: lights, change, success, battles, entertain, elements.

8. By whom are the two concluding speeches of the play delivered? Write them out from memory.

9. Comment upon any peculiarities discernible in the grammar of the following: "then I swore thee," "but hold thee, take, etc.," "there is so much that thou wilt kill me straight," "that have but laboured to attain this hour.'

ACT V.-GENERAL

1. Give a description of the two battles of Philippi, showing clearly the positions occupied by the several leaders. In what respects does Shakespeare's description differ from that of Plutarch?

2. Explain the allusions to Hybla bees, Epicurus, Marcus Cato.

3.

How does Brutus express himself over the body of Cassius? To what extent are his words justifiable?

4. Scan the following lines:

(a) He's ta'en. [Shout.] And, hark! they shout for joy.

(b) Alas, thou hast misconstrued everything.

(c) And see whether Brutus be alive, or dead.

5. What inconsistency do you observe between the death of Brutus by his own hand and his previously expressed opinions on the subject of suicide? How may this inconsistency be explained?

66

6. Explain the following phrases, and give their context: "kill'st the mother that engender'd thee," "this is a Roman's part," 'some smatch of honour, ''''the elements so mix'd in him."

7. Upon what occasions in the play does Shakespeare employ rhyme? Show that he always has a definite purpose in so doing.

GENERAL QUESTIONS ON THE PLAY

1. Illustrate by references to the play the character of Brutus.

2.

Give the context of "Let him be Cæsar." How does this help us to understand the issue of the drama?

3. Give the supposed date of the composition of Julius Cæsar, and the reasons which make this date probable. Mention other plays written by Shakespeare about the same time.

4. Point out supposed references to the play Julius Cæsar (1) In another of Shakespeare's plays; (2) In a contemporary author. What is the probable relation in order of time between the plays Julius Cæsar and Antony and Cleopatra? Give reasons for your answer. What is Shakespeare's authority for the historical statements in this play?

5. Describe briefly the events which immediately lead to the suicide of Brutus and of Cassius, and show the reasons which, in their eyes, justify that course.

6. Contrast the characters of Brutus and Cassius.

Do you agree with Shakespeare's view of the former (as put into the mouth of Antony at the end of the play)? Do these men act in accordance with the teachings of the schools of philosophy they represent?

7. M. Guizot says: “If Brutus is the hero, Cæsar is the subject of the play." Develop this statement.

8. Mention any words which in Shakespeare's lines must have been pronounced or accented differently from the way they are at present.

GLOSSARY

Abide, pay for, to stand the consequences

of, III. i. 94, III. ii. 125.

Abuse, evil, II. i. 18.

Accoutred, fully equipped, I. ii. 105.
Address'd, ready, prepared, III. i. 29.
Affections, feelings, II. i. 20.

Against, opposite, I. iii. 20.

Aim, the direction of a missile or of any-
thing compared with it, I. iii. 52.
Alchemy, the art of converting base
metals into gold, I. iii. 159.

An, a shortened form of "and." "If"
(archaic) in I. ii. 271, I. ii. 288, IV.
iii. 259.

Answer, to be responsible for, I. iii. 114;
to meet, V. i. 24.

Answered, met, safely combated, IV. i. 47.
Apparent, manifest, obvious, II. i. 198.
Apprehensive, ruled by imagination,
possessing the faculty of comprehen-
sion, III. i. 67.

Apt, fit, ready, III. i. 160; receptive, V.
iii. 68.

Arts. (See Note IV. i. 37, page 170.)
Até, the Greek goddess of vengeance,
III. i. 271.

Augurer, a soothsayer in ancient Rome,
II. i. 200, II. ii. 37.

Awl, a shoemaker's tool, I. i. 28.

Bait, to harass in a manner like dogs-
literally, to make bite, IV. iii. 28.
Basis, base (as of a statue), III. i. 115.
Battle, division of an army, battalion, or
it may mean an army, V. i. 4, V. i. 16,
V. iii. 108.

Bay, 1. Vb. intr., to bark as a dog, IV. i.
49; 2. Vb. trans., to bark at, IV. iii.
27; 3. to chase, to drive to bay, III.
i. 204.

Behaviours, outward conduct, I. ii. 42.
Beholding, obliged, indebted; used for
the more correct form "beholden,"
III. ii. 72.

Belike, probably, III. ii. 279.
Bend, look, glance, I. ii. 123.

Bills, instructions, dispatches, V. ii. 1.
Bird of night, the owl, I. iii. 26.
Bootless, unavailingly, uselessly,
1. 75.

III.

Brand, a burning piece of wood, III. ii.
264, III. iii. 37.

Break with, disclose the matter to, II.
i. 150.

Brook, to bear, to endure, I. ii. 159.
Brought, escorted, I. iii, 1.

Budge, to give way, to flinch, IV. iii. 44.
By, by the side of, III. i. 162.

By him, near him (i. e., by his house),
II. i. 218.

Call in question, discuss, IV. iii. 165.
Canopy, a covering, V. i. 88.
Capitol, the citadel of ancient Rome.
See Notes, Act. I. i. 73, and I. iii. 36.
Carrions, decaying carcasses, worthless
creatures, II. i. 130.

Cause, affair, V. i. 48.

Cautelous, false, deceitful, not to be
trusted, II. i. 129.

Censure, to judge, estimate, III. ii. 16.
Ceremony, outward rite, I. ii. 11; any
thing, or observance held sacred, used
(a) of festal ornaments hung on
Cæsar's images, and (b) of signs,
prodigies, and the like superstitions,
I. i. 70, II. i. 197, II. ii. 13.
Chafe, to fret, fume, I. ii. 101.
Change, tit-for-tat, exchange, V. iii, 51.
Charactery, writing, II. i. 308.
Charge, to load, to burden, III. iii. 2;
expense, cost, IV. i. 9; military post
or command; hence troops under a
person's command, IV. ii. 48; (the
attack itself, V. i. 24).

Charm, conjure, cast a spell upon, II.
i. 271.

Cheer, cheerfulness, courage, III. i. 89.
Chew, to grind with the teeth; hence, to

ruminate, meditate, ponder, I. ii. 171.
Chopt or Chapped, rent and cracked
with toil or age; "chap" is the later
form of "chop," I. ii. 247.

Clean from, quite away from, quite con-
trary to, I. iii. 35.

Climate, district, country, I. iii. 32.
Close, agree, III. i. 202.

Cobbler, a clumsy mender, a botcher, I.
i. 11.

Cognizance, that by which something is

known, proved, or remembered; in
heraldry, a badge, II. ii. 89.
Colour, plausible appearance, II. i. 29.
Come by, get possession of, II. i. 169.
Common pulpits, those in the forum
from which the orators addressed the
people, III, 1. 80.

Companion, you fellow, IV. iii. 138.
Compass, circular course, V. iii. 25.
Complexion, external appearance, par-

ticularly when expressive of some nat-
ural disposition, I. iii. 128.

Conceit, to form an idea of, to judge of,
I. iii. 162, III. i. 192.
Condition, disposition, II. 1. 254.
Constancy, firmness, II. iv. 6.

Content, self-contained, calm, IV. ii. 41.
Contrive, to devise, plot, conspire, II.
iii. 15.

Counter, a round piece of metal used for
counting, IV. iii. 80.
Courtesy, a kind of reverence made by
men as well as by women, III. 1. 36,
III. i. 43.

Covert, secret, disguised, IV. 1. 46.
Credit, repute, estimation, III. i. 191.
Cull, to select, to pick, I. i. 59.
Cynic, a rude man, IV. iii. 133.

Dank, damp, moist, II. i. 263.
Dearer, more intensely, more deeply,
III. i. 196.

Defiance, challenge to fight, V. 1. 64.
Degree, a step or round of a staircase or
ladder, II. i. 26.

and

Dew, 1. moisture precipitated by the
cooling of the atmosphere, V. iii. 64;
2. used of things refreshing
beneficent, II. i. 230.
Dint, impression, III. ii. 204.
Directly, in a straight line, IV. i. 32;
just, exactly, I. ii. 3; without am-
biguity, straightforwardly, imme-
diately, I. i. 14, III. iii. 16, III. iii. 21.
Distract, beside oneself, desperate, IV.
iii. 155.

Doomsday, the day of the last and uni-
versal judgment, III. i. 97.

Doublet, probably an undergarment, I.
ii. 270.

Drachma, an ancient Greek coin worth
about nineteen cents, III. ii. 251, IV.
iii. 73.

Drizzle, to shed in small, slow drops, II.
ii. 21.

Element, aspect of the sky, I. iii. 128.
Emulation, jealousy, envious contention,
II. iii. 14.

Enforce, magnified, exaggerated, III.
ii. 45.
Enfranchisement, 1. release from prison
or slavery, III. i. 81; repeal from
exile, restoration to public rights, III.
i. 57.

Enlarge, to express fully, to speak freely
of, IV. ii. 46.

Entertain, to take into one's service, V.
v. 60.

Envious, malicious, II. i. 178, III. ii. 185.
Eternal, used to express extreme abhor-
rence, I. ii. 160.

Even, unsullied, II. i. 133.
Exhalation, a bright phenomenon,
meteor, II. i. 44.

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Exigent, exigency, pressing necessity,
V. i. 19.

Extenuate, to undervalue, detract from,
III. ii. 43.

Factious, active in organizing a party,
I. iii. 118.

Fain, gladly, willingly, I. ii. 241.
Fall, befall or happen, III. i. 243; used
actively in the sense of "lower," IV.
ii. 26.

Falling-sickness, epilepsy, I. ii. 260.
False, out of tune, IV. iii. 292.

Fantasy, imagination, III. iii. 2, II. i.
197; mental image, conceit, II. i. 231.
Fatal, foreboding mischief and death, V.
1. 88.

Favour, appearance, I. ii. 91.

Fear, cause of fear, II. i. 190.
Fell, fierce, cruel, III. i. 269.

Fleer, to make a wry face, to grin, I.
iii. 117.

Fool, act like fools, I. iii. 65.
Fond, foolish, III. i. 39.

Formal, well-regulated, II. 1. 227.
Former, foremost, front, V. i. 80.
Forms, benches, III. ii. 268.
Forth, go forth, III. i. 119.

Fret, mark with ornamental lines, inter-
lace, II. i. 104.

From, different from, II. i. 196; away
from, III. ii. 175; contrary to, I. iii.
64.

General, general public, community, II.
i. 12.

Genius, inborn faculty, reasonable part
of the soul, II. i. 66.

Gentle, noble, as in our "gentleman," II.
i. 171.

Grace, honor, III. ii. 64.

Growing, encroaching, II. i. 107.

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struction, III. i. 273.

slaughter, de-

Hearse, a coffin on a bier, III. ii. 175.
Heavy, weighed down with care, II. i.
275.

Hedge, hamper, restrain, IV. iii. 30.
Hie, to make haste, I. iii. 150, V. iii, 78.
Hind, female of the stag, I. iii. 106.
Humour, wheedle, I. ii. 324.
Humours, moisture, II. i. 262.
Hurtle, to jostle, meet noisily in shock
and conflict, II. ii. 22.

Ides, the 15th day of March, May, July,
October, 13th of other months in the
Roman calendar, I. ii. 18, 19, 23; II.
i. 40; III. i. 1; IV. iii. 18; V. i. 114.
Idle, vain, empty, futile, IV. iii. 68.
Incense, to instigate, provoke, I. iii. 13.
Indifferently, impartially, without inter-
est, I. ii. 87.

Indirection, wrong, dishonest practice,
IV. iii. 75.

Instances, familiar attentions, IV. ii.
16.

Insuppressive, insuppressible, not to be
kept down, II. i. 134.

Interim, intervening time, interval, II.
1. 64.

Intermit, to suspend, interrupt, I. i. 64.
Issue, deed, result of the action, III. i.
294.

Jades, sorry nags, worthless, or mal-

treated horses, IV. ii. 26.
Jealous, suspicious in any way, I. ii. 71;
suspiciously fearful, doubtful, I. ii.

162.

Jigging, singing in the tune of a jig;
composing jigs or doggerel rhymes,
IV. iii. 137.

Just, true, so, I. ii. 54.

Keep, bide, live with, II. 1. 284.
Kerchief, a cloth to cover the head, II.
1. 315.

Kind, sort, race, class, II. i. 33.
Knave, a boy, a servant-term of ad-
dress used in friendly intercourse, IV.
iii. 242, IV. iii. 270.

Laugher, buffoon, jester, I. ii. 72.

Law of children, puerility, childishness,
III. i. 39.

Let blood, slain, III. i. 152.
Lethe, death, III. i. 206.

Lief, lit. dear. "I had as lief-I should
like as much"; followed by an inf.
without "to," I. ii. 95.

Limitations, restrictions, II. 1. 283.
Loath, unwilling, averse, I. ii. 243.
Lottery, chance, II. i. 119.

Mace, a club of metal used as an em-
blem of authority, IV. iii. 269.
Main, strong, firm, II. i. 196.
Mar, to injure, spoil, ruin, III. ii. 207.
Marry, indeed, forsooth, I. ii. 229.
Mart, to traffic, trade, IV. iii. 11.
Merely, entirely, altogether, I. ii. 39.
Mettle or Metal, constitutional dispo-
sition, character, temper, I. i. 71, I.
ii. 318; a fiery temper; ardor, high
courage, II. i. 134, IV. ii. 24.
Misgiving, fear, III. i. 145.

Mo, Moe, more in number, II. i. 72; V.
iii. 101.

Mortal, rational spirits, II. i. 66.
Motion, impulse, II. i. 64.

Napkin, a handkerchief, III. ii. 144.
Naughty, bad, good for nothing, I. i. 18.
Neat, horned cattle, an ox, I. i. 32.
Nice, petty, insignificant, IV. iii. 8.
Niggard, to supply sparingly, IV. iii.
229.

Note, to set a mark on; in an ill sense-
to dishonor or stigmatize, IV. iii. 2.

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126.

Passion, real feelings, I. ii. 48.

Path, walk abroad, II. i. 83.

Peevish, silly, childish, V. i. 61.

Phantasma, a vision, day-dream, II.
i. 65.

Physical, wholesome, salutary, medic-
inal, II. i. 261.

Pitch, height; a term used in falconry,
I. i. 78.

Pitiful, compassionate, III. i. 169.
Portent, omen of ill, II. ii. 80.

Prefer, present, lay before, III. i. 27.
Preformed, predestined, I. iii, 67.

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