The financial losses occasioned by the late war are estimated to amount to about 20,000,000 Danish dollars, or 2,220,000l. sterling. The occupation of Jutland alone entailed a loss of 7,000,000 dollars. The public debt of the kingdom was as follows at the undermentioned periods:

A portion of the public debt, formerly much larger, was paid off, in 1856, by the capital, amounting to 30,476,325 rixdollars, or 3,324,6321., given to Denmark in purchase of the Sound dues. To this sum Great Britain contributed the principal share, amounting to exactly one-third. To the existing debt was added, in January 1864, a new loan of 1,200,000l.-issued at 93-to cover the cost of the war.

Army and Navy.

The army of the Danish monarchy is to consist, according to law, on the peace-footing, of 23 battalions of infantry, comprising 16,630 men; 25 squadrons of cavalry, with 2,895 men; and 2 regiments of artillery, with 2,560 men and 96 pieces of ordnance. This total of 22,900 men, which on the war-footing is to be doubled, has, however, been seldom reached of late years, when, to diminish the already large war-budget, the standing army has been kept down to

about 12,000 men. During the war with Austria and Prussia, 1863-64, there were in the field 49,300 infantry, 10,600 cavalry, and 9,000 artillery, with 144 guns, or more than five times the average number of troops maintained during the years 1853-63.

The Danish army is formed by conscription, to which every man, in good health, who has reached his twenty-second year, is liable. The ·legal time of service is eight years; but de facto the recruits are not kept longer than about ten months under arms, and afterwards sent home on furlough, and called up for annual exercise. At the end of the first period of service, the men are inscribed on the 'first call' of the army of reserve; and at the end of another eight years on the 'second call.' The military liability ceases only with the forty-fifth year.

The navy of Denmark, dating from 1807-in September of which year the whole fleet of the kingdom, consisting of 18 ships of the line, 15 frigates, 6 brigs, and 25 gunboats, with 3,500 pieces of artillery, was carried off by the naval force of Great Britain sisted in September 1864 of the following vessels :—

SAILING VESSELS

3 ships of the line, 2 with 84, and 1 with 72 guns

Guns

6 frigates, 1 with 60, 1 with 84, 3 with 46, and 290 thirty-pounders

1 with 44 guns

4 corvettes, with 28, 20, 14, and 12 guns
3 brigs, 2 with 16, and one with 12 guns
2 schooners of 1 gun each

1 cutter with 6 short-range guns

19 sailing vessels, with

STEAMERS

1 screw steamer of the line, with

con

To reduce the national expenditure, the government resolved in 1865, with the consent of the Rigsdag, to discharge a part of the navy from active service, and break up all ships no longer usefully available. By this step seven sailing vessels were sold or broken up; namely, two ships of the line, two frigates, one corvette, one brig, and one cutter; so that there only remained one ship of the line, four frigates, three corvettes, and the smaller sailing vessels. The establishment of gun-boats and paddle-wheel steamers was likewise greatly reduced in 1865. The chief iron-clad vessels of the

Danish navy are the Esbern Snare, the Absalom, and the Rolf Krake. The Rolf Krake, built by Napier, of Glasgow, is plated with 44-inch iron, and has two turrets, which carry four 68-pounders; it is of 1,200 tons burthen, and draws but 16 feet of water. Esbern Snare and Absalom are smaller iron-clad vessels, converted from wooden ships.

The

The navy is manned by about one thousand men, officered by one vice-admiral, one rear-admiral, and twenty captains.

Population.

The territory of the crown of Denmark, which consisted, according to the Treaty of London, of May 8, 1852, of the kingdom of Denmark together with the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg, has been reduced, by the Treaty of Vienna of Oct. 30, 1864, to the limits of the kingdom. The latter has an area of 14,493 English square miles, with a population of 1,600,551, according to the census taken on February 1, 1860.

Denmark is a purely agricultural country, the far greater number of the people being occupied in the cultivation of the land, and in the simple employments necessary to meet the more immediate wants of the agricultural districts. The town and country population of the monarchy is divided as follows: in the towns, 359,206; in the country, 1,241,345. There being no coal, and but little waterpower in the country, the manufactories of any description are but few in number, and of small extent.

The proportionate increase in the population of Denmark for the last ten years has been larger in the towns than in the country districts. In Copenhagen it has been 8.05 per cent., in the other commercial towns together 10.29 per cent., whilst in the country districts it has only been 5.99 per cent. There is very little visible poverty either in the towns or the country. According to Art. 87 of the Constitution, any person not able to support himself or his family, and who has no one else to provide for him, has the right to claim support from the State.

The titles of nobility in the kingdom of Denmark are only two, Count, or Earl, and Baron; but there is a large untitled noblesse, consisting of the most ancient families in the country, which rank higher in public estimation than many of the modern houses ennobled by the crown. The soil of Denmark is greatly subdivided, owing partly to the state of the law, which interdicts the union of small farms into larger estates, but encourages, in various ways, the parcelling out of landed property. In consequence, the number of small proprietors is increasing from year to year, and the number of great landowners decreasing in proportion. Of the

latter class, there were 7,959 in 1834, and only 5,790 in 1860, while of the former the numbers were-87,867 in 1834, and 135,933 in 1860.

The occupations of the people are stated as follows in the last census. Out of an average of 1,000 people, 395 live exclusively by agriculture; 228 by manufactures and trades; 187 are day labourers; 53 are commercial men; 29 mariners; 20 paupers; 16 ministers and schoolmasters, or connected with education; 15 pensioners, or people living on aftagt' (an allowance to those who cede their farms from old age, &c.); 13 servants; between 11 and 12 hold appointments in the civil offices; 9 are commissioned and non-commissioned officers in the army and navy; 9 capitalists; 7 follow scientific and literary pursuits (including students at the Universities); about 5 have no fixed means of living; and a little over 1 are in prison for crimes or misdemeanours. The increase in the population by births has, on an average, been at the rate of 165 children to every 1,000 women between 20 and 50 years of age. Out of the above number of children, 1 in every 10 or 11 has been illegitimate, and between 4 and 5 per cent. still-born.

Trade and Industry.

The commercial intercourse between Denmark and the United Kingdom is shown in the subjoined tabular statement, exhibiting the value of the total imports from Denmark, aside with the exports of British and Irish produce and manufactures to Denmark, in the five years 1860 to 1864:—

The imports of Denmark into the United Kingdom consist entirely of agricultural produce; the principal being oats and barley, averaging together 1,000,000l., and animals, chiefly oxen and bulls, averaging 500,000l. per annum. Of British exports to Denmark, the principal are coals and iron, each to the average amount of 225,000l. per annum.

The proportion of British commerce to that of the general trade of the kingdom may be seen in the subjoined table, which gives the total imports and exports of Denmark-exclusive of the Duchiesin each of the three years 1860 to 1862 :

The commercial marine of the kingdom-exclusive of the Duchies -consisted of the following sailing vessels, on December 31 of each of the years 1861 and 1862::

On December 31, 1863, the mercantile marine of Denmark had increased to 3,140 vessels, of a total burthen of 69,472 lasts, or 138,944 tons. Not included in this enumeration were 47 steamers, of a total burthen of 4,376 tons, and of 2,706 horse-power.

Colonies.

The colonial possessions of Denmark consist of the islands of Faroë, Iceland, and Greenland in Europe; the first-named-17 in number—having a population of 8,651; Iceland of 64,603; and Greenland of 9,892 souls. The West India possessions, St. Croix, St. Thomas, and St. John, with a number of smaller islands, have a population of 37,137, according to the census of 1860. The establishments on the coast of Guinea, forts Christianborg, Fredensborg, and various other places, were ceded to Great Britain, by purchase, in 1850. The town of Tranquebar with the surrounding district, on the Coromandel coast, ceded to Denmark by the rajah of Tanjore, in 1620, and the small territory of Serampore - Danish Frederiksnagorin Bengal, founded by the Danish East India Company in 1755, were transferred to Great Britain in 1846. The Nicobar Islands, in the Bay of Bengal, were taken possession of by the Danish government in 1756, and for some time were in a flourishing state, the population amounting to above 6,000 in the year 1840.