Middle-class education is given in fifty-eight public colleges by 757 professors to 13,881 pupils. In first-class education, the most remarkable feature is the large number of law-students, namely, 3,755 in 1859-60, divided among ten faculties. There are ten faculties of literature and philosophy, with 224 students; seven faculties of sciences, with 141 students; four faculties of pharmacy, with 544; seven faculties of medicine, with 1,178; and six faculties of theology, with 339 students-in all 6,181 students.

Revenue and Expenditure.

The budgets of the kingdom in the six years 1857-63 have been as follows for each financial period, from July 1 to June 30:

The details of the budget from July 1, 1862 to June 30, 1863, are as follows:

In the budget for the year 1863-64 the receipts were calculated at 2,108,638,000 reales, or 21,086,3807., and the ordinary expenditure at 2,098,692,262 reales, or 20,986,9221., with an extraordinary expenditure, for new roads and railways, of 420,170,348 reales, or 4,201,703. Finally, in the budget for 1864-5, the estimated revenue, ordinary and extraordinary, was given at 26,275,9327., with a like expenditure.

The revenue of Spain has largely increased during the last few years, and continues to progress. In 1822 (when the large English loans were made to Spain upon which the payment of interest which

accrued from 1841 to 1851, is still in dispute as 'Spanish certificate question'), the total revenue of the country was only about 6,000,000l. sterling.

In 1859 the revenue actually received was

1855

1860

To which sum should" be added extraordinary' revenue
derived from sale of national property

1864-5 the estimated revenue was .

Which sum included 4,733,7367. derived from recent sales
of national property as 'extraordinary' revenue.

18,923,440

3,039,247 26,275,932

The total amount of deficits during the last twenty years in Spain have accumulated and form now a floating debt of about 10,500,000l. sterling, as follows:—

Total of accumulated deficits previous to 1849

£

1,082,097

During the whole of this period only one foreign loan for 3,000,000l. sterling has been negotiated, the rest of the deficits being covered by internal loans, and the sale of church and state property.

The national and Church property of Spain was and is still of immense value, but there was a reluctance in some people to buy the latter on account of religious scruples, till 1858, when a concordat was concluded with the Pope and sanction obtained for the sales, which were then actively continued, the Government giving great facilities to the purchasers. The payments are made onetenth in cash, and the remainder in promissory notes from 1 to 10, and, in some cases, to 19 years, the property remaining mortgaged to the final instalment, owing to which the biddings at times have been for even more than double the amount of its value. The Cortes, in 1859, 1861, and 1863, authorised the Government to apply 28,000,000l. for extraordinary expenses in constructing roads and railways, of which only about 16,000,000l. has been spent, the money being obtained out of the sums placed at interest by capitalists, corporations, and the public in the Caja de Depositos,' or Deposit Bank, under the direction of the Government, for the repayment of which the Treasury was accumulating the promissory notes given by the purchasers of the national properties. The quantity of these properties sold from 1855 to December 31, 1863, produced 30,156,7001. The properties unsold at that time were valued at 13,525,000l.

The total capital amount of the public debt of Spain on December 6, 1864, was 146,541,7607. sterling (much of it bearing a very low interest, and some none at all), and the total annual interest thereon, only 3,809,7997. sterling. Of this capital the sum of 7,652,7201. represents bonds issued by the Government in payment of subventions to railway companies; and 2,722,5901. represents bonds ('obligaciones de carretèras') given in payment for common roads, canals, and other public works, whilst the sum of 17,737,0687. sterling represents the amount of stock created, and given to the civil, ecclesiastical, and charitable corporations in exchange for their property, sold under the law of 'Desamortizaçion passed in 1855. In the course of the year 1864, the debt increased but to the amount of a million sterling, according to an official return laid before the Cortes in the session of 1865. In this return, the total debt, on January, 1, 1864, is stated to have amounted to 14,531,122,478 reales, or 145,311,224. divided as follows::

In 1851, on account of the inability of the Government to meet its engagements in full, a portion of the debt of Spain was converted into Passive Stock, that is, a stock not bearing interest, and which had to be liquidated by an annual sinking fund. The Amortizable First and Second Class was created by a law of August 1, 1851, to be composed of the internal debt called 'Deuda sin Interes,' and of some other various debts and claims against the Government which were called for liquidation before the 'Direccion de la Deuda Publica.' By that law a sinking fund of 120,000l. annually included in the budget was established, besides other advantages, for its extinction; and a commission, composed of three senators and three deputies, was ordered to be appointed yearly by the Cortes to watch and report upon all the operations connected with the public

debt.

Army and Navy.

Spain during the reign of Philip II. had 280,000 men under arms. After the War of Succession, her army was reduced to 75,000 men. Under Charles III. the Spanish army was increased to 90,000 men and 10,000 horses: At the death of Ferdinand the military force consisted of only 60,000 men and 8,000 horses. In 1859, when about to commence the war against Morocco, it was increased to 250,000 men. The army is formed by conscription; but the purchase of substitutes is not only allowed, but encouraged by the government. The price to be paid for substitutes was fixed by a decree of December 1859, at 8,000 reales, or 80l. There are, on the average, about 20,000 volunteers, or men procured by enlistment in the regular army. The time of service in the infantry is eight years, of which five have to be spent in the infantry of the line, and three in the provincial militia. For military purposes the kingdom is divided into five districts, or 'capitanias generales,' at the head of each of which stands a 'captain-general,' with the rank of fieldmarshal. Official returns of the year 1863, state the nominal strength