vour and indulgence to the borough, which had retorted Mr. Walpole upon them, in order that the burgesses, knowing what the law was, might correct their error, I answer, I. That it is a strange way of arguing, to op. pose a supposition, which no man can prove, to a fact which proves itself. II. That if this were the intention of the House of Commons, it must have defeated it self. The burgesses of Lynn could never have known their error, much less could they have corrected it by any instruction they received from the proceedings of the House of Com. mons. They might, perhaps, have foreseen, that if they returned Mr. Walpole again, he would again be rejected; but they never could infer, from a resolution by which the candidate with the fewest votes was declared not duly elected, that, at a future election, and in similar circumstances, the House of Commons would reverse their resolution, and receive the same candidate as duly elected, whom they had be fore rejected. This, indeed, would have been a most extraordinary way of declaring the law of parliament, and what, I presume, no man, whose understanding is not at cross purposes with itself, could possibly understand. If, in a case of this importance, I thought my. self at liberty to argue from suppositions rather than from facts, I think the probability, in this instance, is directly the reverse of what the Ministry affirm; and that it is much more likely that the House of Commons, at that time, would rather have strained a point in favour of Mr. Taylor, than that they would have violated the law of parliament, and robbed Mr. Taylor of a right legally vested in him, to gratify a refrac tory borough, which, in defiance of them, had returned a person branded with the strongest mark of the displeasure of the House. But really, Sir, this way of talking (for I cannot call it argument), is a mockery of the common understanding of the nation, too gross to be endured. Our dearest interests are at stake. An attempt has been made, not merely to rob a single county of its rights, but, by inevitable consequence, to alter the constitution of the House of Commons. This fatal attempt has succeeded, and stands as a precedent recorded for ever. If the ministry are unable to defend their cause by fair argument, founded on facts, let them spare us, at least, the mortification of being amused and deluded, like children. I believe, there is yet a spirit of resistance in this country, which will not submit to be oppressed; but I am sure there is a fund of good sense in this country, which cannot be deceived. IT will not be necessary for Junius to take the trouble of answering your correspondent G. A. or the quotation from a speech without doors, published in your paper of the 28th of last month. The speech appeared before Junius's letter; and, as the author seems to consider the great proposition on which all his argument depends, viz. that Mr. Wilkes was under that known legal incapacity of which Junius speaks, as a point granted, his speech is in no shape an answer to Junius, for this is the very question in debate. As to G. A. I observé, first, that if he did not admit Junius's state of the question, he should E have shewn the fallacy of it, or given us a more exact one. Secondly, that, considering the many hours and days which the Ministry and their advocates have wasted in public debate, in compiling large quartos, and collecting innumerable precedents, expressly to prove, that the late proceedings of the House of Commons are warranted by the law, custom, and practice of parliament, it is rather an extraordinary supposition to be made by one of their own party, even for the sake of argument, that no such statute, no such custom of parliament, no such case in point, can be produced. G. A. may, however, make the supposition with safety. It contains nothing but literally the fact; except that there is a case exactly in point, with a decision of the House, diametrically opposite to that which the present IIouse of Commons came to in favour of Mr. Luttrell. The Ministry now begin to be ashamed of the weakness of their cause; and as it usually happens with falsehood, are driven to the neces sity of shifting their ground, and changing their whole defence. At first we were told, that nothing could be clearer, than that the proceedings of the House of Commons were justified by the known law and uniform custom of parliament, But now, it seems, if there be no law, the House of Commons have a right to make one; and, if there be no precedent, they have a right to create the first for this, I presume, is the amount of the questions proposed to Junius. If your correspondent had been at all versed in the law of parliament, or generally in the laws of this country, he would have seen that this defence. is as weak and false as the former. The privileges of either House of Parliament, it is true, are indefinite: that is, they have not been described or laid down in any one code or declaration whatsoever; but, whenever a question of privilege has arisen, it has invariably been disputed or maintained upon the footing of precedents alone. In the course of the proceedings upon the Aylesbury election, the House of Lords resolved, "That neither house of Par"liament had any power, by any vote or de. "claration, to create to themselves any new "privilege, that was not warranted by the "known laws and customs of Parliament." And to this rule, the House of Commons, though otherwise they had acted in a very arbitrary manner, gave their assent; for they affirmed, that they had guided themselves by it, in asserting their privileges. Now, Sir, if this be true, with respect to matters of privilege, in which the House of Commons, individually, and as a body, are principally concerned, how much more strongly will it hold against any pretended power in that House to create or declare a new law, by which not only the rights of the House over their own member, and those of the member himself, are included, but also those of a third and separate party; I mean the freeholders of the kingdom? To do justice to the Ministry, they have not yet pretended that any one, or any two, of the three Estates, have power to make a new law, without the concurrence of the third. They know, that a man, who maintains such a doctrine, is liable, by statute, to the heaviest penalties. They do not acknowledge that the House of Commons have assumed a new privilege, or declared a new law. On the contrary, they affirm, that their proceedings have. been strictly conformable to, and founded upon, the ancient law and custom of Parliament. Thus, therefore, the question returns to the point at which Junius had fixed it, viz. Whether This is still meeting the ministry upon their own ground; for, in truth, no precedents will support either natural injustice, or violation of positive rights. or no this be the law of Parliament? If it be not, the House of Commons had no legal authority to establish the precedent; and the precedent itself is a mere fact, without any proof of right whatsoever. Your correspondent concludes with a question of the simplest nature: Must a thing be wrong, because it has never been done before? No. But, admitting it were proper to be done, that alone does not convey an authority to do it. As to the present case, I hope I shall never see the time, when not only a single person, but a whole county, and, in effect, the entire collective body of the people, may again be robbed of their birth-right by a vote of the House of ComBut if, for reasons which I am unable to comprehend, it be necessary to trust that House with a power so exorbitant and so unconstitutional, at least let it be given to them by an act of the legislature. PHILO JUNIUS. LETTER XVIII. ΤΟ SIR WILLIAM BLACKSTONE, SIR, July 29, 1769. I SHALL make you no apology for considering a certain pamphlet, in which your late conduct is defended, as written by yourself. The personal interest, the personal resentments, and, above all, that wounded spirit, unaccustomed to reproach, and, I hope, not frequently conscious of deserving it, are signals which betray the author to us, as plainly as if your name were in the title page. You appeal to the pub. lic, in defence of your reputation. We hold it, Sir, that an injury offered to an individual, is |