exhausted from their hard won victory, and from their insufficient supplies-so insufficient that one of the officers writes: "We had neither victuals, drink, nor tents to live in after the work was done "-the rash proposal of Stair was wisely overruled, and the troops, after a few hours' halt, continued their march to Hanau, where lay their magazines and confederates. They were, however, compelled by reason of their bitter want of means, to leave their wounded to the mercy of the French Commander, who treated them with signal generosity.

Such was the Battle of Dettingen, the last in which a King of England has appeared at the head of his troops. In its circumstances it might, perhaps, not inaptly be compared to the battle fought by Napoleon in 1813, against the Bavarians on the neighbouring ground of Hanau, except that on this last occasion the position of the French was reversed, and it was they who had to force instead of to intercept a passage. It may also be observed that at Dettingen, superior as was the army of Noailles, yet from the absence of French divisions at Aschaffenburg, and on the other side of the Maine, the numbers actually were considerable on the side of the Allies; and, notwithstanding the glory which this battle sheds upon both British and Hanoverians, it must be owned that the good conduct of the troops redeemed the blunders of their General.

This article concludes with the following statement of the losses in this action of each of the British regiments engaged :

The Brigade of Life and Horse Guards, under the command of the Earl of Crawford, posted near the centre of the line, the hottest place of all, had Colonel the Earl of Albemarle, Lieut.-Colonel Lamolonier, Major Jackson, Captain Willes, and Lieutenant and Adjutant Eliott wounded, besides 5 troopers killed and a great number wounded, many seriously; the 1st (King's) Dragoon Guards had killed, Captain Meriden, Lieutenant Draper, and Cornet Aldcroft, with 8 troopers, and 20 horses; wounded, Major Carr, Captains Saurin and Smith, and Lieutenant Wallis, 2 quartermasters, 28 troopers, and 24 horses; the 7th (The Princess Royal's) Dragoon Guards had killed, Quartermaster Jackson, 21 troopers, and 85 horses; wounded, its Colonel, Major-Gen. Ligonier, his younger brother, Lieut.-Colonel Ligonier, Captains Stuart and Robinson, Lieutenant Cholmondeley, Cornet Richardson, one quartermaster, 30 troopers, and 27 horses; the 1st (Royal) Dragoons had killed and wounded 6 troopers and 34 horses; the 2nd (Royal Scots Grey) Dragoons had besides 4 horses killed, Lieutenant Preston, a few troopers, and 2 horses wounded; the 6th (Inneskilling) Dragoons lost 2 troopers and 18 horses killed, and 9 horses wounded. There are no returns of the casualties occurring in the 3rd (The King's Own) and the 4th (The Queen's Own) Hussars. The 7th (The Queen's Own)

Hussars had Lieutenant Falconer, Cornet Hobey, one sergeant, 10 troopers, and 22 horses killed, and Lieutenant Frazer, Cornet St. Leger (mortally), one quartermaster, 2 sergeants, 15 troopers, and 13 horses wounded.

The Grenadier, Coldstream, and Scots Guards, from having formed part of the rear-guard in expectation of an attack from Aschaffenburg, and from not arriving in time to join in the first attack against the enemy, suffered no loss. The 3rd (East Kent) Buffs had 3 rank and file killed and 3 wounded. The 8th (the King's) Regt. has 1 sergeant, 5 rank and file, killed; Major Barry died two days after the battle from wounds received; Lieut.-Colonel Keithley and Lieutenant Robinson, 2 sergeants and 28 rank and file were wounded. The 11th (North Devonshire) Regt. had 11 rank and file killed; and Major Greenwood, Captain Lee, and 28 rank and file wounded. The 12th (East Suffolk) Regt. had Captain Phillips, Lieutenant Munro, and 27 rank and file killed; and Captain Campbell, Lieutenant Williams, Ensign Townshend, 3 sergeants, 2 drummers, and 60 rank and file wounded; this regiment sustained the severest loss. The 13th (1st Somersetshire) Regt. had 21 rank and file killed; Ensigns Ogilvie and Gray, 1 drummer, and 29 rank and file wounded. The 20th (East Devonshire) Regt. had but a few rank and file killed and wounded, the exact numbers are not known. The 21st (Royal Scots Fusiliers) Regt. had Lieutenant Young, 1 sergeant and 35 rank and file killed; Lieutenant Levingstone, 1 sergeant, 2 drummers, and 53 rank and file wounded; this regiment followed closely on the heels of the 12th in the amount of its casualties. The 23rd (Royal Welsh Fusiliers) Regt. lost 15 rank and file killed; Colonel Peers (mortally), Lieutenant Price, and 27 rank and file. There are no records accessible of the casualties which occurred in the 33rd (the Duke of Wellington's), the 37th (the North Hampshire), and the 39th (the Dorsetshire) regiments.

The following is a description of the Plan we give of the Battle of Dettingen, showing the encampment of the respective armies before the day of action, their march to the field of battle, the order of their drawing up for the engagement, and the manner of the French army's flight over the Maine after they were routed, with a scale of pace, done after a draught made at Frankfort.

REFERENCES TO THE ALLIED ARMY.

1 The head-quarters of His Britannic Majesty. 2 The head-quarters of the Duke of Aremberg. 3 The camp of the Allies.

4 The march of the Allies in two columns on the morning of the battle.

5 The Batteries opposed to those which the French erected on the other side of the Maine to gall the allied troops while marching. About eight o'clock in the morning the French began to play on our rear, led by His Majesty and composed of English and Hanoverian troops.

GERMANY'S VIEW OF OUR NAVY.-In his Die Weltstellung Englands, Major Otto Wachs, of the Prussian Army, a well-known German military writer, who has devoted special attention to the English Army and Navy, observes, in his strictures on England's fleet :"Besides securing the mother country, the fleet has to protect more than 5,000 merchant vessels (Sir Charles Nugent makes it nearer 20,000) on all parts of the globe. It has to be the string on which the separate heads of her Colonies are strung; or, in other words, every war-ship of the English fleet is a link of the great iron chain which binds the immense Empire together. This fleet has founded the British Empire, and till now sustained it. The English fleet is, however, relatively weaker than it was; for, although her men-of-war are nearly double those of France, the number of armoured ships in both navies is nearly equal. Steam has deprived England of her superiority in seamanship. Since the ship has become a machine, the engineer replaces the seaman. Sea tactics and sea strategy have changed; but to what no one knows, for want of practical experience." The torpedo, Major Wachs calls the assassin of the sea, but thinks the French over-rate it. Speed is now much more in request than thickness of armour-plate. There was a time when it was England's boast that her navy was more than a match for the navies of all other nations combined; but that time is past, and if France and England are not already evenly balanced, it is certain that the fleet of the French Republic, combined with that of Germany or Italy, would be at least equal, probably superior, to England's naval force. Italy has, or had till lately, three mightier ironclads, and Germany had more torpedo boats, than England. Ships of war are now built by Germany for foreign states, and equipped in German arsenals. England, in spite of her coal, is being beaten by Germany and France in the manufacture of armour

and the building of ships. Major Wachs then alludes to our bending bayonets and jamming cartridges, and points out that Krupp can make better guns than the Royal foundry at Woolwich. Foreigners may well doubt if England still rules the sea. "But England herselfdespite her admirals and generals, and an utter misconception of facts which prove that the Empire's rule over the waves is a thing of the past-still places unlimited confidence in her fleet. The strategical problem for England's fleet is how to keep open her numerous lines of communication, and yet to be in commanding strength at the important naval points and stretches of coast. The separation of her fleet into independent squadrons weakens her power of concentration and of undertaking combined operations." Major Wachs points to the unprotected state of many of our coaling-stations, and to the absence of dockyards in the southern hemisphere both as indispensable to a fleet as reserves and supplies are to an army. He considers the German naval regulation as to the formation of reserve divisions of seamen in Kiel and Wilhelmshaven very superior to any corresponding regulation in the English Navy. ViceAdmiral Aube, French Minister of Marine, has expressed an opinion that twenty fast well-found cruizers would suffice to ruin England's commerce. Gougeara would strike a death-blow at England in the Mediterranean, by cutting her line of communication with India. Did not Napoleon, with a heavy fleet of transports, succeed in evading the falcon eye of Nelson? Gabriel Charmes, again, recommends sending out cruizers to prey on England's commerce in every sea, and ultimately starve the country out. France, as stated by her admirals in the Chamber of Deputies, is seriously undertaking to make her fleet equal to that of England. What, asks Major Wachs, would happen if England's navy were defeated? if England found her confidence in "the silver streak" as a protection an idle dream?

R. O'BYRNE,

It would seem,

REQUENT reorganization is, unfortunately, a sign of weakness rather than strength; or the Spanish army would occupy a far higher place among the armies of Europe than it actually does. During the last ten years, almost every arm of the service has undergone several modifications, and the conditions of recruiting have been twice altered. however, that the Spanish military authorities are at last making an effort to be consistent in their changes, and to render the military organization of the Peninsula somewhat more stable than it has hitherto been. Since 1886, large sums have been voted for naval and military purposes, and a programme has been sketched out which, if it is firmly adhered to, will once more give Spain a place, although but a second-rate one, in the councils of Europe. The great weakness of the Spanish army is, however, one that cannot be met by votes of money. Spain is pre-eminently the land of military pronunciamentos. From an army which has become the tool of faction, which is split up into cliques and parties, and in which even the officers are separated by social and political barriers, little can be expected in the field.

Recruiting.

The system by which the Spanish army is recruited dates in the main from the year 1882, but it was modified in several important points in 1885. The reforms inaugurated rather than completed by these two measures are due to the energy and patriotic far-sightedness of the late Alfonso XII. Universal military service on the German principle is no more welcome to the "classes" of Spain than to those of Holland or Belgium, and the exertions of the late king led only to the introduction of a half-hearted measure, by which all are declared liable for service, while those who are able may purchase exemption. The imperfections of the present system are generally recognized in Spain, and the complete adoption of the principle of universal liability without exemption is only a matter of time.

Every Spanish citizen capable of bearing arms is liable for twelve years' service in the army or navy.

VOL. VIII,

During this period, the conscripts may belong to two or more of the following categories

1. Inscribed on the lists of the recruiting officers.
2. With the Colours.

3. In the Reserve of the Active Army, or on leave.
4. In the depôts.

5. In the second Reserve.

All Spaniards, on attaining their nineteenth year, enter into the first of these categories, unless they are exempted for family or other reasons. They are called up for duty with the Colours when their services are required, usually in the course of their twentieth year. The term of service with the Colours is legally three years, but the men are usually dismissed on leave at the expiration of their second year of service, and in some cases before. Men dismissed in this way enter the Reserve of the Active Army, which is thus formed of young troops, all of whom have served one, two, or three years with the Colours. These men are still retained on the registers of their regiments, which they would be required to join at a moment's notice on mobilization. Men who have served with the Colours and three or four years in the Reserve of the Active Army, pass at the end of their sixth year into the Second Reserve for the remainder of the twelve years' term. The six contingents forming this Reserve may be called up for an annual training not exceeding one month; but owing to financial embarrassments, the authorities have not hitherto availed themselves of this provision.

The contingent of men who are required to join the Colours is fixed annually by the Cortes, but it falls far short of the number who are available for service. The finances of the country are at present unable to bear the expense of training the whole of the annual contingent. In many cases, the men are not called to the Colours until a considerable part of their term has expired, and they are drafted into the Reserve in the ordinary course at the end of their second year of nominal service.

All men who are not called to the Colours are inscribed on the lists of the depôt battalions, to which they belong for three years. These men, in common with those of the Reserve, may be called out for one

K K

month's annual training; but here, too, the state of the exchequer has prevented the due enforcement of legal provisions. The depôt battalions consist, therefore, exclusively of untrained men, and it is probable that in the event of war, the Government would avail itself of the provision by which it is authorized to incorporate the men of this category in existing battalions. As independent corps, they would be wholly useless, while, as a means of filling gaps in the active army, they might be of considerable value.

Men of the Reserve of the Active Army, recruits inscribed on the lists of the recruiting depôts, men actually serving with the Colours, and those conditionally exempted, are neither allowed to marry nor to take Holy Orders, but they are permitted to fill public offices which do not prejudice the due fulfilment of their military duties. These regulations do not apply to the men forming the depôt battalions (except the two youngest categories, who would first be called upon to fill gaps in the field army), nor to the Second Reserve. In time of war, ecclesiastics liable for service would do duty as chaplains.

The alcaldes of the ayuntamientos or municipalities of Spain are required to prepare an annual list of all Spanish citizens within their jurisdiction who have completed their nineteenth year. In order to facilitate the labours of these officials, the law of July 1885 enacts that the parents or guardians of every Spaniard shall apply for his inscription on the recruiting lists as soon as he becomes liable for service. Failure to comply with this regulation entails a fine of from £10 to £40. Moreover, no Spaniard who has completed his fifteenth year is permitted to leave the country unless he deposits a sum of £80 as a guarantee that he will duly fulfil his obligations to the State when called upon for service. Spaniards who have left the country before their fifteenth year are required to deposit the same sum on arriving at this age if they desire to retain their nationality. If, after payment of these sums, the recruit presents himself for service, the caution-money is returned to him. If not, he does not necessarily forfeit his rights of citizenship, but the £80 are regarded as the price of his exemption from service, and theoretically, a substitute is provided in his place.

These regulations were rendered necessary by the extensive emigration to which the adoption of the principle of general liability gave rise, and which deprived the army of a considerable number of recruits annually. During recent years, there has been a large and continuous exodus from the southern provinces of Spain to Algeria, and from the northern provinces to America; and this emigration, owing to the comparatively small increase of population in Spain, exercised a very injurious effect on the well-being of the kingdom at large. The evasion of. military service is, in fact,

regarded so seriously in Spain, that on the conviction of an insoumis, the informer has the privilege of exempting from service any conscript, either with the Colours or on the recruiting lists.

The preparation of the annual lists by the alcalde is commenced on 1st January, when a notice is posted calling upon all who have reached the prescribed age to send in their names, or to appear and state their claims for exemption. Men who have joined the army or navy as volunteers or substitutes are, ipso facto, excluded from the annual list. The list is revised and checked by the municipal councillors of the ayuntamientos, who are held personally responsible for its accuracy, and are liable to

a fine of from £4 to £8 for each omission. On a fixed day the councillors summon the conscripts or their guardians for the verification of the list, and claims of exemption are then considered and decided upon by the vote of the majority. If the conscript is dissatisfied with the decision of this body, he may carry his claim before the Provincial Commission, and, finally, before the Minister of the Interior, whose judgment is decisive.

The exceptions to the rule of universal liability in the Spanish army are extremely numerous. All men who are obviously suffering from physical infirmity are excused from service without further examination. Others, whose complaints are not evident to the unpractised eye, undergo a medical examination, and if found unfit are struck off the lists. In cases of doubt, the de

cision rests with the Provincial Council.

All men below 4 ft. 10 in. in height, the pupils of ecclesiastical seminaries, of military schools or academies, army surgeons, naval cngineers, and the miners of Almaden del Azogue, Almadenejos, Alamillo, and Gargantiel, in the province of Ciudad Real, and of Chillon, in the province of Almeria, are totally exempted from service in the ranks. Ecclesiastics who re-enter civil life before the expiration of their 30th year become liable for service with the contingent of the year in which their secession from the Church takes place. In order to prevent an abuse of the privileges granted to the members of ecclesiastical orders, the superiors of all religious communities who enjoy these exemptions are required to furnish the alcaldes with an annual list of the changes which have taken place in the personnel of their establishments during the year.

The miners mentioned above are obliged, during the period of their exemption from military service, to work at least fifty days per annum at their registered employment, or to produce a medical certificate showing that they are incapacitated through illness contracted in the mines. If they fail to observe these regulations, they are placed on the list of recruits, and incorporated in the contingent of the year in which their non-compliance occurs. Exemptions of this kind were far more numerous a few years ago than at present. It was proposed, indeed, at one time, to completely abolish these privileges, and their restriction to five mines in the reorganization of the army shows that the anomaly is fully recognized by the Spanish Legislature. These exemptions are, in fact, unique, and it is difficult now to find any sufficient justification for their continuance.

Officers of the army and navy who retire before the expiration of their 32nd year are liable to be called upon by the Minister of War to fill suitable posts in the event of mobilization.

Criminals are not, as in most other countries, exempted from military service. If they leave prison before their 40th year, they are liable to be incorporated in the disciplinary battalion at Melilla if their number in the lottery requires them to serve in Spain, or in the disciplinary brigade in Cuba if they are drawn for Colonial service.

Exemption from service in time of peace is granted extensively on domestic grounds. If, for instance, the inscrit is the only or chief support of his family, or is the brother of a man actually serving in the ranks, he is not called upon for service with the Colours except in the event of mobilization.

The failure of a recruit to present himself before the Municipal Council for examination is punished by inscription on the lists of the Colonial army, by the loss of the right to find a substitute, or to pay for exemption. The only circumstances which excuse non-attendance

are imprisonment or forcible detention, service with the Colours at the time of the examination, illness, or absence from the kingdom.

The ayuntamiento of each Commune, after concluding their annual labours, send in a report to the Provincial Council of the number of recruits in their jurisdiction fit for service with the Colours or in the Reserve; and all these men are required to attend for inspection and registration in the capital of the province. The men who are passed for service in the Reserve are inscribed on the lists of the depôt battalions, and dismissed without further delay to their homes. Those who are passed as fit for active service with the Colours take part in the annual

lot-drawing, which is conducted in the presence of a Commission, consisting of the commandant of the district, a magistrate, the alcalde, and syndic of the Commune, and the commanding officers of the Reserve and Depôt battalions. The names and numbers are placed in separate urns, and drawn by two children under ten years of age. One of the children draws a name and hands it to the alcalde; the other draws a number and passes it to the Commandant of the district. Both name and number are then publicly announced, and this process is repeated until all the recruits are accounted for. Those who obtain low numbers are drafted into the Colonial army. Of the remainder, a certain number,