teenth of June, thus reftored the fituation of which he had been deprived a few months before by their predeceffors. The plans of general Joubert, who joined the army of Italy in the beginning of Auguft, were marially deranged by the rapid determination of the two fieges, of Alexandria and Mantua, even to the extinction, in a great mealure, of his hopes. He was in want, befides, of time to reorganize his army; to difcipline the body, lately joined, of confcripts, or new men of the laft requifition; to receive fresh fuccours; and, above all, to avail himfelf of a divifion intended to have been made by the army of the Alps, formed in Dauphiny and Savoy, by general Championet. In addition to thefe difappointments, 20,000 men were, by the means juft mentioned, on the point of being added to the active body of troops, under general Suwarrow. It was of great confequence to the republicans to prevent the junction of fo confiderable a force; and this reinforcement had not left Mantua before Joubert determined to act on the offenfive, and hazard a battle, in order to relieve Tortona. The French force amounted to about 40,000 men; the combined army was more confiderable; and, befides the fuperiority of the latter in point of numbers, they were choicer troops, better difciplined, and flufhed with recent victories. Joubert trufted with no fmall reliance on his former good fortune, and hoped, by the attack, to feparate the two armies. Joubert had, a few days before, advanced his left wing from Milefimo, had croffed the Bormida, and diflodged general Bellegarde from Aqui, and taken a pofition at Orba, in the plain of Alexandria. These movements had left marshal Suwarrow no room to doubt what were Joubert's intentions: the field-marthal therefore concentrated his forces, and marched, on the thirteenth of Auguft, towards the enemy, who had then penetrated to Novi. The republican army, on the fif teenth, prepared to offer battle, being drawn up, in their encampment, upon the heights, terminating the extenfive plain of Piedmont, which form a ridge or chain of hills behind the city of Novi, and which, though not very high, yet, from their fudden rife, make the afcent of great difficulty. Notwithftanding the ftrength of this advantageous fituation, Suwarrow, by whom dif ficulties were not regarded as obftacles, when his plan was once formed, refolved upon engaging Joubert in this pofition, the next morning at the hour of five, being the fixteenth of Auguft. 4 The republicans received the attack of the imperial troops with their ufual firmnefs and intrepidity, and drove back their centre and right wing three feveral times. The French appeared to be immoveable in their pofition, and sustained with equal valour repeated charges, in fo much that at noon they confidered the day as their own. The lofs of the combined army, particularly on the part of the Ruffians, exceeded that of the French, until their right wing began to give way. This wing of the republican army was com manded by Moreau, who had lately been appointed to the command of an army forming in Alface, but who, from a fingular attachment to Joubert, remained with him as a volunteer, volunteer, fubmitting to act under His orders. The French, failing of fupport from this fide, could not prevent general Melas, who moft opportunely, and fortunately for the fuccefs of the day, came up at the head of fixteen battalions of Auftrian infantry, from turning their flank, and pursuing his advantage. Joubert, having received a mortal wound, had by this time quitted the command, which now devolved on Moreau. The troops difcouraged, through the want of their leader, fell into diforder, about two o'clock, and the victorious army got poflolion of the hilly ground. The republicans then began to retreat with precipitation, and were purfaed by the whole line. The lofs in killed and wounded on both fides was great. On the fide of the French, eight thousand men were Lilled, and four thousand made prioners. Thirty pieces of cannon, and fifty-feven tumbrils, fell into the hands of the allies, in confequence of this victory. The imperialifts paid dear for this victory by the lofs of feven thousand men, killed, wounded, or loft. Thefe loft, did not exceed fix hundred. The Ruffians gave no quarter. The object of general Joubert was to raife the fiege of Tortona, and to that end he was to have. made an attack, on the fixteenth; in which defign he was anticipated by the great vigilance of the fieldmarthal. The republic commander, having received a mufket ball in his right fide, did not furvive the deteat of his army more than two bours. Thus fell Joubert, regretted by the army, and all his countrymen, except the jacobins, who alone refused to do juice to his memory, on account of the independence of his fpirit, and his attachment to the conftitution. There cannot exift a doubt but the news of this victory was received at Vienna with all the fentiments which fuch brilliant fuccefs merited; but it is obfervable, that the Court Gazette is remarkably cool in its mention of the part which the Ruffians contributed towards the glory of the day. The fignal conduct and bravery of the field-marshal, who commanded them, certainly deferved fome ftronger acknow ledgements than are therein to be found, of the victory of the fixteenth of Auguft. As foon as the republicans had recovered from the confternation, occafioned by this defeat, they took their pofitions nearly in the line they had before occupied. Suwarrow purfued a plan for difpoffeffing them of their fituation, and forcing the paffages to Genoa, either by the way of the Bochetta, or by the eaftern river, or, as it is fometimes called, the river of the Levant; towards effecting which generat Klenau had made fome progress; the field marshal's ultimate defign be ng to furround and form the fiege of Coni. The Auftrians, by the departure of marthal Suwarrow, on the eleventh of September,* for Switzerland, left to conclude the campaign in Italy, without the aid of their Ruffian allies, maintained their It has been already mentioned, in our preceding chapter, that the marshal had refolved to begin his march three days before, but that he was kept back by the feint which Moreau made, of willing to attempt the refcue of Tortona. fuperiority over the French in three feveral attacks. The first was made on the twenty-fecond of September, by prince Victor de Rohan, on ge neral Thureau, who defended the vale of Domo Dofiola, and was obliged to quit it, and re-afcend the mountains; the fecond, was made, on the twenty-fourth, upon general Kray, leading a detachment towards Aofta, when he repulfed and drove the enemy into the higher valley; the third happened the fame day, whence prince Lichenftein diflodged him, and took Pignerole. Befides thefe advantages, a victory was gained, by the Auftrians. over the French, in the plains of Stura, when marfhal Melas, affifted by general Kray, beat twelve thou fand French, encamped there, and obliged them to retire to Coni. After this laft victory, the French undertook nothing to the disturbance of the upper Piedmont. Ear from indicating any defign of that kind, Championet, now com mander-in-chief of the two armies of Italy and the Alps, removed his head-quarters, about the end of November, back to Final; not, however, entirely leaving his former pofition on the Apennines, whereby he could protect and watch Genoa and Coni, On the twenty-ninth and thirtieth of September, commodore Trow bridge took poffeflion of Corneto, Tolla, and Civita Vecchia, which he had blockaded with two fhips of war; at the fame time that general Bonricard, in the fervice of the king of Naples, entered Rome; which a few French and fome Romans, headed by the prince, Borghete and St. Croce had defended, for fix weeks, against the Neapolitan ge neral Rodio. By a capitulation, be tween the French general Garnier and commodore Trowbridge, the prisoners, about five thoufand, taken in different garrifons, were, by the capitulation, to be fent either to France or Corfica, as might be judged moft convenient. On the fourth and fifth of No. vember, the Auftrians difplayed, under general Melas, a fignal piece of good judgement and military fill, which was attended with all its merited fuccefs. By this the French army was prevented from penetrating into Piedmont, in order to raise the feige of Coni, when it fhould be undertaken, and establifh their winter quarters in that country; an object to them of confiderable importance. The evacuation of Mondovi, and other posts, was mistaken, by general Championnet, for a retreat; he therefore advanced as in purfuit; but, on the contrary, was met by general Melas, when an engagement took place, in which the French loft four thoufand three hundred men taken prifoners, befides a very confiderable number in killed and wounded. The French likewife failed in anather attempt, which was to cut off the communication with Turin. General Kray attacked them in the neighbourhood of Alexandria, and made one thoufand prifoners. In thefe battles the Auftrians loft two thoufand killed and wounded. This fignal. victory prepared the way for the fiege of Coni. General Championet affembled his whole force at Mondovi, and upon the mountains as far as Monafterlo, in which pofitions it was not poffible to befiege Coni, a fortrefs which had fuftained many attacks without falling; as, befides its difficulty of ap proach, proach, it had received every additional ftrength the moft able engineers could poffibly fuggeft to render it impregnable. In addition to all this, the French had furnished it with every neceffary means for defence, and had added fome new works. This was now the only ftrong place remaining in Italy, in which the French republicans had a garrison. The French having evacuated the citadal of Mondovi by night, retreated to Vico and Ormica, purfued by general Bellegarde. On the eleventh of November, the city of Ancona capitulated. It was befieged not only by Auftrians and Ruffians, but alfo by English and Turks. The ftraits to which the garrison and inhabitants, the latter, to the number of twenty-four thoufard, were driven, by the fiege of this place, which was begun to be bombarded on the third of September, are scarcely to be conceived, and do not admit of description. Its pbftinate defence must be confidered as the natural confequence of its having been the place of refuge reforted to by a number of traitors to their country. The garrifon, confifting of Jews and the jacobins of Lombardy, were made prifoners of war. The republican com mander, Garnier, who, it seems, muft have been exchanged as a prifoner of war, obtained the condition of furren dering to the Auftrians only; a circumftance of great moment to him, as the befieging army confifted of troops of different nations. In the garrifon was found a confiderable quantily of artillery and warlike ftores. The important pofts of Follano and Savigliano, after having been taken by the French republicans, were at length re-taken by the Auftrians, under general Melaş. The ftrong fortrefs of Coni, one of the ftrongeft in Europe, and the only one which remained in polleffion of the French, in Italy, furrendered to the Auftrian arms, on the third of December. The garrifon, to the number of three thonfand, were made prisoners of war, and conducted to the imperial ftates. The trenches before Coni were opened, on the twenty-fixth of November, from which time to its furrender the fiege was conducted by prince Lichtenstein. The fituation of the Auftrians had, before that event, been daily improving in other parts of Italy. They had, among other advantages, obtained poffeffion of the important pofts in the valley of Stura. Mondovi, Ceva, and Serravalle, had been furrendered to the Auftrians; and there remained, in all Italy, only Genoa and its fmall territory, in the poffeffion of the French, at the clofe of the year 1799., A statement may be expected of the lofs fuftained, on both fides, in this eventful and bloody campaign. It is not pretended, on this fubject, to prefent an arithmetical certainty, which no perlon could obtain; not even thofe at the head of armies. The lofs of the allies, in killed and wounded, has been stated, by the moft competent judges, at thirty thoufand killed and wounded, and ten thousand in prifoners: that of the French, in the first respect, at forty-five thousand, and at thirtyfive thousand in the fecond. In this campaign, the road to victory was opened by general Kray, at the battles of Legnago and Magnan: and it was purfued with decifion, energy, and advantage, by field-marthal Suwarrow. He ftamped upon it the double influence of 1 of his own energetic character, and the fincere views of his fovereign, which pointed directly to their object. It is, at least, doubtful whether a general, more dependent on the Aulic council of Vienna, would have dared to undertake, or would even had permiffion to accomplish fo much. It is not probable that Auftrian prudence would have allowed him to march to Turin, before Mantua had been reduced ; and to befiege or blockade those two places, at the fame time, with thofe of Alexandria and Tortona. As he had, fortunately, a glorious and fuccefsful predeceffor in general Kray, fo had no inglorious or unfuccefsful fucceffor in general Melas. And the merit of all three was proved and illuftrated by the talents of fuch antagonist commanders as general Moreau and general Macdonald. On a general review of the campaign, it is evident, that the advantage, on the whole, was pretty equally balanced. The Auftrians, at the clofe of the year, and alfo of the campaign, occupied all the paffes in the mountains, which feparate France from Italy. The expulfion of the French from this laft country was a great atchievement; the importance of which is not to be meatured by its diminishing the fources, and contracting the boundaries of the French domination, but by the opening of the ports of Italy to navigation, commerce, and the water-carriage of troops and military ftores, and the elafticity that it must give to the minds of the Italians, and other nations. On the other hand, the French kept poffeffion of the whole left bank of the Rhine, from its fource to where it falls through different channels into the ocean; and, at either extremity of this natural line of defence, a fortress of equal ftrength, though of oppofite natures, the morales, lakes, and canals of Holland, and the mountains of Switzerland. Thefe two countries formed two great baltions for the defence of the eaftern frontier of France: the Rhine was extended between them as a curtain. Of Switzerland, it is very probable that the allies might have obtained poffeflion, if the archduke had remained with his great force to cooperate with Suwarrow, who count ed on his co-operation. And al though a French army might have over-run a part of the empire and hereditary dominions, for a time, they could not have kept permanent or long poffeffion, under the debility of dilatation, and the general hoftility of the countries invaded on the one hand; and a mighty com bined army in poffeffion of fuch a garrifon as the Alps, fupported by fuch a granary as Italy, and the country of the Grifons on the other. While thefe operations were go ing on at land, a Ruffian fquadror, of four fhips of the line and fore frigates, under the command of admiral Mackaroff, leaving Sheerne's, about the middle of May, failed for the Mediterranean, where he cooperated, in the efforts above re lated, with the allies. The ports, on the shores of Holland, France, and Spain, were blocked up by the fleets of the English. Yet the French fleet, infulting, as it were, their vaft naval fuperiority, and all their combinations, after having efcaped from Breft, where it had been long confined, paffed the ftraits of Gibraltar, touched at Toulon, threw fome reinforcements and |