this was redeemed by the magiftrates, at the expense of only a few hundreds of louis. Having made themselves mafters of Manheim, between the Maine and the Lahn, they proceeded in their career, and drove the imperial troops from Manheim and Heidel berg, to the Enz. Towards the end of October, the archduke found himself in a fituation attacked in the Palatinate and in Franconia, and threatened in the Grifon country and Suabia: he saw the Ruffians abandoning the theatre of war. The two armies oppofite to him confifted of more than 100,000 men, and he had himself scarcely 70,000 to line the banks of the Rhine, from its fource as far as . Kehl, to defend Suabia, and fupport the armed peasants, who covered Franconia. In these critical circumftances, the pofts of the archduke were so well chofen, that on whatever points the enemy might wish to pafs the Rhine, a large body of troops might immediately unite against them. The archduke, who overlooked the whole from his excellent central pofition at Donawee Schwingen, was enabled to fend fome reinforcements to the Neckar, which arrived there on the last days of October. On the teath of that month he addreffed a proclamation to the ftates and inhabitants of the German empire, recapitulating the efforts made, and the expenfes incurred by the emperor, for the defence of the former, and renewing his folicitations for * the arming of the contingents, and the payments of the Roman months. It was alfo about this period that the declaration of the emperor of Ruffia to the members of the Germanic empire, (alluded to in our fifth chapter, and to be found among the State Papers in this volume), was prefented to the diet of Ratisbon. The folicitations of the two emperors had no effect on the principal powers of Germany. Pruffia, Saxony, and all the north, perfified in their nutrality, and in the treaties by which this was guaranteed to them by France. The fouth, more threatened with danger, not being included within the line of demarcation, and in fome meafute dependent on Auftria, made fome efforts. The elector of Bavaria contributed not only his contingent, but all the troops he had in the Palatinate: the duke of Wurtemberg about 2,500: the circle of Suabia refolved on the future armament of 10.000 men. Wurtzburg and Bamberg thought alfo of contributing to the defence of Franconia, and formed fome companies of peasants. The imperialifts and the French, at the end of October, were oppofed to each other on the banks of the Maine, the Neckar, the Enz, and the Rhine. The object of the French was to cover the fiege of Philipfburgh, which they bombard ed, and hoped to carry, by the weight of their fire: that of the Auftrians was to raise it, and, at all events, to shelter the duchy of Wurtemberg. The Auftrians, be This declaration has not proved in any respect vain: for, as the emperor of Ruffa throughout the whole campaign, contributed powerfully to the fafety of Germany, is he likewife, according to his word, abandoned that country to itself, and re-called his Troops, as just states. ing reinforced on the third and following days of November, compelled them to withdraw into the angle formed by the Neckar and the Rhine, and raise the blockade of Philipsburgh. This fortrefs, ftill refolutely defended by the heroic thingrave, of Salm, was again attacked and again relieved; and the French, under the command of Lecourbe, forced to retire to Manheim. The French general pro pofed an armistice, which was ac cepted, on condition that it should be ratified by the archduke, who, for the best military reafons, refufed to do it. The French were therefore obliged to evacuate Manheim and Neckerrau, and completely to re-pass the Rhine. [T 2] СНАР. CHA P. XV. Situation and Force of the French and Außrian Armies, in Italy, at the Bginning of 1799.-The French driven, with great Lofs, from the left Bank of the Adige.-Operations of the Auftrians on the Flanks of the French Army. The French, on the Fifth of April, defeated with great Lofs.— Retire to the Mincio.-And afterwards to the Chiefa.-The Aufrian General, Melas, paffes the Mincio with all his Army.—23,000 Ruffär Auxiliaries arrive with Marshal Suwarrow, who takes the chief Command of the Troops of the two Emperors.-Pefchiera and Mantua invefied.— Brefiia taken by the Allies.-Who march to the Oglio, which the French abandon.—Moreau fucceeds in the Command of the French Army to Scheerer, who was become the Object of public Animadverfion.—The Alliel Army encamps on the Adda.--Distribution of the French Forces on thu! River.—Diflodged therefrom on the Twenty-feventh, by Marshal Suwarre Battle of Caffano.—The French compelled to fiy towards Milan.—WING is entered by the Auftrians on the Twenty-eighth.--Embarrassing Situatio. of Moreau.―The Plan he determines to purjue.--Reduction of the Fortrek of Peschiera and Pizzighetone.-Plan of Operations purfued by Marjet Suwarrow.-Capture of the Cities of Tortona and Turin.—Moreau pałe the Bormida, and retreats towards Coni-Reduction of the Citadels f Milan and Ferrera.—The French driven from Ravenna.-General Mo donaid, with all his Army, evacuates the Kingdom of Naples.—Croffes th Appenines.-Makes himjelf Magier of Modena, Reggio, Parma, end Placentia, -But is defeated in a Series of Battles, on both Sides of the Trebbia, by Marshal Suzarrow.—Moreau, who had croffed the Appens, with a View of drawing near to Macdonald, and gained feveral Advantage, on the Approach of the Ruffian Commander, retires to Genoa.—Redučtí a of the Citadel of Turin.-Infurrection of the Inhabitants of TufcanyMacdonald accomplishes his Retreat and Junction with Moreau.—Alexandria and Mantua jurrender, by Capitulation.-Cardinal Ruffo, on the Twentieth of June, makes himself Mafter of the City of Naples.-Complète Deliverance, by the English Fleet, of the Kingdom of Naples.-Military Measures taken by the new French Directory.-The Command of the Army of Italy refiored to Joubert, who puts his Troops in Motion on the Eleventh of Augufi. Battle of Novi.-Ficlory long doubtful at last decided in Favour of the Allies.—Enormous Lojs on both Sides.—Conditional Capitul tation of Tortona, which falls on the Eleventh of September.-General Suwarrow fels off for Switzerland.-Coni becomes the the fole Obje&t of the Campaign.-March of the Neapolitans and the Aretines again ji Rome, General Garnier, French Commander, in Rome, Jurrenders the Roman Territory, by Capitulation, to Commodore Trowbridge.—Siege and Capture of Ancona. —And of Coni.—Other Places taken by the Auprians.—Gent and its fall Territory, the only Pofeffion remaining to the French, in Italy, at the Clofe of 1799.-Estimate of the Advantages gained on both Sides in the whole of the Campaign or Campaigns in Germany, Switzerland, and Italy.-Maritime Affairs. HE republican forces in Italy, confifted of nearly 80,000 French foldiers, and more than 50,000 Poles, Swits, Piedmontefe, Genoefe, Romans, or Neapolitans, difperfed from the frontiers of Piedmont. They were formed into two armies: one of which was called the army of Italy, and the other that of Naples. The army of Italy, confifting of 90.000, occupied the Modenele, the ftate of Genoa, Piedmont, the Milanefe, the Valtelline, and the countries of Brefcia, Bergamo, and Mantua. This difperfion of force, which a general hatred of the French rendered neceffary, reduced the number of men, who could be employed in active operations, to about 50,000. They were in cantonments to the banks of the lake of Garda, of the Minico, and of the Po, from the frontier of the Tyrol to the mouth of the laft-mentioned river. The army of Naples, confifting of about 40,000, occupied the capital and the conquered part of his Sicilian majefty's dominions, as alfo Rome, and the different provinces of the church. Though it had not to contend with regular troops, yet it was not without enemies, nor free from danger. On one hand, it had to guard againft the fiery population of Naples, while, on the other, it had to combat the inhabitants of Calabria, Bafilica, Tarentele, Puglia, and, in a word, of all the provinces fituated to the fouth; and Abruzza and Bene-, vento, which, conducted by cardinal Ruffo, at once a prieft, a politician, favour of their lawful fovereign. On a third fide, the fame army had to defend itfelf against the infurrections, in a great part of the states of the church, often checked, but never totally fuppreffed. The French army of Naples was diftin guithed by an infatiable thirst of plunder, and a fpirit of infubordination. Officers and foldiers all thought of nothing but plunder, not for the republic, but for themfelves. The commander-in-chief, Championet, withing to put a stop to thofe diforders, at leaft to make the plunder more fyftematic, and lefs under the wanton arbitrement of civil commiflaries, equally ignorant and regardless of military defigns, was deprived of his command, as has been feen, in chapter ninth, recalled into France, and threatened with the lofs of his head. His fucceffor, general Macdonald, knew better how to fubmit to the defpotifm of the directory, to the pride of their pro-confuls, and to the infubordination of his army. About the fame time, and nearly for fimilar reafons, general Joubert had loft the command of the army of Italy, which had been given to Scheerer, commonly called The Peculator, who poffeffed the confidence of the directory in the fame degree that he had loft that of the nation, and who, in order to accept that command, had quitted the place of minifter of war. Scheerer arrived in Italy about the end of [T3] February. February. The Auftrian army, at a fhort diftance from the French army of Italy, occupied the parallel line of the Adige, from the Italian Tyrol to beyond Rovigo. About 30,000 men were diftributed along this line, while the army of referve, amounting to nearly the fame number, were cantoned in the Trevifano, Carniola, and Fruili. All thefe troops were under the command of general Kray, until lieutenant-general Melas fhould come to take the chief command. From this ftatement it appears that the French had a vaft fuperiority, in point of number, but that the Auftrians had their forces concentered on a fhort line, and that they could not be attacked on that line while the French and their auxiliaries were fcattered over the furface of Italy, from the foot of the Alps to the gulphs of Naples and Manfredonia, had conftantly to keep in fubjećtion, and often to combat, a population of above ten millions of fouls, and were obliged to guard the coafts of the Mediterranean and the Adriatic, on which hoftile troops might, at any time, be landed by the EngJifh, Ruffian, and Turkish fleets, which held the dominion of the two feas, blocked up the ports of Corfu, -Ancona, and Malta, and frequently appeared before thofe of Leghorn, Civita-Vecchia, and Naples. The talk allotted to the army of Italy, was, to pierce through the Jine of the Adige, to drive the Auftrians behind the Brenta, and even, if poffible, out of Italy, and at leaft to penetrate into the fouthern parts of the Tyrol, while Malena hould attack it on the eat, and Jourdan on the north: in a word, to ferround and conquer that province, at once the ramparts of the heredi tary states, and the key of Germ my and Italy. The Auftrians had taken three principal pofitions on the Adige, which were well fortified, and well chofen. The first was an entrenched camp at Pastrengo, near Buffolengo; the fecond pofition was oppofite to Verona, and confifted of entrenchments thrown up on all the avenues to that place. It was intended as a point of fupport, both for the right and left, and therefore it was the most important: for which reafon a camp had been established behind it, on the road of Vicenza, to be occupied by the troops of referve quartered in Trevifano and Fruili. The third and left hand pofition was, the fortified town of Legnago. Nothing material happened between the two armies till the twenty-fifth of March. On the twenty-fixth, general Scheerer, his army formed in fix divifions, and confifting of about 45,000 men, marched against the three principal pofitions of their opponents. The battle was very obftinate during the whole daySeveral pofts were ken and retaken. The Auftrians acknow. ledged, in the conflict of that day, 2,800 killed and wounded. The French fuffered as feverely, but they loft only 300 men in prifonersScheerer had complete fuccefs, and maintained his equality in the centre: but his right divifion, which was ordered to take and burn Legnago, twice repulfed by the Au ftrian advanced polis, were com pletely routed, and obliged to fy towards Mantua, leaving above 2000 men killed and wounde! with 600 prifoners, and eleven pieces of cannon. The Polish legi on of Dombroutky, computed almof entirely of Astirian dietters, ha |