the next morning, by three difcharges from the whole of the artillery; that of all the different divifions of the army; that of the park; and that of the marine, or flotilla, on the Nile. Immediately the generale was beaten through the whole city, and all the troops, in the higheft order, appeared under arms, in the place of Elbecquier. In this place a circle had been traced of two hundred fathoms diameter, of which the circumference was formed by one hundred and five columns, decorated with three-coloured flags, bearing the names of all the departments. Thele pillars were united by a double row of garlands, embematical of the unity and indivifibilty of all the parts of the French republic. One of the entries into the circle was decorated by a triumphal arch, on which was pourtrayed the battle of the Pyramids: the other by a portico, above which were placed feveral Arabic infcriptions. Of thele there was one as follows: "There is no God but one God, and Mahomet is his prophet." In the middle of the circle, there was raised an obelisk of granite, of the height of feventy feet. On one of its faces was engraven, in letters of gold, To the French republic, ann.7: on that oppofite to it, To the expulfon of the Mammalukes, ann. 6. On the collaterial fides, thefe two infcriptions were tranflated into Arabic. The pedestal of the obelifk was embellished with bas reliefs; on the adjoining ground, feven altars in the ancient ftyle, intermixed with candlefticks, fupported trophies of arms, furmounted with three-coloured flags, and civic crowns. the centre of each of thefe trophies, there was a lift of thofe brave men, In of each divifion, who fell in the act of delivering Egypt from the yoke of the Mammalukes. As foon as all the troops had affembled, and were drawn up on the place of L'becquier, the commander-in-chiel, accompanied by his staff officers, the generals of divifions, the comntary-general, the commiflaries of war, and of civil adminiftrations, artifts and men of feience, the Liaya, or Turkish officer, next in authority to the bathaw, the emir Hadji, and the members of the divan, (of which we shall presently give fome account) both of Cairo and the provinces. The commander-in-chief, with his fuite, feated themfelves on the platform that ran round the obelifk. Superb carpets covered the mount on which it ftood. The mufic of the different demigrades ftruck up warlike marches, and patriotic airs, and fongs of victory. The troops, after going through their exercifes with great readiness and precifion, came and arranged themselves around the obelisk: when a proclamation, by the com‐ mander-in-chief, for the difcipline of the army, and the good govern ment and well being of Egypt was read aloud, by the adjutant-general. It was liftened to with the moft profound filence, and followed by repeated cries of vive la republique. A hymn was performed at the orcheftra, and the troops filed off, in perfect order, before the general-inchief, who returned with his company to his quarters. The whole of this company, with feveral Turkish officers and Arabian chiefs, who had come up during the exhibition, were invited to dinner at the general's houfe; where a fumptuous table was provided, of one hundred hundred and fifty covers. The French colours were united with the Turkish, the cap of liberty was placed by the fide of the crefcent, and the rights of man by the Koran. The gaiety of the French was tempered with the gravity of the Turks. The Muffelmen were left to their own choice of meats and drinks, and expreffed great fatisfaction with the attentions that were fhewn them. After dinner, feveral toafts were drank. The commander-in-chief gave, for a toast, To the three hundredth year of the French republic. One of his aides-de-camp, To the legislative bodies, and the executive directory. Mongé, prefident of the Egyptian inftitute, To the perfection of the human understanding, and the advancement of knowledge. General Berthier, To the expulsion of the Mammalukes, and the profperity of the people of Egypt. Other toafts were given, but these were the chief. Each toast was received with unanimous plaudits, and fuitable airs of mufic. Patriotic couplets, fung by the foldiery, concluded this civic feast. furrounded the place of Elbecquier. The intent of this entertainment, it will readily be perceived, was, to imprefs the minds of the Egyptians with a fenfe of the power, art, and magnificence of the French nation, and of their respect for Muffelmen, and good-will towards all the Egyptians. Nor was it by profeffions alone, that Buonaparte ftudied to gain the attachment and confidence of the people among whom, according to his own phrafe, the French had come to dwell, but by actions. In order to please the people, and difpel their apprehenfions of fome unknown impending calamities; the opening of the canal of Cairo, was this year accompanied by even greater ceremony and pomp than ufual. On this occafion the general diftributed confiderable fums, in alms, among the poor, and gave an entertainment to the notables of Cairo. In like manner he gave a confiderable fum for defraying the expenfe of a magnificent feaft, in honour of the birth-day of the prophet. Having, on that occafion, declared himfelf the protector of all At four o'clock, foot and horfe religions, he received, from the races began, and the prizes were Muffelmen, the name of Ali Buonaadjudged to the victors, who were parte. But the overt-act, by which borne in triumph around the circus. he moft fignally difplayed regard to At the close of the day, the whole the grand feignior, the head of of the circumference of this was il- Muffelmen on earth, was his perluminated in the moft brilliant man-mitting all the Turkish veffels in ner. The pillars, the intermediate garlands, and the triumphal arches were hung with chryftal lamps, which produced the happieft effect. At eight o'clock, there was a beautiful difplay of fire-works, accompanied, at different intervals, by difcharges of mufquetry and artillery. A confiderable number of Turkifh ladies enjoyed the fpectacle from the windows and tops of the houfes that Alexandria, as well as all neutral veffels, either to remain or fet fail for their respective deftinations, at their pleafure, and fetting free and fending to Conftantinople, on board thofe veffels, with a letter to the grand vizier, fraught with many profefiions of regard and even fubordination to the Porte, the Turkifh flaves, in number of three hundred, whom he had found at Malta. Malta. He made prefents to Turks, Greeks, and Arabs. He patronized ftri&t juftice between man and man: he gave free palfage and protection to the pilgrims going to and from Mecca, and encouraged all kinds of commerce. On the fifth of Auguft, when in purfuit of Ibrahim Bey, he had the good fortune to fall in with different parties of Arabs, who had taken a great part of a caravan, on its return from Mecca. He fent the pilgrims and merchants, under a proper escort, to Cairo. He found a number of prædial flaves whom he encouraged, and endeavoured to raise, by hope, to induftry, and the dignity of men, by giving them lands to be culti vated on their own account. He gave equal rights of inheritance to all the children of the fame parents. He improved the condition of women, by giving them a certain portion of their hufband's goods, at their decease, and the right of difpofing of it. He encouraged marriages between his foldiers and the natives, and endeavoured to reftrain polygamy. He eftablished fchools for the inftruction of the young French, Cophts, and Arabs, in French, Arabic, geography, and mathematics. He was a friend to thews, feftivities, games, and other diverfions; in all which he wifhed the French and the natives to mingle together. And he fubmitted, as a problem, to the inftitute by what inftruments and airs, the minds of thefe laft, might be the most readily and effectually impreffed through the power of mufic. By his orders, iffued about the middle of September, a general affembly was to be held, on or before the twelfth of October, of all the nota bles throughout the fourteen provinces, into which Egypt is divided. Deputations from each of thefe provinces were to form a general council, or divan, for the government of the nation at the capital, Grand Cairo. Each deputation was to confift of three men of the law, three merchants, and three fheicks, or chiefs, of Arabs. The French generals, commanding the different provinces, had it in charge to choose the perfons who fhould form the affemblies of notables, in the particular provinces, out of thofe perfons who had most influence with the people, and were the moft diftinguifhed for their knowledge, their talents, and the manner in which they had received the French: They were charged to take special care not to name any perfons for notables, who had declared again!! the French: but to take a note of their names, and transmit them to the general-in-chief. A regifteroffice was established for titles to eftates, and other deeds that might be produced as evidence. The members of the divan allowed liberal falaries, and every measure was taken that might tend to reconcile the Egyptians to the government of their new mafters. In pursuance of the orders of the general, deputies from all the provinces of Egypt, affembled at Cairo, on the eight of October, and held their firft fitting under the title of the general divan. In this affembly Mongé and Bartholet performed the functions of commiflaries on the part of the French. The beauty of the Turkish drefs, the gravity of the perfons who wore them, and the numerous domestics in their train, confpired to fhed on the general divan an air of majefty. The Arabian Arabian chief, Abdalla Kezkaori, is inveterate and unchangeable. was chofen prefident. The only bufinefs tranfacted in the divan was the paffing into laws, or the giving confent to the decrees of the general. But this fhew of freedom could fcarcely be expected to impofe on the weakest minds. Befides the presence of the French commiffioners, and the manner of the appointment of the notables, there were other circumstances which brought the subjection of the Mufielmen till more forcibly to their recollection. Orders had been given, that the whole of the inhabitants of Egypt fhould wear the three-coloured cockade; that all the Egyptian veffels (called germes) navigating the Nile, fhould hoift the three-coloured flag. And this flag was flying from the great pyramid, the pillar of Pompey, and the loftieft minaret of the caftle of Cairo, and the higheft minaret of all the places of note in the fourteen provinces. To the members of the divan alone it was permitted to wear, by way of diftinction, if they chofe it, threecoloured fhawls on their fhoulders. A government refembling, as near as circumstances would admit, the form of the French republic, was organized throughout Egypt. A land-tax was impofed on all the villages in all the provinces. And a tax on houses in Grand Cairo, and other cities. Though it has been an easy matter to produce fudden effects on the minds of barbarians and femi-barbarians, it is extremely difficult, by any powers of reafoning or improvements, however beneficial, to produce any permanent change in their fyftem of thinking; which, in proportion to the paucity of their ideas, Neither the grand divan at Cairo, nor the fubordinate councils, anfwered the fanguine expectations of Buonaparte. Murmurs of difcontent were foon intermingled with the deliberations of the national affembly of Muffelmen. Every innovafion, it was generally agreed, though not at first refolutuly expreffed, was contrary to the Koran, which had forefeen and provided for all cafés, worthy of confideration. These murmurs did not elcape the vigilance of the French commander, who had his fpies in every place, and was informed of every thing that paffed. He endeavoured to preferve peace and good order, by meafures of prevention. Out of the numbers of individuals who were followers, and employed in various fervices of the government and army; and all the Europeans, of whatever nation, refiding at Cairo, he formed, about the beginning of October, ten companies of national guards, not to he employed as regulars, but to occupy and maintain certain appointed pofts in the city, on any announced emergency. It was not long before the infurrection apprehended burft forth. On the twenty-fixth of that month, immenfe crowds, armed with fpears and fharp ftones, affembled in and around the grand mofque, and every other mofque in Cairo. These were the fortrelles in which they were to make their ftand, and from which to make their attacks. A fecret correfpondence was established between the Mahometan priefts and the Mammalukes; fome of whom were concealed in different houses, in the garb of women. General Dupuy, at the head of a regiment of dragoons, repaired to the grand mofque, mofque, to difperfe the multitude that was every moment increafing. He was furionfly attacked, and mortally wounded. Not a few of his men were killed. The rest carried back the general to his quarters, where he died in a few hours thereafter. The alarm being given, the whole of the French were iminediately under arms. The general gave orders for a battalion to march against the grand mofque, where the Turks were aflembled, to the number of eight or ten thoufand. They were fummoned, but decidedly refufed to furrender. The ritadel then fired on the city, particularly the grand mofque, into which there fell feveral bombs, exciting terror and defpair. Other battalions were fent against the other mofques, in the avenues and approaches to which the Turks were attacked, and driven back into the molques. The doors of these were forced by the French, who made a dreadful flaughter. But the Muffalmen, though defeated, were not yet conquered. The place of the Bain was fupplied by new comba tants, and the content was prolong ed. This was a terrible day, and fcarcely was that which followed lefs bloody. Not a Turk who was armed with fo much as a club, or a fione, efcaped with life. The Turks, on their part, affaffinated every in'dividual, or small party of French, whom they found in the ftreets. They burst into the houses of the French, and plundered them; and, if any European domeftics were found, they were put to the fword. Some traces of the infurrection remained till the twenty-third of October: towards the evening of which the city began to refume the appearance of tranquillity. The lofs of the VOL. XLI. infurgents was calculated, by the French, at five or fix thoufand men : that of the French themfelves, in killed and wounded, was stated by them not to have exceed a hundred, in killed and wounded. And this lofs, it was alfo ftated, was owing to a fhower of heavy ftones thrown on the French, from the tops of houles. In this affair the Greeks, at Cairo, took a decided. and active part on the fide of the French. Some of them took up arms in their caufe, while its iffue was yet dubious: a greater number, after it was decided, were active in the difcovery of fugitives. All the prifoners, whom they brought to the different military ftations in Cairo, and who were found guilty on evi dence, we may prefume not very fcrupulous, were put to death. The difguifed Mammalukes, conformably to a former decree, underwent the fame fate. Several parties of the infurgents retaining their arms, endeavoured to efcape death by a precipate flight; but thefe unfortunat> men were aflailed by double terrors. While they were purfued by general Danourt, at the head of a body of cavalry, they were met in front by the Arabs of the defart, who are equally oftile to all ftrangers, Turks, Europeans, and Egyptians, and fometimes parties of their own nation; all ftrangers not of their own tribe. They are always on horfeback, and live in the midst of the defart. Their ferocity is equal to the wretched life they lead, expofed for whole days to the burning heat of the fun, without a drop of water to drink. They are perfidious, and, maintaining a conftant ftruggle for the maintenance of their own exiftence, are but little fufceptible of humanity and compaffion for others. [C] They |