ing that set forth in the Relief act; returned a
second time for Clare, and takes his seat, 241;
moves an amendment in the king's speech;
coarseness of his language; Stanley's reply to;
the amendment rejected, 319; again attacked by
Mr. Stanley, 323, 324; condemns the appropria-
tion of funds to be sanctioned by the Irish church
reform bill, 326; his speech on the repeal of the
Union question, 1834, 343; his amendment on
the Irish tithe bill, 347; his alleged compact with
the Melbourne Whig government, 368; his efforts
to bring about a repeal of the Union, 502, 503;
arrested for conspiring, 503; tried, 511, 512; found
guilty and punished, 512; appeals for a reversal of
his sentence, which he obtains; Ireland celebrates
his triumph, 520; loss of his demagogic power,
521; his last parliamentary speech; died May 15,
1847, 549

O'Connor, Arthur, a member of the Irish Directory;
tried for high treason, May, 1797; acquitted, vii.

363

O'Connor, Feargus, insists upon parliament's test-
ing the repeal question, 1834, viii. 343; attempts
to rouse the people to rebel, 413, 414, 417; heads
the chartist movements of 1848, 559
Oglethorpe, general, promotes the state of prisons
inquiry, 1729, 1730, vi. 63, 64; pursues the retreat-
ing army of the rebels, 1745, 157.
O'Hara, general, commands the Toulon garrison;
wounded; taken prisoner, 1793, vii. 289, 290,
Oliver, alderman, his share in the arrest of a House
of Commons officer, 1771; imprisoned in the Tower,
vi. 317-319

Oliver the Spy acts as government spy against re-
formers, 1817, viii. 80-82

Omichund, engages in a conspiracy to depose Sura-
jah Dowlah; Clive's treachery towards, vi. 224,
225; causes him to die an idiot, 226

Onslow, sir Richard; chosen speaker of the House
of Commons, 1708, v. 341; retires from the
speakership; 1761; pensioned, vi. 246
Onslow, colonel, his proceedings against printers
for publishing parliamentary debates, 1771, vi.

317

Opium trade, circumstances connected with the,
which led to the war with China, viii. 443-445
Oporto taken possession of by Soult, Mar. 29, 1809,
vii. 510

Orange, prince of, relieves Charleroi, 1794, vii, 311;
engaged at Waterloo, viii. 29, 31

Orange, princess of, arrested; her cause espoused
by the king of Prussia, vii. 150, 151
Oregon question, settlement of the, viii. 542, 543
Orford, earl of. See Walpole, Robert; Russell, Adm.
Edward.

Orleans, duke of, regent of France; refuses to aid
the Pretender against England, 1715, vi. 9; de-
sires England to support his claim to the throne,
27; his lenity towards Alberoni, 35; informs the
British government of the proposed Jacobite ex-
pedition to Scotland, 1719, 36; and the Jacobite
plot of 1722, 48; died 1723, 54

Orleans, duke of, banished Paris for taking part, in
a discussion, against the court, 1788, vii. 163; as-
sumes the name of Egalité; votes for Louis XVI.'s
death, 251, 252; his defence for so doing, 252;
imprisoned at Marseilles, 277; executed Nov.
1793, 293

Orleans, duke of. See Louis XVIII. of France.
Ormond, duke of, makes, in conjunction with sir
George Rooke, an unsuccessful expedition to
Cadiz, v. 261; put in command of the British
forces, 1712; receives secret instructions from the
ministry not to hazard a battle, while there was
a chance of negotiating peace; besieges Quesnoy;
it surrenders July 4, 392; proclaims an armistice
with France; withdraws his forces from the
allied army, 393; his march from Ghent to
Bruges, 396; impeached of high treason; flies to
France; an act of attainder passed against him,
1715, vi. 5; passes from France into Spain, 35;
appointed to command a proposed expedition
against England, 36

Orrel, captain, his interest at the riots of 1710, v. 356
Orrery, earl of, arrested, and sent to the Tower,
1722, for conspiring, vi. 48

647

Orthez, battle of, Feb. 27, 1814, vii. 569
Osborne, lord S. G., draws attention to the condi-
tion of the Dorsetshire labourers, viii. 397, 398
Otaheite discovered, 1767; visited by captain Cook
and Bougainville, vii. 261; dispute between France
and England as to the national rights over, viii.
521, 522
Otto, M., negotiates the preliminaries of peace,
1801, vii. 407, 408; remonstrates against the
newspaper remarks on Bonaparte, 416
Oudenarde, battle of, July 11, 1708, v. 337, 338
Outram, major, British resident at Hyderabad;
attacked by the Beloochees, viii. 509

Oxford, his attempt upon the queen's life: ac-
quitted on the ground of insanity; remarks on
this acquittal, viii. 428, 429

Oxford, Robert Harley, earl of; a Tory leader;
moves for the disbanding of the troops, Dec.
1798, v. 231; chosen speaker by the fifth parlia
ment of William III., 1701, 244; speaker of Anne's
first parliament, 1702, 262; he is turned out of
the ministry by Marlborough and the Whigs,
1708, 333, 335; has private audiences with the
queen; commences a system of political intrigue
with her, 339; the impeachment of Sacheverel
brings him in opposition with Godolphin, 349;
his intrigues are successful; Godolphin is dis-
missed, and himself is made chancellor of the
exchequer, 1710, 363; is seriously opposed by the
Tories; stabbed by Guiscard, Mar. 8, 1711, at a
privy council sitting, 371; which leads to his
being made earl of Oxford, and lord high trea-
surer, and to the establishment of his ministerial
influence, 372, 373; carries on a secret negotia-
tion with France for peace, 377; invites Eugene
to dinner, 391; quarrels with Bolingbroke; he is
dismissed from office, 1714, 400; lord Coningsby
impeaches him of high treason, 1715; he is com-
mitted to the Tower, vi. 5; upon petitioning for
release in 1717 he is put upon trial, and acquitted,
but not included in the act of grace passed soon
after, 30; his national debt proposal, 40
Oxfordshire, agricultural condition of, vii. 10

PAGET, lord. See Anglesey.

Paine, Thomas, author of "The Rights of Man"
his early career, vii. 203; invites the Parisians to
establish a republic, 204; found guilty of libel in
publishing his book, 248; a member of the Na-
tional Convention of France, ibid.; votes that
Louis XVI. be imprisoned and banished, 252
Pains and Penalties bill passed against two Irish
priests, 1723, vi. 49; and against Atterbury,
bishop of Rochester, 49, 50; against queen Caro-
line introduced, 1820; examination into the evi-
dence; trial of the queen; abandonment of the
bill, viii. 168-172

Painters in Water Colours, Society of, started 1805,
viii. 155

Painting; celebrated painters in England from
Henry VIII.'s time to William III. v. 461; general
decline of portrait painting from Lely to Rey-
nolds, by whom it was restored, 462; low
state of the art of, temp. George II. vii. 67;
formation of the English school of, initiated
by Hogarth idea of a royal academy started
by Thornhill previous to 1724; revived in
1749; public exhibition of paintings in 1760,
and 1761, the first practical embodiment of the
idea, 68; exhibition of designs for sign-boards,
69; sign painters, 69, 70; foundation of the
Royal Academy, Dec. 10, 1768, 70, 71; the British
Institution established, viii. 150, 151; the Na-
tional and Dulwich galleries, 151; rise of water
colour painting; Society of Painters in Water
Colours formed 1805, 155

Pakenham, sir Edward, commands the British
army in America, 1814, viii. 17; his appearance
raises the confidence of the army, 18; his ad-
vance upon New Orleans, and struggle with
general Jackson; organizes an attack upon the
enemy, Jan. 7, ibid.; in which he is mortally
wounded, 19

Paley, his high intellectual position among English
churchmen, viii. 124

Palliser, sir Hugh, accuses admiral Keppel of
misconduct and incapacity, vi. 393; tried by
court-martial; acquitted, 394

Palm, German minister in London; disavows the
secret articles of the treaty of Vienna; ordered
to leave England, vi. 55

Palm, J. P., executed by the French for publish-
ing a certain book, Aug. 26, 1806, vii. 472
Palmer, Thomas Fysshe, sentenced to transporta-
tion for advocating a reform in the representa-
tion of the people, vii. 299

Palmerston, lord, secretary at war, 1809, vii. 526,
1820, viii. 158; in the Canning cabinet, 210;
joins the Wellington ministry, 1828, 228; opposes
lord Russell's motion for the repeal of the Corpo-
ration and Test acts, 233; resigns office with Mr.
Huskisson and the other Canningites, 234;
secretary of state for foreign affairs, 267, 381;
advocates reform, 1831, 275; success of his policy
towards France, 430; denies having visited Louis
Napoleon for two years previous to 1840; his con-
versation with Guizot on the fleets of England
and France, 433; absurdly suspected of being in
the pay of Russia, 434; advocates free trade in
the debate on the sugar duties, 438

Pamplona surrendered to the British, Oct. 31, 1813,
vii. 566

Paoli, the Corsican patriot; defends the island
against the French, 1768, vi. 322; becoming an
exile, he seeks refuge in England, 323; organizes
a revolt against the French, 1794, vii. 315
Paris, entry of the allies and Louis XVIII. into,
July 1815, viii. 41

Paris, peace of, signed Feb. 10, 1763; its terins, vi.
256, 257, 467; treaty of, May 15, 1796, vii. 412;
peace of, July 20, 1806, 578; peace of, Jan. 6,
1810, 550; treaty of, ratified by Napoleon and the
allies, April 11, 1814, 581; between France and
the allies, May 30, 1815, 581, viii. 24; peace of,
Nov. 20, 1815, 42, 382

Parker, Hyde, admiral; engages the Dutch off the
Dogger Bank, 1781, vi. 421; commands the fleet
against the Danes, 1801, vii. 402; allows Nelson
to fight and win the naval battle of Copenhagen,
402, 403

Parker, Richard, chosen president of the delegates
of the mutineers at the Nore, May, 1797; trial,
and early career; executed at Sandwich, June
30, vii. 341

Parkyns, sir William, concerned in a conspiracy
against William III. 1696, v. 187, et seq.; is exe-
cuted, 191

Parliamentary reform; two attempts at reforming
parliament made, v. 159; Chatham recommends,
vi. 304, 305; agitates the public mind, 1780, 401;
Pitt's scheme of, proposed, 441, and rejected,
442; his second bill for, produced, vii. 136; re-
jection of his third bill for, 146; in Ireland, 361,
362; taken up by ignorant and uneducated per-
sons, viii. 72, 73; Cobbett advocates it, 73; the
Hampden club reformers, 74, 75; Burdett twice
revives the question of, 97, 102; lord Russell
becomes a reformer and obtains the disfranchise-
ment of Grampound, 102; cases of borough cor-
ruption, 233, 234; preparation of the Reform bill,
270 lord John Russell introduces the bill before
a full house, 271; purport of the bill, 271, 272;
its reception by the opposition, 272; sir R.
Inglis's reply, 272, 273; debate on the bill, 274-
276; Macaulay's speech, 274, 275; speeches of
Palmerston and Peel, 275; defeat of the minis-
ters in committee, 276; introduction of separate
Reform bills for England, Scotland, and Ireland,
278; Macaulay's speech on the English Reform
bill, 278, 279; the bill is read a second time and
passed into committee; Mr. Croker's steady
opposition to it, 279; his fears as to the results
of its passing, 279, 280; the bill passes from the
Commons to the Lords, 280; the five nights'
debate; speeches of carl Grey, 281, 283; of the
duke of Wellington, 281, 282; of lords Dudley,
282; Eldon, 282, 283; and Brougham, 283; the
bill thrown out by the Lords, 283, 284; resolu-
tions of the Commons, 284; the king's speech
again recommends reform; new bill introduced
by lord John Russell; alterations contained in

it; second reading of bill in Commons; passed
by them; introduced into the Lords, 294; scene
at the second reading; defeat of the ministers in
committee, 295; the king refuses to create peers
to insure the passing of the bill; the ministers
resign; the Commons implore the king to call
another reform ministry, 296; the king consents
to the creation of peers; abatement of the oppo-
sition of the anti-reform peers, 299, 300; passing
of the Reform bills for Great Britain and Ireland,
June and July, 1832, 300; changes effected by
the working of the reform acts, 301-310; fears of
anti-reformers, 310, 311

Partition Treaty, negotiations between England and
France for a, v. 226; the partition scheme origi-
nated with France, ibid.; the negotiations are
carried on, 227; correspondence and proceedings
of William in connection with the first, 228; it
is signed Oct. 11, 1698, by Portland and sir J.
Williamson, 229, 388; stipulations of the first,
ibid.; the second signed in 1700, 230, 388
Paterson, William, proposes the scheme of a great
national bank, 1691, which is carried out by the
establishment of the Bank of England in 1694,
v. 171; obtains a 300,000 subscription for form-
ing a company for trading to Africa and the
Indies, 215, 216; sails with the colony for Darien,
July 26, 1698; quarrels with the ship's officers
and the council, 218; he is attacked by fever,
June, 1699, 221

Paul, Lewis, his cotton machine, vii. 44, 45
Paul I. of Russia, succeeds Catherine, favours the
French interests, vii. 330; joins the coalition
against France, 382; won back to the French
side, 393; assassinated, 1801, 405; emperor, 1796-
1801, 574

Paull, James, brings charges against the marquis of
Wellesley, vii. 453, 454, 461; duel with Burdett;
commits suicide, 1807, 462

Paving and Lighting Act, passed 1762, viii. 65, 66
Pearson, captain, his naval engagement with Paul
Jones; defeated, vi. 398

Peel, sir Robert, first returned to parliament, 1809;
chosen chairman of the currency committee; de-
clares himself open to conviction, viii. 100; modi-
fications of his views regarding the currency
question, 100, 101; passing of the act called
Peel's act, 101; appointed home secretary, 1822,
178, 195; objects to the extent of Mackintosh's
measures for abolishing capital punishment,
195; his high position as an anti-Catholic par-
tisan, 201; debate with Canning, the head of the
Catholic party, on the Catholic question, 203,
204; resigns his office on Canning becoming
minister, 1827, 204, 205; freedom from acrimony
in his opposition to Canning, 205; his testimony
in favour of Canning's political integrity, 207;
his share in the negotiations for the premiership,
211; home secretary in the Wellington adminis-
tration, 227; consulted by Wellington in the for-
mation of the new cabinet, 227, 228; gradual
advocacy of liberal principles, 228; adoption of
his motion for inquiry into the public income
and expenditure, and the state of the metro-
politan police, 232; proposes a compromise of
the bill for repealing the test and corporation
acts, 233; refuses to acquiesce in the govern-
ment's bringing forward the relief bill, 236; con-
sents to continue in office on Wellington earnestly
soliciting him to do so, 237; vacates his seat for
Oxford, bed.; fails to be re-elected; but obtains
the seat for Westbury, 238; speech explanatory
of the bill for the relief of Roman Catholics, 239;
solemnly affirms that his conduct with respect to
this question was regulated by honest motives,
240; compels Mr. Brougham to apologise for his
strong language against the Wellington ministry,
245, 246; his retirement from office, 1830, 264, 265;
his emotion at the introduction of the reform
bill, March, 1831, 272; his reply to lord Palmer-
ston's speech, 275; refuses to advocate reform
upon any terms, 1832, 298; his declaration
as to reform, 1833, 320; speech of, supporting
government in the Irish Coercion bill, 324; Cob-
bett's motion to have him dismissed the privy
council, 325; his narrative of his appointment

to the premiership, 351, 352; first lord of the
treasury and chancellor of the exchequer, 1834,
353; formation of his ministry, 353, 354; list of
his cabinet; his Tamworth manifesto, 354; gene-
ral principles of his government, 355, 356; minis-
terial defeats, 355-357; supports the amendment
on the motion for a London university charter,
357; speech of, on explaining the cause of his
resignation, 357, 358; acts the part of moderator
in the dispute between the two houses 364;
eulogises William IV., 377; his solicitude as to
the condition of the labouring classes, 418; fails
in forming a new ministry on account of the
Queen's refusing to dismiss the ladies of the bed-
chamber, 420; speaks against free-trade prin-
ciples, 438; moves that the ministry have not
the confidence of the House of Commons, 439;
his speech on the address, 440; difficulties of his
position, 441; proclaims the necessity of the war
with China, 446; supports Macaulay's amend-
ments to the copyright bill, 465; his reserve as
to his policy, and of the intended course to be
pursued in the corn-law question, 492, 493; his
opinions on this question, 494, 495; introduces a
bill for better protecting the queen's person,
497; his debate with lord Palmerston as to his
policy towards France, 497, 498; considers the
Ashburton treaty decisive of the boundary ques-
tion, 498; resolves to maintain the union with
Ireland, 502; his speech on the state of Ireland,
512; considers the prosperous state of the country
a justification of his financial policy of 1842, 512,
513; advocates protection to agriculture, 513;
his position reviewed, 513, 514; his bank act
passed, 514; its advantages and disadvantages,
514, 515; objects to lord Ashley's ten-hour clause
in sir J. Graham's bill for regulating factory
labour, 515, 516; conduct of, in the sugar-duty de-
bate; Mr. Disraeli's hostility towards, 517; re-
marks of, on the Tahiti affair, 521; his financial
statement for 1845, 525, 526; opposition to his pro-
posals, 526; again attacked by Mr. Disraeli, 527,
528; introduces the government plans for a grant
to Maynooth college, 528; denunciations poured
upon him, 528, 529; his measure carried, 529;
Tory bitterness towards, 530; apprehends a
failure of the potato crop, 530, 531; proposes a
modification of the corn-laws, 531; dissensions
in his cabinet as to suspending the corn-laws,
532, 533; he resigns his premiership, 533; refuses
to pledge himself to support the repeal of the
corn-laws, 533, 534; his parting interview with
the queen, 534; reassumes his office, 534, 535;
the duke of Wellington's admiration of his
courage, 535; ministerial explanation of; deter-
mines to hold his power unshackled, 536; again
attacked by Mr. Disraeli, 536, 537; his new tariff
and corn-law bill, 537, 538; debate on his plans,
538: his speech in support of his measures, 538,
539; adoption of his bills, 539, 540; the bill for
the protection of life in Ireland, rejected; vio-
lent attack on, by lord Bentinck; defended by
Mr. Cobden, 540, 541; vindicates his own conduct;
resigns office, 541; opposed to limiting the hours
of factory labour, 552.

Peerage bill introduced; rejected, 1719, vi. 37, 38
Pelham, Henry, speaks against the motion for re-
pealing the Septennial act, 1734, vi. 74; appointed
first lord of the treasury, Aug. 1743, 111, 112,
320; succeeds Walpole in his command of the
House of Commons, 112; turned out of office for
48 hours; conducts the financial part of the
administration, 178; regarded the peace of Aix-
la-Chapelle as a necessity; his despondency at
the weakness of the nation, 183; proposes the
reduction of the national debt interest, 184;
death of, March 6, 1754, 197; first lord of the
treasury and chancellor of the exchequer, 1743-
1754, 320

Pellegrini, Antonio, a ceiling painter, v. 463
Peltier, trial of, for libelling Bonaparte, 1803, vi. 420,
421; Mackintosh's speech in defence of, 421, 422
Pembroke, Thomas Herbert, earl of, represents
England at the conferences at Ryswick, 1697, v.

198

Pendergrass, See Portland, earl of, v. 189

649

Penn, Richard, governor of Pennsylvania; en-
trusted with the presentation of a petition to the
king, 1775, vi. 360; examined in the House of
Lords, 361

Penny Magazine started, 1832; large circulation of,
proof of the increased desire for knowledge, viii.
311, 312

Penny Postage. See Post.

Perceval, Spencer, opens the case for the crown in
the trial of Peltier, 1803, vii. 421; opposes the
bill for promoting the enlistment of Roman
Catholics, 479; chancellor of the exchequer,
1807, vii. 480; moves that the duke of York is
innocent of the charge brought against him, 509;
premier, 1809; constitution of his ministry, 526;
his ministry retained on the prince of Wales
becoming Regent, Feb. 1811, 535; assassinated in
the lobby of the House of Commons by Belling-
ham, May 11, 1812, 540-541

Perron commands the Scindia's army, vii. 455; de-
feated by general Lake; puts himself under
British protection, 456

Persigny, M. de, aids Louis Napoleon in his
enterprize at Strasbourg, 1837; effects his escape,

viii. 375

Perth, duke of. See Drummond, James.
Peter the Great, czar of Muscovy, visits England
in 1698; Evelyn's house is hired for him; he en-
gages himself as a ship carpenter; description of,
vi. 211; career of, from 1698 to 1709, 345; when
his empire is invaded by Charles XII. of Sweden,
whom he defeats at Pultowa, July 8, 1709, 346;
enters Mecklenberg and threatens Denmark,
1716, vi. 28

Peterborough, Charles Mordaunt, earl of, im-
peached, 1689, v. 98; his early career, 292; and
character, 293; he is sent on an expedition to
Spain, ibid.; opposes the prince of Darinstadt's
and the archduke Charles' plan of besieging
Barcelona; but finally agrees to it, 294; quarrels
with the prince of Darmstadt, ibid.; attacks
Montjuich; his men are repulsed, he rallies
them, and finally reduces the post; Barcelona
soon after surrenders, 1702, 295; raises the siege
of San Mateo; pursues Las Torres and his army;
commences operations for the defence of Valencia,
296; removes the besieging army under Arcos
out of his path, and obtains admission into Va-
lencia by a stratagem, 1706, 297; defeats Philip's
troops, ibid.; relieves Barcelona, 298; goes to
Madrid; his gaiety of temper as shown by a
letter, ibid.; his disgust at Charles; leaves him ;
returns to Spain, 1707; recalled by government,
299; his subsequent occupations, 300; receives
the thanks of parliament for his services in
Spain, 368

Petion, Villeneuve, sent by the National Assembly
to conduct Louis XVI. back to France, 1791, vii.
202; chosen mayor of Paris, 205; his conduct in
the insurrection of June 20, 1792, 221; popula-
rity of, 222; heads a deputation demanding the
king's deposition, 224

Petticoat costume, 18th century, v. 419
Petty, lord Henry. See Lansdown, lord.
Phigaleian marbles, vii. 150

Philadelphia occupied by the British, 1777, vi.
378.

Philip V. of Spain succeeds to the throne, 1700, v.
243; enters Catalonia, 1706; besieges Charles in
Barcelona, 297; Peterborough compels him to
raise the siege; retires to Madrid; but is driven
hence by the allies, 298; the national enthusiasm
rises in his favour, 299; the duke of Berwick
compels the allies to evacuate Madrid, ibid.;
reseated on his throne, 1707, 330; he is opposed
by Charles and assisted by Staremberg and
Stanhope, 1710; is defeated at Almenara and
Saragossa, 366; the duke of Vendôme takes
command of his army and retrieves his cause,
and establishes his family on the throne, 367;
stipulations granted to, by the treaty of Utrecht,
397; the French invade his territory; they com-
pel him to dismiss his minister, Alberoni;
accedes to the Quadruple Alliance, Jan. 1720, vi.
37; succeeded by Ferdinand VI. 1746, 465
Philippon, general, commands the French at the

siege of Badajoz, 1812; his defence, vii. 549;
capitulates to the British, 550
Phillips, sir Thomas, aids in quelling the Frost in-
surrection at Newport, viii. 422-423
Pichegru, Charles, defeated by the duke of York,
May, 1794, vii. 311; compels the British under
Dundas to abandon Holland, 313-314; suppresses
an insurrection in Paris, April 1, 1795, 321; ba-
nished France, 1797, 344; implicated in a conspi-
racy against Bonaparte, 1804; he is found
strangled in prison, 432

Picton, sir Thoinas, takes part in capturing Ciudad
Rodrigo, 1812, vii. 548, 550; his arrival at Quatre
Bras interferes with Ney's movements, viii.
29; slain at the battle of Waterloo, June 18,
1815, 35

Piedmont, annexed to France, Sept. 1802, vii. 417
Pierson, major, defeats the French under Rulle-
court on Jersey Island, 1781; killed; vi. 419
Pilnitz, declaration of, vii. 207; 412

Pindarees, war with the, 1817-1818, viii. 216, 217;
results in the breaking up of the Mahratta con-
federacy, which had aided the Pindarees, 217
Pitt.

See Chatham.

Pitt, William, unsuccessful candidate as M. P. for
Cambridge University; returned for Appleby,
1780; first speech in support of Burke's Civil
List Bill; Wilberforce's prophecy of, vi. 419; his
hostile speech towards the ministry, 433, 434;
his motion for the reform of Parliament pro-
posed, 1782, 441; rejected, 442; becomes chan-
cellor of the exchequer, 450; 469; commence-
ment of the party conflict between Fox and, 459;
his argument in favour of a commercial treaty
with France, vii. 58; introduces his second re-
form bill; it is rejected; as also another bill for
preventing abuses in public offices, 136; ap-
pointed first lord of the treasury and chancellor
of the exchequer, Dec. 19, 1783, 139; his anxiety
and disinterestedness, 139, 140; his India bill
thrown out; his struggle against a majority in
the Commons, 141; addresses to the king for the
removal of the Pitt ministry; his popularity;
and final triumph, 142; general character of;
re-elected for the University of Cambridge, 143;
squibs against, 144, 145; considered a safer
minister than Fox, 145; his financial measures,
ibid.; introduces his bill for promoting commerce
between Great Britain and Ireland; withdrawn;
his reform bill is rejected a third time, 146; his
scheme of the sinking fund; its futility, 147;
his speech in favour of the commercial treaty
with France, 148, 149; consolidates the taxes;
Burke's tribute of thanks to; Pitt's increase of
popularity, 150; endeavours to restrict the prince
of Wales' power as regent, 153, 154; the king's
gratitude to, for his conduct during his illness,
154, 155; his popularity still further increased,
155; hopes for an improved state of France;
visits France, 1783, 156, 157; his spirited conduct
averts the war with Spain, 188; his calmness
and confidence in the stability of the British
power, 207; keeps aloof from the declaration of
Pilnitz, 207, 208; displays the flourishing condi-
tion of Great Britain, 211; his eloquent speech
in favour of abolishing the slave trade imme-
diately, 212; supports Fox's libel bill, ibid.;
attempts made to bring about a coalition be-
tween Fox and Pitt, 213; his opinions on parlia-
mentary reform, 213, 214; lord warden of the
Cinque Ports, 238; his strong desire to remain
neutral with France, 238-40; his opinion of the
French proceedings against Louis XVI., 243; his
interview with lord Loughborough; is induced
by him to favour a war policy, 245, 246; his ad-
dress to the king on the execution of Louis XVI.,
252, 253; his Indian declaratory bill passed,
1788, 257; defends his abandonment of the cause
of parliamentary reform, 266; opinions of, on the
French war, 167, 268; measures adopted by, to-
wards France, 268, 269; they are opposed by
Burke, ibid.; Fox, 269, 270; Sheridan, Grey, and
Erskine, 270; points out the difficulty of con-
ducting a negotiation with the French, 276;
Fox lays the blame of the war miscarriages in
the campaign of 1793 upon, 283; Canning be-

comes his supporter, 317; opposition of Wilber-
force to the address, 1794, 318; brings before the
House of Commons a seditious meetings bill,
1795, 323; tenour of the bill; disputes with Fox;
the bill is passed, 324; in consequence of a heavy
pressure on the Bank of England he is unable to
obtain financial assistance, 1797, 333; his diffi-
culty got over, 333, 334; introduces bills for sup-
pressing mutiny in the navy, 1797; the mutiny
at the Nore is thereby quelled, 341; advocates
peace with France, 342; proposes an income tax;
his estimate of its amount, Dec. 3, 1798, 359;
the measure passed, 360; anxious to promote
the relief of the Irish Catholics, 369, 370; his
resolutions on the Union agreed to, 371, 374; en-
deavours to persuade the king not to openly
oppose the Catholic emancipation question, 598;
the king refusing to do so, Mr. Pitt resigns,
March 14, 1801, 399, 400; the king's insanity im-
puted to the hasty resignation of, 400, 401;
negotiations for his return to power, 1803; stipu-
lates for more than Addington will grant, 424;
his speech advocating war with France, 424,
425; commands the volunteers at Walmer, 428,
429; presses for an administration on a broad
basis; obtains the premiership on certain pre-
scribed conditions, 431; his government opposed
by the Addington, Grenville, and Fox parties,
435; effects a reconciliation with Mr. Addington,
437 carries the question of war against Spain,
438; his mortification on the charges of corrup
tion being brought against lord Melville; further
increased on the passing of the vote of censure,
439; effect of the news of Mack's surrender at
Ulm on, 445; his feelings on hearing of the battle
of Trafalgar and death of Nelson, 448; Napoleon's
triumph at Austerlitz completes the ruin of his
health, 450; last days of Pitt; story of the de-
sertion of his death-bed, 451; died January 23,
1806, 451-452; public honours conferred on, 463
Pius VI., feebleness of his government, vii. 326;
buys Napoleon off from invading his territories,
327

Pius VII., compelled to officiate at Napoleon's
coronation, 1804, vii. 437; imprisoned at Savona,
535; released, 568

Plassey, battle of, June 23, 1757, vi. 225, 226
Platiere, R. de. See Roland.

Plattsburg, the British fail to take, 1814, viii. 16
Plentheim. See Blenheim.

Plymouth, not a great naval station at the end of
the 17th century, v. 10; its prosperity caused by
the erection of the breakwater by Telford, 11
Pocock, sir George, admiral; reduces Havannah
in conjunction with the earl of Albemarle, vi.

256

Poland, incorporated with Russia, viii. 383
Police, state of London, 18th century, vii. 116,

117; inquiry into the state of the, made 1816,
1817, viii. 64, 65; the new Metropolitan formed,
1829, 232

Polignac, prince Jules de, president of the French
Council, 1829, viii. 248; his ministry sends out
an expedition against Algiers, 249; informs the
king of the unsettled state of the kingdom, 250;
refuses to recall the royal ordinances; the king
is compelled to dismiss the ministry of, 254
Political Unions, extensive formation of, 1832, viii.
294, 295

Pollock, gen., his Indian campaign, 1842, viii. 458-

460

Pondicherry, siege of, raised by the English, vi.
202; surrenders to the English, 249; vii. 129;
taken by sir John Brathwaite, 260
Poniatowski, prince, heads the Poles in their claim
for independence; leaves Poland, vii. 314
Ponsonby, G., proposes several reform measures,
vii. 364; moves an amendment in the address
claiming independence for Ireland, 371; his sor-
row at Perceval's death, 541; a lord of the
treasury, viii. 267

Ponte-corvo, prince of. See Charles XIV. of Swe-
den.

Poor Laws, administration of, 1816, viii. 68, 69:
the poor law amendment bill brought in by lord
Althorp, April 17, 1834, 336; the report of the

Pope, Alexander, essays by, in the "Spectator"
and "Guardian," v. 413; sketch of his life, 415;
and traits of his character, 416; his "Rape of
the Lock," 421-423; highly remunerated for his
translations of the Iliad and Odyssey, 434; his
essay on criticism and attack on Dennis, 436;
his satire upon antiquaries, 437; the Dunciad,
437, 438: vii. 86; remarks on the commentators,
public schools, v. 439; the universities and the
traveller, 440; entomologists and florists, 441;
condemns Vanbrugh's architecture, 456; his libel
on lord Hervey, vi. 67; died 1744, vii. 86
Popham, sir Home, captures Buenos Ayres, vii.
473, 474

Port. See Wine.

Porteous, John, captain of the Edinburgh city
guard; fires on a mob, killing several persons;
convicted of murder; sentenced to death; re-
prieved, vi. 81; murdered by the mob, 82
Porteous riots. See Scotland, vi. 79-84
Porter, George, his share in the assassination plot,
1696, v. 188, 190; gives evidence against Fen-
wick, 196

Portland, William Bentinck, earl of; example of
his integrity, v. 178; accompanies William to the
siege of Namur, 1695, 179; summons Boufflers
to surrender the place, 180; William orders a
grant of an estate to him, which is recalled, on
the Commons showing it to be unconstitutional,
185; is informed of the assassination plot by
Fisher, Pendergrass, 189; and De la Rue, 190;
arranges with marshal Boufflers the prelimin-
aries of the peace of Ryswick, 1697, 198; is sent
on a mission to France by William, 1698, 207;
description of his entrée and private audience,
208, 209; his reception by Louis and the French
court, 208; correspondence of, in connection
with the first Partition Treaty, 227; signed by
him as commissioner, Oct. 11, 229; jealousy of,
towards Albemarle; he retires from court and
gives up all his offices; but is persuaded by
William to continue the negotiations for the
second Partition Treaty, 236; he is impeached
by the Commons for his concern in the Partition
Treaties, 246; attends William on his death bed,
254

Portland, duke of, appointed viceroy of Ireland,
1782, vi. 446; first lord of the treasury, 1783,
vii. 135; 576; supports the Alien bill, 244; op-
poses lord Loughborough being chancellor;
after considerable hesitation gives his adherence
to the war party, 244, 245; appointed third
secretary of state, 1794, 316; requested to aid the
bribery for accomplishing the Irish Union, 372,
373; nominal head of the administration, 1807;
resigns the premiership, 1809; died October 29,
1809, 480; home secretary of state, 1794-1801,
576, 577

Portmore, lord, governor of Gibraltar; hastens to
defend it in his 80th year, vi. 56

Porto Bello taken by admiral Vernon, vi. 97, 98
Porto Carrero, cardinal, his practisings on Charles
II. of Spain, to induce him to give the Spanish
inheritance to France, v. 242; his purpose ac-
complished; chief of the Spanish council, 243
Portugal, prince regent of. See John of Por-
tugal.

Post, insecurity and tardiness of the, 18th century,
vii. 92, 93; introduction of mail coaches, 1784,
93; rapid increase and celerity of communication
by, viii. 389, 390; insufficiency of postal accom-
modation, 390; public opinion on Rowland Hill's
penny postage plan, 424, 425; the system is tried,
found successful, and finally adopted, 425, 426;
variety of stamps in use, 426

Pottinger, sir Henry, the British plenipotentiary at
Canton; his proceedings as such, viii. 448; con-
cludes the treaty of Nanking, 449

651

Pounds, John, his benevolent career; died 1839,
viii. 399

Power loom, invented by Dr. Cartwright, vii. 54
Pragmatic Sanction published by Charles VI. April
17, 1713, v. 389

Prague, peace of, May 30, 1635, v. 386; taken by the
elector of Bavaria, Nov. 25, 1741, vi. 167; be-
sieged by Frederick of Prussia, 1758, unavail-
ingly, 228, 229

Pratt, sir C. See Camden, Lord.

Presburg, peace of, signed, Dec. 26, 1805, vii.
446-448

Press, the. See Newspapers.

Preston, lord, plots against William; tried; and
convicted, v. 125; implicates several eminent
persons with being concerned in the plot, 126
Preston, captain, tried for abetting the murder of a
mulatto; defended by John Adams; found 'not
guilty,' vi. 313

Preston-Pans, battle of, Sept. 1745, vi. 129-131
Prevost, sir George, governor in chief of the British
North American provinces, viii. 8; his failure in
an attack on Plattsburg; outcry raised against
him; resigns; demands a court martial, but dies
before it commences, viii. 16

Priestley, Dr. Joseph, accused of being opposed to
the church of England, vii. 195; becomes a Uni-
tarian minister at Birmingham, 1780, ibid.; his
character, 195, 196; his “Familiar Letters to the
Inhabitants of Birmingham," published, 1791;
the riots of 1791; the rioters burn his chapel,
house, and books, and compel him to flee the
town, 196

Prior, Matthew, accompanies St. John, viscount
Bolingbroke, on his embassy to France, 1712,
v. 396; excluded from the act of grace, 1717,
vi. 30

Prisons. See Gaols.

Pritchard, British consul at Tahiti; the French
outrage on that island compels him to quit it,
viii. 521

Privateering, prevalence of, 1781; abolition of,
recommended, 1856, vi. 420, 421

Prohibitory bill passed, vi. 362

Prome occupied by the British, April 1825, viii. 220.
Property qualification bill, passed 1711, v. 370, 371.
Provera marches to relieve Mantua; surrenders
himself and army to Bonaparte, Jan. 16, 1797,

vii. 343

Public health, state of the, more especially that of
the labouring classes, viii. 391, 392; causes of the
bad, 392, 393; arrangements for bettering the,
393, 394; general and local boards of health estab-
lished; public health act passed, 561
Pulteney, William, opposes Walpole; his name
struck off the Privy Council list, vi. 66; his spiteful
quarrel with Walpole; and duel with lord Hervey ;
opposes the bill for proposing standing armies,
67; and the resolution to publish the parliamen-
tary debates, 68; shows the fallacy of the argu-
ments in favour of reimposing the duty on salt,
ibid.; argues that it is a step towards a general
excise, 69; favours the motion for repealing the
Septennial act, 74; opposes the Gin act, 1736, •
78; created earl of Bath, 104

Pultowa, invested by the Swedish, v. 345, 346;
battle of, July 8, 1709, 346

Purchase, George, charged with high treason for
taking part in a riot, 1710, v. 355; tried, con-
victed, pardoned, 356; his share in the riot,
357, 358

Putnam, Israel, a farmer and tavern-keeper; heads
his neighbours in the revolution; becomes a
general, vi. 354; commands the Americans at the
battle of Brooklyn, 1776, 370

Pyrenees, treaty of the, Nov. 7, 1659, v. 387; battles
of the, 1813; vii. 522, 523; view from the, at sun-
rise, described, 565

QUADRUPLE alliance signed Aug. 2, 1718; joined by
the duke of Savoy and Spain, v. 389
Quakers exempted from the Toleration act on cer-
tain terms, v. 74; bill for the relief of, passed,
1722, vi. 47; endeavour to obtain the abolition of
the slave trade, vii. 466