216; projects the founding a colony at Darien,
217; the colony sails from Leith, July 26, 1698,
218; arrives at Darien, Nov. 4, ibid.; the colo-
nists quarrel with, and declare war against the
Spaniards, 219; food grows scarce; famine and
pestilence prevail; they forsake Darien, 220; the
company send out 1300 more men, 221; the
colony blockaded by the Spaniards, 222; it
capitulates; and abandons the settlement,
ibid.; this failure rouses the spirit of the
Scotch, who inveigh against William and the
English, ibid.; it continues a source of irri-
tation for several years between the
nations, 223; but the difficulties are smoothed
over in the union, ibid.; quarrels with the East
India Company; a captain of one of their vessels
is seized and executed by the E. I. Company
on a false charge of murder, 313

two

Aghrim, battle of, July 12, 1691, v. 127, 128
Agnew, sir Andrew, presents petitions to parlia-
ment praying for the better observance of the
Sabbath, viii. 322

Agra, battle of, 1803, vii. 456

Agriculture, state of, in queen Anne's time, v. 31;
great influence of the population of London and
Westminster upon, ibid.; state of, in Norfolk,
vii. 5; Coke's efforts for the improvement of, 6;
state of, in Suffolk, 6, 7; manufacture of imple-
ments of, 8; in Buckinghamshire; its dairy farm
produce, 9; in Oxfordshire and Northampton-
shire, 10; improvements in Bedfordshire; the
duke of Bedford's exertions, 11; Bakewell's art
of fattening cattle and sheep; improved breeds,
12; reclamation of the fens of Cambridgeshire
and Lincolnshire, 14, 15; of Lincoln Heath, 15, 16,
and the Wolds, 16; state of, in Nottingham and
Derby shires, ibid.; Surrey, Middlesex, and Kent,
17; in Sussex, Hants, and Berkshire, 18; in
Wiltshire, 21; backward state of farming in
Wiltshire, 22; progress of, in Dorsetshire; en-
closure of lands from 1734 to 1828, ibid.; in
Devonshire and Somersetshire, 23; in Cornwall,
24; Wales, 24, 25; and the west midland counties,
25; system of under-drainage discovered, 1764;
uncultivated wastes of Staffordshire; slow pro-
gress of, in Lancashire, 26; reclaiming of the
mosses in the Fylde district, 27; Cheshire; pro-
gress of Yorkshire in, promoted by the labours
of the marquis of Rockingham, ibid.; sir Digby
Legard, 27, 28; and James Croft, the agricultural
collier, 28, 29; land and cattle of Durham, 30;
sheep and waste land of Northumberland, ibid.;
progress of, stimulated by the example of the
Culleys, 31; Westmoreland and its lake district,
31, 32; the Lothians, Haddington, Roxburgh, and
Selkirk shires, 33; Scotch sheep, 34; in Ayrshire,
35; Lanarkshire and Renfrewshire, 36; pro-
gress of, in the north-western district of Scot-
land, 36, 38; in Ireland, 38; the potatoe cultiva-
tion, 39; bad harvests and high prices from 1795
to 1800, 390-392

Ahmedabad taken by general Goddard, vii. 129
Ahmednuggur captured by the British 1803, vii.

456

Aikenhead, Thomas, hanged for blasphemy in 1696,
v. 214

Aislabie, Chancellor of the Exchequer, bribed
by the directors of the South Sea Company,
vi. 44; accused of fraud; expelled the house
of commons, and committed to the Tower,

45

Aitken, alias John the Painter, attempts to burn
the English dockyards; his trial and confession,
vi. 373, 374

Aix-la-Chapelle, peace of, May 2, 1668, vi. 387;
treaty of, 1748, vi. 120, 180, 181

Aix Roads, lord Cochrane's enterprize in, April
11, 1809, vii. 510

Akbar Khan, his treachery towards, and murder of,
MacNaghten, viii. 456; his conduct towards the
British army, 456-458

Akenside, Mark, his "Pleasures of Imagination"
published 1744, vii. 87

Akerman, keeper of Newgate; his house set on fire
by the Gordon rioters, 1780, vi. 408

Albemarle, A. J. von. Keppel, carl of; he is taken

into William III.'s favour, which causes the
jealousy of Portland, v. 236

Albemarle, earl of, commands the land forces in
the Havannah expedition, 1762, vi. 255
Alberoni, cardinal Giulio, prime minister of Spain;
sends a million French livres to Spaar to stir
Charles XII.'s soldiers, vi. 29; early career; in-
stigates disputes; and intrigues against England
and France, 31, 32; retaliates Byng's destruction
of the Spanish fleet by seizing all British goods
in Spanish ports, 34; leagues with the Preten-
der; detected plotting against the regent Or
leans; France consequently declares war against
Spain, 1718, 35; he organizes expeditions against
France, England and Scotland, 36; dismissed his
offices, and banished the country; returns to
Italy, 37

Albert, archduke of Austria, commands the Aus-
trian army at the siege of Lille, 1792, vii. 236
Albert, prince, of Saxe Coburg, marriage of, to
queen Victoria, viii. 426; his high opinion of
William III., 472; speech of, proclaiming the
unity of interest in all classes of society, 562
Albert Edward, prince of Wales, born Nov. 9, 1841,
viii. 493

Albuera, battle of, May 16, 1811, vii. 538
Aldrich, dean Henry, his architectural works, v.
458

Alexander I. of Russia, defeat of his army at Aus
terlitz; forms a treaty of alliance with the king
of Prussia, vii. 450; wars with France, 1807, 487;
concludes the peace of Tilsit with Napoleon; the
interview on the Niemen raft with Napoleon, 488;
terms of the treaty, patent and secret, 488, 489;
offends Bonaparte by relaxing the severity of the
Russian commercial law; allies himself with
Sweden; Bonaparte wars against him, 1812, 356;
concludes an alliance with Prussia, 561; his meet-
ing with Frederick William in the great square of
Leipzig, 565; succeeds Paul I. as emperor of
Russia, 1801, 574; attends the Congress of Vienna,
1814, viii. 42; obtains the sovereignty over Po-
land, 43, 44; organizes the Holy Alliance, 45; suc-
ceeded by Nicholas I. 1825, 268

Alexandria, Bonaparte lands at, July, 1798; captured
by the French, vii. 353; battle of, Mar. 21, 1801,
407; capitulates to the British, Mar. 20, 1807, 485
Algarves. See Godoy.

Algiers, battle of, Aug. 27, 1816, viii. 49, 50; see
Exmouth, lord, 47-50; captured by the French,
1830, 249

Alibaud, attempts to take Louis Philippe's life, 1850,
viii. 374

Alien Bill, passage of, through Parliament, vii. 244,
249; passed Jan, 4, 1793, 249

Ali-Ghur stormed by the British, Sept. 4, 1803, vii
456

Allegiance, Oath of; many clergymen refuse to take
it, 1689, v. 70

Allen, Ethan, an American revolutionist, 1775; cap
tures Ticonderoga, vi. 350; made prisoner on his
march against Montreal; sent to England, 362
Alliance, The Holy, a treaty so called concluded at
Paris, Sept. 26, 1815, viii. 45, 382; denounced by
the British parliament, 45

Almanacs, duty on, repealed, 1834, viii. 346, 347
Almanza, battle of, April 25, 1707, v. 380
Almeida, siege of; surrendered to the French, Aug.
1810, vii. 531

Almenara, battle of, July 27, 1710, v. 366
Alompra, his conquests; ascends the Birman
throne, viii. 219

Althorp, viscount, appointed first Lord of the Ad-
miralty, 1794, vii. 316; Secretary of State for
home department, 1806, 464; Chancellor of the
Exchequer, 1830, viii. 267: his budget for 1831,
271; description of, by Francis Jeffrey, 279; in-
terview of Jeffrey with, just after the resignation
of the Grey ministry, 1831, 296; speech on moving
the second reading of the bill for the suppression
of disturbances in Ireland, 1838, 323; financial
statement, 324, 325; his bill for limiting the hours
of labour in factories passed, 333, 334; introduces
the Poor-law Amendment bill, 1834, 336, 341:
moves the adjournment of the debate on the Irish
Church question and the previous question, 344;

resigns his chancellorship, 1834; reasons for doing
so, 344, 345; resumes it again in the Melbourne
administration; brings forward a modified Coer-
cion bill, 346; financial statement and proposed
reduction of taxes, 346, 347; his removal to the
Lords (as Earl Spencer) the ostensible cause of
the dismissal of the Melbourne ministry, 350, 351
Alt Ranstadt, peace of, Sept. 24, 1706, v. 389
Alum Shah, Great Mogul; seeks British protection,
vi. 332; Hastings deprives him of the money and
district granted by Clive, vii. 124; his power re-
stored to him by general Lake, 456
Alvinzy, commands the Austrian army in Italy;
defeats Bonaparte at Caldiero, Nov. 12, 1796; re-
pulses Bonaparte's attempts to cross the bridge of
Arcole; retreats to Vicenza, vii. 328; compels
Joubert to retreat to Rivoli, 1797, 342; where he
is defeated by Bonaparte, Jan. 14, 343.
Amboyna acquired by the British, 1810, viii. 214
Ameer Khan. See Khan Ameer.

Ameer Singh. See Singh Ameer.

Amelia, princess, her illness affects George III.'s
mind, vii. 533; dies Nov. 2, 1810, 534.
American affairs. British possessions in North
America, vi. 205, 206; war between the British
and French, 1754-63, 207, 208, 233, 236-239, 257;
government and prosperity of the British colonies,
270, 271; the resistance to the Stamp Act, 1764-
66, 271-274, 278-284; the passing of the Revenue Act
causes renewed disturbances, which are slightly
abated on the repeal of all the duties except that
on tea, 306-314; the destruction of the tea in
Boston harbour induces the home government to
adopt coercionary measures, which still further
embittered the American spirit, 336-348; hostili-
ties commence April, 1775, at Lexington, 348, 349;
and the war continues till 1782, when the inde-
pendence of America is recognised by Great
Britain, 349-399, 411-416, 422-430, 457-463, 468; go-
vernment and condition of the United States, viii.
2,3; party spirit, 3, 4; the United States declare
war against Great Britain, June, 1812, chiefly on
account of the right of search being claimed by
the latter country; the war was terminated by
the Peace of Ghent, 1815, 4-19

American Declaration of Independence, July 4,
1776, vi. 364, 365; copy of the declaration, 366-368
American Secession: threatened separation of the
North and South, viii. 13

American Stamp Act. See Stamp Act.

Amherst, sir Jeffery: general, 1758; commander of
the English troops in America; captures Louis-
bourg, vi. 233; succeeds Abercrombie; captures
Ticonderago, July, 1759, 237; co-operates with
Wolfe against Quebec; embarks on Lake Champ-
lain; driven back by storms, ibid.; removed from
the governorship of Virginia, 310

Amherst, lord, governor-general of India, 1823, viii.
218; unable to maintain peace; war with the
Birman empire, 1824-6, 218-221; comparative
freedom of the press in India under his adminis-
tration, 223

Amiens, peace of, negotiation for, vii. 409, 410; con-
cluded Mar. 27, 1802, 410, 413; terms of the treaty,
410, 411

Anderson, William, a printer of libellous pamphlets
against the government, indicted for high treason,
convicted and executed, v. 166, 167
André, major: adjutant-general; carries on a secret
correspondence with Arnold on the part of Clin-
ton; his interview with Arnold, 1780, vi. 414; he
is captured as a spy; tried by court-martial, and
sentenced to death, 415; execution, Oct. 2, 416
André, M. P. H., introduces lithography into Eng-
land, 1801, viii. 157

Anglesey, H. W. Paget, marquis of, distinguishes
himself in Moore's retreat, 1808, vii. 505; Lord-
Lieutenant of Ireland, viii. 235, 267; is convinced
of the expediency of granting concessions to the
Catholics, 235

Anhalt-Dessau, prince of, his military inventions,

v. 180

Anjon, duke of, renounces his claim to the throne
of France, v. 395

Ankerstroem. See Gustavus III.

Anne, marries prince George of Denmark, 1689,

603

v. 98; applies to parliament for an increased
income, and has it increased from 20,000l. to
50,000l. per annum, 98, 99; friendship for Mrs.
Churchill (alias Mrs. Freeman), ibid.; quarrels
with her sister, queen Mary, 145; Mrs. Freeman
is commanded to leave the royal palace; Anne
goes with her, 146; her position and character in
1695, 178; accession of, Mar. 8, 1702, 257; declares
to the privy council her intention of carrying on
the warlike preparations against France com-
menced by Williain III., 258; her address to par-
liament, which continues to sit; her fine voice,
ibid.; favours the Tory party, 258, 259; speech at
the close of the session, 1702, 260; meets her first
parliament, Oct. 20, 262; grants Marlborough a
dukedom and 5000t, a year, 264; opens the session
of parliament, Nov. 9, 1703, 266, 267; announces
the conclusion of the Methuen treaty with Portu-
gal, 267; entertains Charles, archduke of Austria
at her court, acknowledging him as king of Spain,
ibid.; stops a contest between the Lords and
Commons by proroguing parliament, 269; queen
Anne's bounty restoring the first fruits and tenths
to the Church, 271; revives the practice of touch-
ing for the king's evil, ibid. ; provides out of the
privy purse for fresh recruits, 273; grants Wood-
stock to Marlborough, 287; prorogues parliament,
Mar. 14, 1704, 289; exhorts the Commons to fol-
low up Peterborough's successes in Spain, 297;
indignant at the Tories for raising the question of
the succession, 306; revived the Order of the
Thistle, 1703; announces the ratification of the
Union treaty, 327; speech on giving her assent to
the Act of Union, 328; she determines to con-
tinue the war; receives speedy supplies from
parliament, 329; Marlborough presents her letter
to Charles XII., 331; dismisses Harley; she grows
cold towards Mrs. Freeman, and makes Mrs.
Mashain her new favourite, 336; death of her
husband, George of Denmark, Oct. 1708, 338; sup-
posed to have private audiences with Harley; her
opinions regarding a successor, 339; her temper
tries Marlborough's patience, 340; her interviews
with Harley, 349; present at Dr. Sacheverel's
trial, ibid.; public addresses to, 358; advises the
nation to be quiet, 358, 359; dismissal of Whigs
from office, 363; dissolves her third and calls her
fourth parliament, 364; announces her determi-
nation to support the Church of England, ibid. ;
dismisses the duchess of Marlborough from her
service, the "key" scenes, 365; her anger at the
duchess's revenge; makes the duchess of Somer-
set her lady of the wardrobe, and Mrs. Masham
the keeper of the privy purse, 366; parliament
addresses her on the subject of Harley's narrow
escape from assassination, 373; promises not to
make peace with France unless in concert with
the Dutch, 374; opens parliament, Dec. 7, 377;
dismisses Marlborough from his offices, 379;
creates twelve new peers, contrary to lord Dart-
mouth's advice, 380; announces to parliament the
commencement of negotiations for peace at
Utrecht, 381; the terms upon which peace may
be made, 394, 395; and the conclusion of the
treaty, 397; intriguing of the Jacobites, 398;
calls upon parliament to suppress seditious papers,
399; her agitation at the contest between Oxford
and Bolingbroke brings on a sudden illness, July,
27, and she dies Aug. 1, 1714, 400
Anson, George: commodore, 1741; his expedition
to Peru; difficulties encountered in doubling Cape
Horn; half his crew killed by scurvy; takes refuge
in Juan Fernandez; secures prizes; attacks Paita,
vi. 100; enters Canton; returns to Spithead,
June, 1744, 101; defeats the French off Cape
Finisterre, May 3, 1747, 179; first Lord of the
Admiralty, 1757, 227; commands an expedition
against St. Maloes, 1758; his partner, the duke
of Marlborough, fails in taking St. Maloes; Cher-
bourg taken, 232

Anti-Corn-Law League, the, viii. 436
"Anti-Jacobin," the, started by Canning, Nov. 20,
1797, vii. 345

Antwerp surrenders to Marlborough, 1706, v. 310;
taken by Dumouriez, Nov. 30, 1792, vii. 237, 271
Appeal of murder: case of Ashford and Thornton ;

lord Eldon supports the bill for abolishing the
practice, viii. 101, 102

Appropriation, principle of, in granting supplies
established 1689, v. 71, 72

Apsley, lord. See Bathurst, earl.
Arapiles. See Salamanca.

Arbuthnot, admiral, conveys Clinton and his forces
from New York to Charleston, vi. 411
Archer, Thomas, architect of St. John the Evan-
gelist, Westminster, v. 458
Architecture encouraged by William III., v. 447;
Wren, 448; he cominences the rebuilding of Lon-
don, ibid.; building of St. Paul's, 450-452; Wren's
parish churches, 453; and miscellaneous buildings,
454; Vanbrugh; his late adoption of the profes-
sion of an architect, 455; general character of his
works, 456; Hawksmoor; his St. Mary's Woolnoth,
Limehouse church, and St. George's, Blooms-
bury, 457; Gibbs' St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, ibid. ;
T. Archer's St. John the Evangelist; Talman's
Chatsworth; Flitcroft's Woburn Abbey; amateur
architects, Dean Aldrich; Dr. Clarke; and Bur-
lington 458; sir R. Taylor, vii. 80; Dance; the
Woods; and the Adams, ibid.; sir W. Chambers,
the architect of Somerset House, 80, 81; Stuart,
Revett, Smirke, 81; Wyatt, 81, 82; bridge build-
ing and builders, 82; low state of architectural
taste, and imitation of Greek models, viii. 139, 140;
the latter instanced in the case of St. Pancras
church, 140, 141, 146; James Wyatt, his classic
and gothic buildings, 141, 142; his gothic resto-
rations, 142; Samuel Wyatt, ibid.; sir John
Soane's buildings at the Bank of England and
elsewhere, 142-144; Holland and sir R. Smirke,
144; Wilkins, 144, 145; Nash, the architect of
Regent Street, 145, 146; and of the Regent's
Park terraces and canals, 146; St. Marylebone
church; extraordinary revival of church build-
ing, ibid; Thomas Telford; his bridges at Mont-
ford, Buildwas, and at the Menai Straits; his
other grand works, 147; Rennie; his Waterloo
Bridge and engineering works at various dock-
yards, 147, 148

Arcole, battle of, Nov. 1796, vii. 328

Arcos, duke of, invests Valencia, v. 296; opposes
Peterborough's passage to Valencia; decamps;
Peterborough effects an entrance, 297

Arcot, captured by Clive; who is besieged in it by
Sahib's army, vi. 203; repulses all their attacks
and drives them off, 203, 204

Aremberg, duke of, commands the Austrians at
Dettingen, 1743, vi. 110

Argyle, Archibald Campbell, earl of, tenders the
Coronation Oath to William III., v. 90

Argyle, Archibald Campbell, duke of, colonel; com-
mands the Highlanders at Falkirk, 1746, vi. 161;
his plantations at Inverary, vii. 37

Argyle, John Campbell, duke of, commander of
George I.'s army in Scotland, 1715, vi. 8; com-
mences operations against the insurgents, 10;
marches against Mar; meets him at Sheriffmuir,
and there fights him, 13th of Nov., 15, 16; com-
pels the retreat of the rebel army; pursues it to
Aberdeen, and disperses the troops, 18; deserts
Walpole; is deprived by him of all his employ-
ments, 1739, 96; desires to form a coalition
ministry; retires, 1742, 108

Aristocracy, manners and position of, 1689-1714,
v. 56-58; fear of their being destroyed by the
Reform Bill of 1831, viii. 272, 273; it cannot be a
caste in England, 273, 274

Arkwright, sir Richard, establishes his first cotton-
mill at Cromford, near Matlock, vii. 16; activity
of, and early career; exhibits his new machine,
1768, at Preston; mobbed; goes to Nottingham;
takes out his first patent, 1769, 47; description
of his machine, 48; difficulties overcome in esta-
blishing its commercial value, 49
Armstrong, John, his "Art of Preserving Health;"
appeared 1744, vii. 87

Army, establishing of a standing, as an integral
part of government, 1689, v. 75; strength of, in
1692, 147; 1694, 170; reduced 1697, 201, 202; dis-
banded 1699, 233; number of soldiers voted in
1702, 253; standing armies denounced by Pul-
tency, 1732, vi. 67; increased, 218; debate on the

army estimates, 1790; its increase opposed by
Burke, vii. 186, 187; armies of England and
France, 417, 418

Arnold, Benedict, an American revolutionist, 1775,
vi. 350; appears before Quebec; attacks the city,
Dec. 31; and is severely wounded, 362; general;
commands an army of irregular troops in con-
junction with Gates, 379; attacks Burgoyne's
position, 380; his treachery; interview with
André, 414; lands at James Town; makes an
incursion into Virginia; burns Richmond, 424
Arnold, Dr., sermon of, at the time of the cholera,
1831, viii. 290, 291; his History of Rome, 474.
Arnot, sent from India, and his paper "The Cal-
cutta Journal," suppressed, viii. 223
Artois, count d'. See Charles X. of France.
Arts, Society of. See Societies.

Arts, sketch of the state of, v. 61-63; patronage of
the, by Charles I. and his court, 446; low state
of the, during the civil war, 447; William and
Mary patronize architects, but give little en-
couragement to painters and sculptors, 447:
architecture, 447-458; sculpture, 459-461; paint-
ing, 461-464; revolution in the, middle of the 18th
century, vii. 40, 41; the duke of Bridgewater's
canal schemes carried out by Gilbert, 41; and
Brindley, 41-43; invention of machines for manu-
facturing cotton, 44-55; Watt's improvements in
the steam engine, 61, 62; close connection be-
tween the fine and the industrial, 65, 66; artists
stimulated by the society of, 66; low state of,
temp. George II., 66, 67; painting, 1760-83, 67-77;
engraving, 77, 78; sculpture, 79, 80; architecture,
80-82; restoration of the art specimens in the
Louvre to their original countries, viii. 42
Asaph ul Dowlah, nabob and vizier of Oude; con-
sents to the seizure of his mother's and grand-
mother's property in liquidation of Hastings"
demands upon him, vii. 133

Ashburton, A. Baring, lord, Master of the Mint,

President of the Board of Trade, viii. 354; con-
cludes the boundary treaty with the United
States, 498

Ashby, his proceedings against the returning officer
of Aylesbury for refusing his vote, v. 268, 269
Ashford and Thornton, case of, viii. 101
Ashley, lord, A. A. Cooper; his maiden speech in
parliament on the Treason bill, v. 185
Ashmolean museum built by Wren, v. 454
Ashridge, Hertfordshire, built by James Wyatt;
character of its architecture, viii. 141, 142
Ashton, John, a Jacobite agent, tried for high
treason, and convicted, 1691, v. 125

Aspern, battle of, May 21 and 22, 1809, vii. 515
Assassination plot, 1696, v. 186-192

Asscerghur, taken by colonel Stevenson, vii. 460
Assignats circulated by the National Assembly:
their depreciated value drive the people to plun-
der and rebel, 1793, vii. 274, 275

Assye, battle of, Sept. 23, 1803, vii. 458-460
Astley, printer, proceeded against for his concern
in publishing an account of lord Lovat's trial,
1747, vi. 178

Asturias, prince of. See Ferdinand VII. of Spain.
Ath taken by Marlborough, Oct. 4, 1706, v. 310
"Athenian Gazette," 1691-1696, published by Dun-
ton, v. 404

Atkins, alderman, opposes the formation of a gas
company as being destructive of the whale fishery,
viii. 66

Athlone, earl of See Ginkell.

Athlone, besieged and taken by Ginkell, June 30,
1691, v. 127

Athol, duke of. See Tullibardine.

Athol, marquis of, his influence and dishonesty, v.
88; supports the government, 1689; shut out of
Blair castle, 93

Attainder, bill of, against sir John Fenwick, v.
196, 197

Atterbury, bishop of Rochester; speaks against
granting indulgence to Quakers; enthusiastic
in the Pretender's cause, vi. 47; one of the
editors of Clarendon's "History," 48; arrest of,
and committal to the Tower; causes a ferment
in his church party, ibid.; proceeded against by
bill enacting his punishment and deprivation;

Barrosa, battle of, Mar. 5, 1811, vii. 538
Barry, James, his mural paintings on the walls of
the Society of Arts room; his enthusiasm and
patriotic conduct connected with them; his
attempt not quite successful, vii. 76
Bartells, a Belgian insurrectionist; tried, found
guilty, banished, 1830, viii. 257, 258
Barthelemi, a member of the French Directory;
arrested; banished, 1797, vii. 344
Basle, peace of, April 5, 1795, vii. 412
Bassein, taken by general Goddard, vii. 129
Bassein, treaty of, Dec. 31, 1802, vii. 455
Bastia captured by Nelson, 1794, vii. 315
Bastille attacked by the mob, July, 1789, vii. 171;
defence conducted by De Launay, 172; he capi-
tulates, 175; the prisoners released, 174
Bath the great resort of pleasure seekers in the
time of queen Anne, v. 10; gaming at, vii.
101, 104

Bath, earl of. See Pulteney.

Bathiany, marshal, commands the Austrians at
Lauffeld, July, 1747, vi. 180

Baths and Washhouses, establishment of, and
benefits derived from, viii. 393, 394; encouraged
by an Act of Parliament, 1846, 541
Bathurst, Allen, lord, progress of America during
his lifetime described by Burke, vi. 347
Bathurst, lord; Foreign Secretary in the Portland
Ministry, 1809, vii. 480, 577; Secretary for war
and colonies, 1812, 577; viii. 158; speech on the
restraints put on Napoleon, 1821, 176; indigna-
tion caused by his circular prohibiting the flog-
ging of slaves, 194; resigns, 1827, 204
Bautzen, battle of, May 21, 22, 1813, vii. 561
Bavaria, elector of. See Charles VII. of Germany.
Bavaria, elector of, aids William in the war with
the Netherlands, 1695, v. 178-180; captures Namur,
180; joins France; aids in the campaign against
Marlborough, 1703; surprises Ulm, 266; refuses
to quit France and join the Allies, 1704, 278,
279; consequently his electorate is desolated
by the Allies, 279; joined by Tallard, 280;
defeated at Blenheim, 280-284; his hard
struggle with Eugene, 383; with Villeroy he
threatens Holland, 302; defeated by Marlborough
at Ramilies, 309

Bavaria, Electoral Prince of, his claim to the
Spanish throne, v. 225; appointed successor to
the throne by the Partition treaty, and Charles
II.'s will; dies Feb. 5, 1699, 229

Bavaria, elector of, an ally of France; driven from
his capital by the Austrians, 1805, vii. 443; made
king of Bavaria by Bonaparte, 1805, 450; com-
pelled to join the Allies, 1813, 564; attends the
Congress of Vienna, 1815, viii. 42

Bavaria, electorate of, devastated by the Allies,
1704, v. 279

Baylen, battle of, July 21, 1808, vii. 500
Bayonne, treaty of, May 5, 1808, vii. 579
Beachy Head, battle off, June 1690, v. 111

Bean, J. W., his attempt on the Queen's life, 1842,
viii. 497

Beaulieu, an Austrian general; defeated and beaten
back by Bonaparte, 1796, vii. 326, 327: superseded
in his command by general Wurmser, 328
Beaumarchais, author of Figaro;

introduces

Steuben to Silas Deane, vi. 376; lends him
money, and freights a ship for him, 377
Beckford, desires to see the king his own minister,
vi. 245; opposes coercionary measures against
America, 309; alderman; lord mayor of London,
1770; defends the London remonstrance; his
speech to the king, vi. 315; Chatham in raptures
at his spirited conduct; death of, 1770, 316
Beckwith, his shop plundered by a mob, 1816, viii.
77

Bedford, Francis, duke of, his agricultural improve-

ments, vii. 11; promotes the drainage of the
Fens of Lincoln, 14, 15

Bedford, John Russell, duke of; Secretary of
State; turned out of that office, 1752, vi. 190;
President of the Council, 263; interview with
George III.; the king's indignation at his affron-
tery, 277: proposes that coercive measures be
taken against America, 308

Bedfordshire, agricultural improvements of, vii. 11

Belle Ile captured by the British, 1761, vi. 249
Belliard commands at Cairo; capitulates to the
English, 1801, vii. 407

Bellingham, John, assassinates Mr. Perceval, May
11, 1812; trial and execution, vii. 540, 541
Belmore, earl of, his opinions of the willingness of
the freed slave to labour, viii. 330

Bennett moves for an inquiry into the state of the
London police, viii. 64, 65

Benningsen, general, cominander of the Russian
army; engages Bernadotte at Pultusk; defeated
at Eylau, 1807, vii. 481, 482

Bentinck, lord William, his operations in Italy
disappoint Wellington, 1812, vii. 551, 552; gover-
nor-general of India, viii. 224

Bentinck. See Portland, duke of.
Berar, Rajah of. See Bhoonsla.

Beresford, marshal, drills the Portuguese, vii. 531;
besieges Badajoz, 1811, 538; Wellington's advice
to, 569, 570

Bergen-op-Zoom surrendered to the French, Sept.
1747, vi. 180

Berkeley, admiral, describes the bad state of the
commissariat, 1809, vii. 523

Berkeley, admiral, entrusted with the reduction
of Brest, 1694; Marlborough's treachery causes
his attempts to fail, v. 172

Berkeley, earl of, proposes to George I. to kidnap
the Prince of Wales; first Lord of the Admiralty,
1718, vi. 33

Berkshire, agriculture of, vii. 18, 19
Berlin Decree issued by Napoleon, Nov. 24, 1806,
vii. 477, 378; terms of, 494, 578

Berlin, treaty of, Aug. 5, 1796, vii. 412; convention
of, Nov. 5, 1808, 579

Bernadotte. See Charles XIV.

Bernard, sir Francis, governor of Massachusetts;
disputes with the Assembly, vi. 307; recalled
home, 311

Bernard, sir John, his bill for regulating theatres,
vi. 89, 90

Berne invaded and spoliated by the French, 1798,
vii. 351

Berry, colonel, carries supplies to Enniskillen, and
aids in defeating Macarthy, 1689, v. 86

Berry, captain, his bravery at the battle of St.
Vincent, vii. 337

Berthier, Intendant of Paris, murdered by the mob,
1789, vii. 175

Berthier, a general in the French army, vii. 826;
withdraws Bonaparte from the Assembly, 384;
crosses the Alps at the head of a division of the
army, 395

Berwick, James Fitz James, duke of, defeated at
Belturbet, 1690, V. 105; taken prisoner at
Neerwinden, 164; sent to England to rouse the
Jacobites, 186; secret visit to England for this
purpose, 187; returns to France on the failure of
the assassination plot, 188; keeps the Allied
armies in check, 1704, 290; joins Philip of Spain,
298; compels the Allies to evacuate Madrid, and
establishes Philip on his throne, 299, 330; com-
mands the French army against Spain, 1719, vi.
37; captures Fuenterabia and St. Sebastian,
ibid.; opposes prince Eugene on the Rhine;"
killed at the siege of Philipsburg, 71

Bewick, Thomas, reviver of wood engraving; his
principal works, viii. 157

Bhoonsla joins the Alliance against the British, vii.
455; defeated at Assye and Argaum, 458, 460;
signs a treaty of peace, 460
Bhurtpore. See Combermere.

Bidgegur surrendered to Popham, vii. 133
Bill of Rights. See Rights.

Birkbeck, Dr., inaugurates the London Mechanics
Institution, 1823, viii. 231

Birmese war, 1824-1826, viii. 218-221
Birmingham; long noted for its hardware trade, v.
17; riots at, against dissenters, 1791, 196-198;
great reform meeting at, 1832, viii. 295; obtains